专题03动词不定式和动名词（期末复习讲义）高二英语上学期沪教版（原卷版）

专题03动词不定式和动名词（期末复习讲义）年份卷别考点考情分析2025北京卷不定式作宾语、动名词作主语【考向透视】动词不定式（todo）和动名词（doing）是高二英语语法重点，近年高考中高频出现在语法填空、短文改错、完形填空及书面表达中。侧重考查两者作主语、宾语、表语、定语的用法差异，以及固定搭配中的介词后接动名词、使役动词后接不定式省略to等特殊规则。书面表达中灵活运用两者可丰富句式结构，提升表达多样性。【复习目标】1.掌握动词不定式和动名词的基本形式及核心句法功能（作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语）。2.熟练区分两者作同一成分时的用法差异，牢记高频固定搭配。3.能在语境中准确选择不定式或动名词，完成填空、改错及写作运用。2025新高考I卷固定搭配中不定式与动名词辨析2024新高考II卷语法填空中不定式to的省略与保留2024浙江卷动名词作宾语及主谓一致2023全国乙卷短文改错中不定式与动名词误用修正核心知识点梳理知识点01动词不定式（todo）的核心用法动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，否定式为“notto+动词原形”，to有时可省略，具备名词、形容词、副词的特征，可作多种句子成分。1.作主语：常用it作形式主语，真正主语后置（避免句子头重脚轻）例：TolearnEnglishwellisimportant.（学好英语很重要。）同义句：ItisimportanttolearnEnglishwell.（常用结构）2.作宾语：接在及物动词后（如want,hope,decide,manage等）例：ShewantstovisittheGreatWall.（她想去参观长城。）特殊情况：某些动词（如ask,tell,order等）后接“宾语+todo”作复合宾语例：Mymothertoldmenottostayuplate.（妈妈告诉我不要熬夜。）3.作表语：说明主语的身份、性质、目的或内容例：Hisdreamistobeeadoctor.（他的梦想是成为一名医生。）4.作定语：修饰名词或代词，位于被修饰词后，表“将要发生的动作”或“用途”例：Ihavealotofhomeworktodo.（我有很多作业要做。）（表动作）例：Thisisapentowritewith.（这是一支用来写字的笔。）（表用途，需补介词）5.作状语：表目的、结果、原因等，常用“todo”表目的，“onlytodo”表意外结果例：Hegotupearlytocatchthefirstbus.（他早起是为了赶第一班车。）（目的）例：Shehurriedtothestation,onlytofindthetrainhadleft.（她匆忙赶到车站，却发现火车已经开走了。）（意外结果）6.特殊省略to的情况：使役动词（make,let,have）和感官动词（see,watch,hear等）后接复合宾语时，不定式to省略例：Theteachermadehimapologize.（老师让他道歉。）（不用to）被动语态中to需还原：Hewasmadetoapologizebytheteacher.情态动词（can,may,must等）和助动词后直接接动词原形，无to固定搭配“hadbetter,wouldrather,whynot”后接动词原形，无to例：You’dbetterfinishyourworkfirst.（你最好先完成工作。）知识点02动名词（doing）的核心用法动名词由“动词原形+ing”构成，否定式为“notdoing”，具备名词特征，可作主语、宾语、表语、定语。1.doing...于句首，也可用it作形式主语（常用结构：It’snouse/gooddoing...）例：Swimmingismyfavoritesport.（游泳是我最喜欢的运动。）例：It’snouseplainingabouttheresult.（抱怨结果是没用的。）2.作宾语：接在及物动词后（如enjoy,finish,practice,avoid,mind等）或介词后例：Sheenjoyslisteningtomusic.（她喜欢听音乐。）（动词后）例：Heisafraidofbeinglate.（他害怕迟到。）（介词后）特殊搭配：某些动词（如forget,remember,stop,regret等）后接doing和todo含义不同动词后接doing（表已发生）后接todo（表未发生）forget忘记做过某事忘记要做某事remember记得做过某事记得要做某事stop停止做某事停下来去做另一件事regret后悔做过某事遗憾要做某事例：Iforgotclosingthedoor.（我忘了已经关过门了。）（已做）例：Iforgottoclosethedoor.（我忘了要关门。）（未做）1.作表语：说明主语的性质、内容或习惯性动作，与主语可互换位置例：Hishobbyiscollectingstamps.（他的爱好是集邮。）同义句：Collectingstampsishishobby.2.作定语：修饰名词，位于被修饰词前，表“用途”或“相关动作”例：areadingroom（阅览室，表用途）例：aswimmingpool（游泳池，表相关动作）知识点03不定式与动名词核心用法对比句法功能不定式（todo）动名词（doing）作主语侧重“具体的、一次性的动作”，常用it作形式主语侧重“抽象的、习惯性的动作”，可直接作主语或用it作形式主语作宾语接在want,hope,decide等动词后；部分动词后含义表“未发生”接在enjoy,finish,practice等动词及介词后；部分动词后含义表“已发生”作定语位于被修饰词后，表“将要发生的动作”或“用途”位于被修饰词前，表“用途”或“相关动作”作状语可表目的、结果、原因（动名词不可作状语）不可作状语即时检测1.It’snogood__________(waste)timeonputergames.【答案】wasting【解析】句意：在电脑游戏上浪费时间是没用的。固定结构“It’snogooddoingsth.”，动名词作真正主语，故填wasting。2.Shedecided__________(study)abroadnextyear.【答案】tostudy【解析】句意：她决定明年出国留学。动词decide后接不定式作宾语，即“decidetodosth.”，故填tostudy。3.Iremember__________(meet)heratthepartylastmonth,butIcan’trememberhername.【答案】meeting【解析】句意：我记得上个月在派对上见过她，但我不记得她的名字了。根据“lastmonth”可知，动作已发生，remember后接动名词表“记得做过某事”，故填meeting。4.翻译句子：他停下来喝了一杯水。（表“停下来去做另一件事”）【答案】Hestoppedtodrinkaglassofwater.【解析】“停下来去做另一件事”用“stoptodosth.”