目的论视角下《疯狂动物城》字幕中译策略研究

论文题目：目的论视角下《疯狂动物城》字幕中译策略研究

目的论视角下《疯狂动物城》字幕中译策略研究摘要随着社会各产业的不断发展，我国和各国之间的文化交流也日益频繁，为人们学习国外文化提供了便利条件，影视就是其中不可忽视的重要因素。越来越多优秀的外国影视作品涌入中国，为广大中国观众所喜爱，字幕翻译研究的必要性也随着出现。目的论强调翻译的目的性，连贯性和忠实性，既考虑受众又注重源语，可为字幕翻译研究提供指导。《疯狂动物城》是美国2016年迪士尼出品的一部3D冒险喜剧电影，曾荣获第89届奥斯卡金像奖最佳动画长片奖，并且有很好的口碑。该片中文字幕表达顺畅，字幕翻译的策略与效果极佳。本论文旨在以《疯狂动物城》为对象，从目的论视角出发，分析其字幕中译的特点并归纳出字幕中译的一些策略和原则，以期为以后的影视字幕翻译提供借鉴，让观众可以通过影片和字幕的结合，接受到最真实的信息，同时让人们更加重视字幕翻译的必要性。分析表明，《疯狂动物城》字幕在遵循目的论三原则的前提下，采用了归化、转换、四字格、增译、省译、拆句、音译和直译等翻译策略。关键词：目的论疯狂动物城中译策略

AStudyonTranslationStrategiesinZootopiaFromSkoposTheoryAbstractWiththecontinuousdevelopmentofallaspectsofsociety,culturalexchangesbetweenChinaandothercountriesarebecomingmoreandmorefrequent,makingiteasiertounderstandforeigncultures.Moviesandtelevisionareimportantfactorsthatcannotbeignored.MoreandmoreexcellentforeignfilmsandtelevisionworkshavepouredintoChinaandarelovedbytheChinesepublic.Thereisalsoaneedforsubtitletranslationresearch.Skopostheoryemphasizesthepurpose,coherenceandfaithfulnessoftranslation.Ittakesintoaccountthepublicandthesourcelanguage,andcanprovideguidanceforthestudyofsubtitletranslation.Zootopiaisa3DadventuremovieproducedbyDisneyin2016.Itwonthe89thAcademyAwardforBestAnimatedFeatureFilmandenjoyedagoodreputation.TheChinesesubtitlesofthismovieareexpressedsmoothly,andthestrategiesandeffectsofsubtitletranslationareverygood.ThepurposeofthispaperistoanalyzethecharacteristicsofsubtitletranslationfromtheperspectiveofSkopostheoryandsummarizesomestrategiesandprinciplesofsubtitletranslationsoastoprovidereferenceforfuturesubtitletranslation,enablethepublictoobtainthemostrealinformationthroughthecombinationofmoviesandsubtitles,andcallmoreattentiontothestudyofsubtitletranslation.TheanalysisshowsthatthesubtitletranslationinZootopiafollowsthethreeprinciplesofSkopostheoryandsuchtranslationstrategiesasdomestication,conversion,useoffour-characteridioms,amplification,omission,sentencedivision,transliterationandliteraltranslationareadopted.Keywords:Skopostheory;Zootopia;translationstrategy

