汽车专业英语 第4版 课件 第五章 电机

汽车专业英语ENALISHCHAPTER5Motors

第五章

电机电机的种类电机的结构永磁电机电机控制5-1．TypesofMotors5-2．ConstructionofMotor5-3．PermanentMagnetMotor5-4．MotorControl5-1．TypesofMotors

电机的种类TheoperationofthesimplepermanentmagnetDCmotorisshowninFigure5-1.直流永磁电机工作原理如图5-1所示。Figure5-1TheOperationoftheSimplePermanentMagnetDCMotor直流永磁电机工作原理ThemagneticfieldinteractionisshowninFigure5-2.磁场相互作用如图5-2所示。阅读材料appearv.出现，呈现brushn.电刷（汽车电机）permanentadj.永久的magnetn.磁铁electromagnetn.电磁体magneticadj.有磁性的windingadj.弯曲的、螺旋的n.线圈seriesn.串联shuntn.分流（并联）separatelyadv.分别地、单独地permanentmagnet永磁体magneticfield磁场fieldwinding励磁绕组basicelectricalengineering基本的电气工程electricvehicle电动汽车阅读材料TypesofMotors电机的种类Motorscanbecategorizedintothefollowingtypes:DCorACmotors;Brushedorbrushless

motors;Permanentmagnetorelectromagnetmotors;Series,shunt,compound,motorsInFigure5.1andFigure5.2,themagneticfieldneededtomakethemotorturnisprovidedbypermanentmagnets.However,thisisnottheonlywayavailable,itispossibletoproducethemag-neticfieldusingcoilsthroughwhichacurrentispassed.Thesefieldwindingsarelocatedinthestatoroftheelectricmotor.TherearethreeclassicaltypesofbrushedDCmotorwithfieldwindings,asshowninFigure5-3.Thebehavioroftheseriesandshuntmotorsisconsideredinbasicelectricalengineering.电机可以分为以下几种不同类型：直流电机、交流电机；有刷电机、无刷电机；永磁电机、电磁电机；串励电机、并励电机、复励电机和他励电机。如图5-1和图5-2所示，永磁体为电机旋转提供磁场。然而，这不是唯一的方法，可以用线圈通电，产生电磁场。这些励磁绕组安装在电机的定子上。直流有刷电机的励磁绕组主要有三种形式，如图5-3所示。串励与并励电机是基础电气工程最优先考虑的。ThestructureoftheDCmotorisshowninFigure5-5.直流电机的结构如图5-5所示Figure5-5TheStructureoftheDCMotor直流电机的结构5-2．ConstructionofMotor

电机的结构阅读材料Constructionn.结构、制成物armaturen.电枢rotatev.使转动adj.辐状的blurv.使模糊n.模糊的形状reluctancen.磁阻、不情愿reversen.反向adj.相反的customarilyadv.习惯地uniformadj.一致的vt.使一致、使统一Graphiten.石墨framen.框架current-carrying载流currentflow电流reluctancepath磁阻路径armaturecore电枢铁心阅读材料insulatedcopper绝缘线圈rectangular-shaped长方形linesofflux磁力线magneticmaterial磁性材料

Nowit'stimetolearntheconstructionofDCmotors.Let'sstartbylookingattheircomponents（Figure5.4）.ArmatureThearmatureisthemaincurrent-carryingpartofamotorthatnormallyrotates(brushlessmotorstendtoblurthisdistinction)andproducestorqueviatheactionofcurrentflowinitscoils.Italsoholdsthecoilsinplace,andprovidesalow-reluctancepathfortheflux.Thearmatureusuallyconsistsofashaftsurroundedbylaminatedsheetsteelpiecescalledthearmaturecore.CommutatorThecommutatoristhesmartpartofthemotorthatpermitsconstantrotationbyreversingthedirectionofcurrentinthewindingseachtimetheyreachtheminimumfluxpoint.FieldPolesIntherealworld,electromagnets(recallthenailinyourtoolboxwithafewturnsofinsulatedcopperwirewrappedaroundit)arecustomarilyusedinsteadofpermanentmagnets.Thepolepiecesareusuallycurvedwheretheysurroundthearmaturetoproduceamoreuniformmagneticfield.BrushesTypicallyconsistingofrectangular-shapedpiecesofgraphiteorcarbon,brushesareheldinplacebyspringswhosetensioncanbeadjusted.MotorCase,Frame,orYokeWhateveryouwishtocallit,thefunctionofthesepartsarenotonlytoprovidesupportforthemechanicalelements,butalsotoprovideamagneticpathforthelinesoffluxtocompletetheircircuit—justlikethelinesoffluxaroundabarmagnet.Inthemotor'scase,themagneticpathgoesfromthenorthpolethroughtheairgap,themagneticmaterialofthearmature,andthesecondairgap,tothesouthpoleandbacktothenorthpoleagainviathecase,frame,oryoke.阅读材料Constructionofmotor电机的结构现在让我们学习直流电机的结构，看看它由哪些零件组成。电枢电枢是电机中主要承载电流的旋转部件（无刷电机比较难以区别），通过线圈中的电流作用产生转矩。电枢还固定线圈，并为磁通提供低磁阻路径。电枢通常由轴和围绕共叠装的硅钢片（俗称电枢铁心）组成。换向器换向器是电机中的智能零件，当转子转到最小的磁场处时，它能让通过线圈的电流转向从而让电机持续的旋转.磁极实际应用中，使用电磁体（类似于工具箱里缠绕着几匝绝缘铜线的钉子）来代替永磁体。极靴围绕电枢的部分通常呈弧形，以产生更均匀的磁场。电刷电刷通常由矩形的石墨和碳块组成由弹簧固定，弹簧的松紧度可以调节。电机壳体、机座、轭铁无论你怎么称呼它，它们不仅为机械部件提供支撑，还能提供完整的磁力线回路，就像围绕着条形磁铁的磁力线。在壳体内磁力线从北极出发，通过空气间隙，进入电枢的磁性材料，再进入空气间隙，进入南极，最后通过壳体、机座、轭铁返回北极。阅读材料TheprincipleofapermanentmagnetmotorisshowninFigure5-7.图5-7所示。Figure5-7ThePrincipleofaPermanentMagnetMotor永磁电机的工作原理5-3.PermanentMagnetMotor