，“喝一杯水”译为drinkaglassofwater，故填此答案。5.下列句子中用法正确的是（）A.Hemademetofinishthework.B.It’simportantlearningEnglishwell.C.Sheavoidstomakemistakesintheexam.D.Ihavealettertowrite.【答案】D【解析】A项使役动词make后接复合宾语，不定式to应省略，改为makemefinish；B项固定结构“It’simportanttodosth.”，应改为tolearn；C项动词avoid后接动名词，应改为avoidmaking；D项不定式作定语，用法正确，故选D。基础题（测试时间：10分钟）1．Failureisthemotherofsuccess.Sometimes,inordertosucceed,wehavenoalternativebut(face)failurebravelyandlearnfromit.2．Itisclearthatthedriveris(blame)forthetrafficaccident,forheignoredthetrafficlights.3．Scientistsareexperimentingwithgrowingcropsinspace(help)astronautsgetenoughfoodonlongerjourneysthroughspace.4．NeilArmstrongwasthefirstperson(set)footonthemoon,realizingagreatdreamofmankind.5．Judyturnedherheadtotheleft,only(find)thatNickhadgone.6．Thepillarsarestrongenoughto(sustain)theweightoftheroof.7．Iknockedontheoldman’sdoorandtriedtopersuadehim(buy)mynewspaper.8．Ourmainaimis(promote)mutualunderstandingbetweenthetwocountries.9．Thewomanstartedworkingatanearlyage(support)herfamily.10．Villagersarerequested(protect)theforest.11．Ourgoalaseducatorsis(inspire)studentstopursuetheirpassionsandachievetheirdreams.12．Hefoundithard(resist)buyingthesebooks.13．Wemanagedto(negotiate)abetterpriceforthecar.14．Swimmingisapowerfulway(relieve)stressandpromoteyoursleep.15．Withsomanyurgenttasks(handle)beforethedeadline,themanagerhadtocancelallherpersonalappointmentsfortheweek.16．Theweatherwas(blame)forthedelay,causingtheflighttoberescheduled.17．Itistimeforus(get)upinordertocatchthefirstbus.18．Meanwhile,theyshouldshowmoreconcernabouttheirchildrenandspendsometimewiththem(cultivate)apleasantandharmoniousfamilyenvironment.19．Myambitionis(succeed)inmycareerandgiveitmyverybest.20．conclude,Iagreethatparentsplayimportantrolesinthesocialandintellectualdevelopmentofchildren.(用适当的词填空)提升题（测试时间：10分钟）1．Sorry(disturb)you,butcanItalktoyouforaminute?2．(signal)thatthereistroubleahead,adriverwillturnonthewarninglights.3．Shehopes(admit)totheartclubbecausesheisgoodatdrawing.4．Theaimofthisinvestigationis(bring)thetruthtolight,whichisanupliftingnoticeforthepublic.5．Wherethereisasmallpointdifference,theeffectofcolorissufficient(tip)thebalance.6．Aswebeemoreandmoredependentonputers,somescientistsareurgingus(think)aboutthedangersposedbytheadvancesinAI.7．Ihavenoalternativebut(ask)himforanappropriatewaytosolvetheproblem.8．Theeducatorsinthisschooltookturns(deliver)aspeechintheruralschools.9．(have)anindepthunderstandingofitaswellasfeelthewarmthandcharmofuniqueChineseculture,itisgenuinelyhopedthatthosewhoareintothegreentraincanhavethechancetoexperienceitinperson.10．Whenwasitthattheysetout(design)suchanewbridge?11．Hismainproblemis(waste)toomuchtimeonputergames.12．Afterstrugglingtobalancehishomeworkandworkformonths,heendedup(quit)hisparttimejobbeforesavingenoughmoney.13．Theteamwastedtoomuchtimeonunnecessarydiscussions,whichresultedin(leave)withnochoicebuttoworkovertimetomeetthedeadline.14．It’snogood(stay)uplateeverynight,whichwilltakeatollonyourhealthandaffectyourproductivitythenextday.15．(give)asecondchancebyhisbossmadehimhappy.16．(make)greatprogressbroughthimmuchconfidence.17．