ContentsTOC\o"1-3"\h\u22980Introduction IntroductionResearchonthetranslationofsubtitleshasundoubtedlybeenaccompaniedbytheinternationalizationofthefilmsandtelevisioncultureindustry.Atpresent,subtitletranslationisdevelopingasanemergingindustry,andtheimplementationofanymeasurerequirestheoreticalguidance.Thetranslationstrategiesandprinciplesproposedinthesubtitletranslationstudyprovideasoundtheoreticalbasisandguaranteeforthedevelopmentofthesubtitletranslationindustry.However,sincesubtitletranslationisonlyanareaofresearchinitsinfancy,researchinthisfieldisincompleteandthestandardsarenotuniform.Andithasagreatrelationwiththediversityoffilmsandtelevisionworksthemselves.Thefilmsandtelevisionworksreflectthecurrentsocialsituation.Asthelifestylechanges,thecontentandlanguageofthefilmsandtelevisionworkschange,too.Therefore,thereisaneedtoconstantlydevelopandimproveresearchonthetranslationofsubtitles.Inthe1970s,theGermanscholarVermeerpresentedSkopostheory.Vermeerbelievesthattranslationstudiescannotrelysolelyonlinguistics.Therearetwomainreasonsforthis:First,translationisnotonlyorevenmainlyalinguisticprocess;Second,linguisticshasnotyetraisedtheissueoftranslationdifficulties.Therefore,onthebasisofthetheoryofaction,heputsforwardtheSkopostheoryoftranslation.Itsbasicconceptisthatthemostimportantfactorinthetranslationprocessisthepurposeofoveralltranslationbehavior.Vermeerliberatedtranslationstudiesfromthechainsoforigin-centeredtheoryandfeltthattranslationshouldfollowasetofprinciples,namely,theprincipleofpurpose,theprincipleofcoherenceandtheprincipleoffaithfulness.Amongthem,theprincipleofpurposeisthefirst.Thatis,“anyactoftranslationisdeterminedbythepurposeofthetranslation.Thatis,thepurposeoftranslationdeterminesthemeansoftranslation.”Translationisnotaprocessoftranscoding,butaconcreteformofhumanaction.Eachactionhasapurpose,sothetranslationisalsodominatedbypurpose.InthearticleSubtitleTranslationFromThePerspectiveofSkoposTheory,LiXuanandWangLingpointoutthatfromGermanfunctionalismSkopostheory’spointofviewandtakingintoaccountthecharacteristicsofsubtitletranslation,subtitletranslatorsshouldfollowtheprincipleofSkopostheoryandadoptflexibleandinnovativetranslationstrategiestogetsatisfactoryresultsinsubtitletranslation.WuMin,inEnglishOriginalMovieSubtitleTranslationFromThePerspectiveofSkoposTheory,suggeststhattranslatorsshouldcorrectlytreatandapplythetranslationprinciplesofliteraltranslationandfreetranslation,domesticationandforeignization,andspecifictranslationstrategiessuchaswordreduction,wordadditionandrewriting,sothatChineseaudiencescanaccuratelyunderstandandappreciatewesterncustomsintheChinesecontext.XieJinfang,YinWenyanandLiuLeanalyzeandstudythetranslationofmoviesubtitlesintermsofdomesticationthroughcasestudies,textanalysisandothermethodsinthearticleResearchonTheDevelopmentAndChangesofEnglishMovieSubtitleTranslationFromThePerspectiveofDomestication.Theypointedoutmanyexistingproblemsinsubtitletranslationandwaystosolvethem.Andthosewaysprovidedusefulguidanceandreferenceforthetranslationpracticeofsubtitles.ThecoreconceptofSkoposTheoryis“thepurposedeterminesthemeans”.TheapplicationofSkoposTheoryinsubtitletranslationmeansthatthewholetranslationprocess,includingthechoiceoftranslationstrategies,methods,skills,wordsandsentences,isdeterminedbythepurposeofsubtitletranslation.Inrecentyears,thetranslationofsubtitleshasreceivedmoreandmoreattention.Researchershavestudiedsubtitletranslationfromdifferentperspectives.However,subtitletranslationisdifferentfromotherformsoftranslation.Althoughlimitedbylanguageandtextstandards,subtitletranslationisinevitablyaffectedbymanyfactors.Therefore,thestudyofsubtitletranslationstrategyisveryimportant.BasedonthemovieZootopia,thispaperanalyzesitssubtitletranslationcharacteristicsandChinesetranslationstrategiesfromtheperspectiveofSkopostheory,soastoexploretheembodimentofSkopostheoryinsubtitletranslationofZootopiaandrealizethepurposeofflexiblyapplyingtranslationprinciplesandstrategiesandimprovingsubtitletranslationlevel.ThispaperwillfirstoutlinethecontentsandprinciplesofSkopostheory,thenintroduceZootopia’splotandsubtitlecharacteristics,andfinallyanalyzethetranslationstrategiesinsubtitletranslationwithspecificexamplesinZootopia.