永磁电机ThestructureofapermanentmagnetmotorisshowninFigure5-8.永磁电机的结构如图5-8所示。Figure5-8TheStructureofaPermanentMagnetMotor永磁电机的结构阅读材料alternatingmagneticfield交变磁场northandsouthpoles南北极alternatingcurrent交流电phaseshift相位移rotatingfield旋转磁场permanentmagnets永磁体coiln.线圈statorn.定子polesn.极rotorn.转子gearboxn.齿轮箱，变速器axlen.车轴loadn.负载flange电枢铁心阅读材料differentialn.差速器squirrelcage笼型转子three-phasecurrent三相电流Gearbox齿轮箱rearaxle后轴mechanicalparkinglock机械驻车锁electromechanicalparkingbrake电子机械驻车制动器rotorshaft转子轴inputshaft输入轴outputshaft输出轴finaldrivegear终传动齿轮oilcollector油收集器overallratio总传动比compactdesign紧凑设计higherloads高负载Coilsarefittedinthestatorthatgenerateacontinuouslyalternatingmagneticfield.Thenorthandsouthpolesarenotpermanentlyassignedtospecificcoils（Figure5-6）.Duetothealternat-ingcurrentandthephaseshiftof120°intheindividualphasesU,VandW,thestatorgeneratesarotatingfieldwithalternatingmagneticfieldsthatcausetherotortorotatesteadily.Themagneticfieldintherotorisformedeitherbypermanentmagnetsorasquirrel-cagerotor.The1-speedgearbox0MHisinstalledonthethree-phasecurrentdriveVX54ontherearaxle（Figure5-7）.Comparedtothee-Golf,thegearboxhasbeenmadeconsiderablymorecom-pactandlighter.Atthesametime,itisconfiguredforhigherloads.Theinternaldesignofthegearboxhasnotchangedsignificantlyfromthefamiliarconstruction.Themechanicalparkinglockinthegearboxhasbeendiscontinued.Thisfunctionisperformedbytheelectromechanicalparkingbrake(EPB).Thefollowingpartsarefittedinthisgearbox:RotorshaftwithflangeInputshaftwithgearZ1OutputshaftwithgearsZ2andZ3DifferentialwithfinaldrivegearZ4OilcollectorTheoutputshaftallowstheoverallratiotobeachievedovertwosteps.阅读材料PermanentmagnetMotor永磁电机线圈安装在定子中，生成一个持续交变的磁场。南北极不固定分配给特定的线圈（图5-6）。由于交流电和U、V、W各相120°的相位移，定子生成一个旋转磁场，该旋转磁场导致转子稳定地旋转。转子中的磁场由永磁体或笼型转子形成。单级变速器0MH安装在后桥的三相电动驱动器VX54上（图5-7）。与e-Golf车型相比，该变速器更加紧凑和轻便。同时，它也被设计为能够承受更高的负载。变速器的内部设计与原有结构相比并未发生显著变化。变速器中的机械驻车锁已被取消。此功能由电子机械驻车制动器（EPB）来执行。该变速器中安装了以下部件：带法兰的转子轴带齿轮Z1的输入轴带齿轮Z2和Z3的输出轴带终传动齿轮Z4的差速器油收集器输出轴通过两级传动实现总传动比。阅读材料ThemotorspeedregulationisshowninFigure5-10.电机转速调节如图5-10所示。Figure5-10SpeedRegulation转速调节5-4．MotorControl

电机控制ThepowerandtorqueregulationisshowninFigure5-11.功率和转矩调节如图5-11所示。Figure5-11PowerandTorqueRegulation功率和转矩调节5-4．MotorControl

电机控制阅读材料Regulatev.规定；调节，控制(速度、压力、温度等)frequencyn.频率speedn.速度torquen.扭矩，转矩amplituden.振幅increasev.增加demandv.需要convertern.转换器oputputn.输出voltagen.电压frequencyofthealternatingvoltage交流电压频率speedoftheelectricdrivemotor电动驱动电机速度rotorspeed转子速度vehiclespeed紧凑设计powerandcontrolelectronics电力与控制电子设备accelerationn.加速度阅读材料torqueofthedrivemotor驱动电机转矩greateracceleration更大的加速度DC/ACconverter直流/交流变换器powerelectronics电力电子设备amplitudeofthegeneratedalternatingvoltage产生的交流电压幅值currentflow电流generatedvoltage产生的电压highervoltage更高电压highercurrentflow更高电流drivemotoroutput驱动电机输出speedregulation速度调节drivemotoractivation驱动电机激活voltageamplitude电压幅值motoroutput电机输出torqueadjustment转矩调整阅读材料MotorControl电机控制Thefrequencyofthealternatingvoltagegeneratedregulatesthespeedofthe