After(persuade)tochangehermindabouttheproposal,sheagreedtopresentitduringthenextmeeting.18．Thepoorassistantmissedthepresentationandfeltveryfrustrated,sohisfriendkept(fort)him.19．(expose)tosunshinelongisknowntodamagetheskinsofpeople.20．Iregret(lie)tomyparentsthatIdidn’tuseAItohelpmefinishmyhomework.拓展题（测试时间：25分钟）一、翻译1．她讨厌放假期间还得拼命刷题。(bury)(汉译英)2．值得一提的是，通过将理论与现实相结合，我们提高了学习理科科目的效率。(worth,integrate)(汉译英)3．不积跬步，无以至千里。只有通过不断收集和分析5G技术在物联网、空中课堂和远程医疗等方面的应用案例，有朝一日我们才能实现“智慧城市”的梦想。（Only…）（汉译英)4．接触有不同经历的人对一个人的成长大有裨益，这能为个人发展注入源源不断的动力。(expose)(汉译英)5．新当选的市长呼吁全体市民目前不要浪费时间争论谁该为火灾负责，而是要有同理心并积极向受害者伸出援手。(reach)(汉译英)6．她对这个慈善项目投注了很多时间，却被告知由于人手不足，该项目不得不取消。(onlyto)(汉译英)7．为了确保运动员们能够在奥运会的激烈竞争中生存下来，教练团队己精心安排他们遵循严格的训练计划，以防因不适应比赛环境而出现意外。(survive,arrange,incase)(汉译英)8．制造商声称，这款即将发布的电动汽车具有自动驾驶功能，可语音控制，一次充电仅需12分钟，就可以行驶600公里。(claim)(汉译英)9．为保护濒危的传统戏曲，民间艺术家们不仅修复了古戏台，还激励年轻一代传承这门艺术。(inspire)(汉译英)10．在你看来，为何比起身边人如今的年轻人更愿意对聊天机器人敞开心扉?(think)(汉译英)二、语法填空Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.Willarobotreallytakeyourjob?Itisoneofthemostwidelyquotedstatisticsofrecentyears.Noreportorconferencepresentationonthefutureofworkisplete1it.Thefinding247percentofAmericanjobsareathighriskofbeingautomatedbythemid2030sesfromapaperpublishedin2013.ThepaperwaswrittenbytwoOxfordacademics,CarlBenediktFreyandMichaelOsborne.It3(quote)inmorethan4,000otheracademicarticleseversince.InApril,one4(strike)workerinLosAngelescarriedanoticethatread“47%ofAmericanjobsareexpectedtobeautomatedby2034.”“Thatis,”Freystresses,“definitelynotwhatthepapersays.”Atoneextreme5(be)thedoommongers(末世论者).Theywarnofmasstechnologicaljoblessnessjustaroundthecorner.Oneadvocateofthisposition,MartinFord,worriesthatmiddleclassjobswilldisappear,economicmobilitywillcease,andtherichestpeopleinacountrycould“shut6awayingatedmunities,perhapsguardedbyautonomousmilitaryrobotsanddrones.”Atthepositiveendofthespectrum,classicaleconomistsarguethatinthepast,newtechnologyhasalwaysendedupcreatingmorejobsthanithasdestroyed.Everythingwillworkoutfineinthelongrun,7theshorttermislikelytobebumpy,asitwasduringtheIndustrialRevolution.Itwasseveraldecades8industrializationledtosignificantlyhigherwagesforBritishworkersintheearly1800s,9delayknownasEngels’pause.Whileautomationislikelytoboostinequalityintheshortrunbypushingsomepeopleintolowerpaidjobs,iteventuallyincreasestheoverallsizeoftheeconomicpie.Freyisoftenassumedtobeinthefirstcamp.Plentyofpeoplearesurprisedtodiscoverthatheis,infact,10(close)tothesecond.ThepaperbyhimandOsbornesimplywantedtopointoutthat47percentofthecurrentjobsinAmerica,fromthe702differentoccupationstheystudied,weremorelikelytobeaffectedbyautomation.Directions:Fillintheblankswiththeproperformofthegivenverbs.Everyyear,morebooksonhappinessarepublished.Andeveryyear,morepeoplefeeldepressedbecausetheydonotconsiderthemselvestobehappy.Theydon’trememberorknowwhatitfeelslike,andinstead,theyfeelguiltythattheyaren’tashappyaseveryonesaysthey1be.Thisisreallyasadstateofemotionalaffairs.Thebooks,blogs,YouTubevideosandadvicecolumnswilltellyouthatifyouread,exercise,staybusy,help2,andincreaseyourintimacyeveryday,thenyoutoocanbehappy.Thesimpl