PartIIntroductiontoSkoposTheoryWhenitcomestothetranslationschoolincontemporaryGermany,especiallythemostinfluentialtranslationschoolinGermanysince1970s,themostinfluentialonemustbethefunctionalschooloftranslation,thatis,thetranslationdestinationschoolwithdeepGermancharacteristics.Thisisaschooldevelopedinthelate1970s.Functionalistschoolholdsthattranslationisapurposefulactandlinguisticsalonecannotsolvealltranslationproblems.[1]Thepurposeoftranslationdeterminesthetranslationstrategiesandmethodsusedintranslationpractice.Thetranslatorshouldgiveprioritytothefunctionofthetextandtheexpectedfunctionofthetranslation.SkopostheoryisatranslationtheorymodeldevelopedbyHansVermeer,aGermantranslationtheorist.Thistheorybasicallybelongstoanexternalstudyoftranslation.1.1TheoriginanddevelopmentofSkopostheoryTanZaixisaidthatthemostinfluentialtranslationschoolinGermany,especiallysincethe1970s,isthefunctionalschool,thatis,theobjectiveschool.Inthelate1970sandearly1980s,GermantranslatorReissandhisstudentVermeerproposedthecoreSkopostheoryoffunctionaltranslationtheory,ofwhichVermeercontributedthemosttoSkopostheory.Later,JustaHolzManttariandChristianeNordfurtherdevelopedSkopostheory.Onthebasisofequivalencetheory,Reissproposedtexttypetheory.Textismainlydividedintoinformationfunctiontext,expressionfunctiontext,operationfunctiontextandhearingmediumtext.However,Newmark,afamousBritishtranslator,dividesthetextintoinformationfunctiontext,expressionfunctiontext,infectionfunctiontext,aestheticfunctiontext,communicationfunctiontextandmeta-languagefunctiontextaccordingtothefunctionoflanguage.VermeerpublishedFrameworkforaGeneralin1978,whichlaidthefoundationofSkopostheory.Thenin1984,heandReissformallyformulatedSkopostheoryinGroundWorkforAGeneralTheoryofTranslation.Manttaridistinguishesbetweentranslationandtranslationbehaviorandemphasizestheparticipantsinthetranslationprocess(informationsender,translator,translationuserandinformationreceiver)andtheenvironment(time,placeandmedia).Nord,basedonthedeficiencyofteleology,putsforwardtheprincipleoffunctionplusloyalty,thatis,thepurposeofthetargettextshouldbeconsistentwiththeintentionoftheoriginalauthor.1.2ThemaincontentofSkopostheoryThecoreconceptofSkopostheoryisthatthemostimportantelementinthetranslationprocessisthepurposeoftheentiretranslationact.IntheframeworkofVermeer’sSkopostheory,oneofthemostimportantfactorsdeterminingthepurposeoftranslationistheaudience,therecipientofthetargettext,whohastheirownculturalbackgroundknowledge,expectationofthetargettextandcommunicativeneeds.Eachkindoftranslationpointstoacertainaudience,sotranslationisatextproducedforacertainpurposeandtargetaudienceinthetargetlanguagecontext.Skopostheoryhasthreeprinciples,thatis,purpose,coherenceandfaithfulness.Theprincipleofpurposeisthemostimportantprincipletowhichtheprincipleofcoherenceandfaithfulnessmustbeobedient.Theprincipleofpurposemeansthatthetranslationprocessisdeterminedbythepurposeandintentionoftranslation.Themostimportanttaskofthepurposeprincipleistobreakawayfromthetraditionalequivalenttranslationandrealizefreetranslationbasedonpurpose.Translationactivitiescanbefurtherdividedintothreecategories:thebasicpurposeofthetranslator,thecommunicativepurposeofthetranslationandthepurposetobeachievedbyusingaparticularmeansoftranslation.However,ingeneral,purposereferstothecommunicativepurposeofthetargettext.Theprincipleofcoherenceemphasizesthereadabilityandacceptabilityofthetargettext,whichmustmeetthestandardofintralingualcoherenceandhavepracticalsignificance.Inotherwords,thetranslationmusthelpthetargetreadersreadcoherently.Theprincipleoffaithfulnessmeansthattranslationshouldbenotblindlyfaithfultotheoriginaltext,butrequiresthattranslationshouldmaintaininterlingualconsistencyandsemanticequivalencewiththetargettext.Thetranslatorshouldnotonlyrespectthewritingintentionofthesourcelanguageauthor,butalsoberesponsibletothetargetlanguagereader.1.3TheapplicationofSkopostheoryinsubtitletranslationSkopostheorycanprovideappropriateguidanceforsubtitletranslation.AccordingtoSkopostheory,wecanfindthatsubtitletranslationaimstohelptheaudiencebetterunderstandtheplotofthemovie.Themaintaskofsubtitletranslatorsistochooseappropriatetranslationstrategiestoprovidereaderswithclearandaccuratetranslationinlimitedtimeandspace.Nomatterwhatkindamoviebelongsto,subtitletranslationmusthaveanimplicitpurpose.Thetranslator’sjobistoidentifyitanduseappropriatestrategiestoachievetheirgoals.UnderthetheoreticalframeworkofSkopostheory,oneofthemostimportantaspectsindeterminingtranslationistheaddressee.Therefore,whenapplyingSkopostheorytoguidethetranslationofmoviesubtitles,thecommunicationexpectation,culturalbackgroundandunderstandingabilityofthetargetaudienceshouldbeconsideredfirst.Moreimportantly,theprincipleofcoherenceemphasizesthattranslationneedstobeacceptedbythetargetreceiver.Subtitletranslationplaysavitalroleinlinkingtheoriginaltextandthetranslatedtext.Whenintroducingaudio-visualproductsabroad,thereisoftenaproblemthatthetargettextaudienceisnotfamiliarwiththeoriginaltextandculture.Therefore,subtitletranslationmustbepurposeful.Inordertomakeaudio-visualproductsartisticandcommercial,theproducerordirectorofamoviemustrelyonsubtitletranslationtoundertaketheinteractiveworkoftheaudienceofthetargetculture.Translatorswithrichtranslationexperienceshouldhavetheabilitytorationallyreasonabouttranslationgoalsfromtheirowntranslationbackground.Subtitlingtranslatorsshouldabsorbtranslationbrevityintheirmind.Skopostheoryadvocatesthattranslatorsshouldexchangeviewsandopinionswithclientsonspecificpurposes,andsticktotheirownviewslikeexperts,sothattranslatorscanplayamoreimportantroleinthebeginningoftranslation.Inotherwords,inthesubtitletranslationprocess,translationisnolongerasimplelanguageprocess,butanactionwithaclearpurpose.Thetranslatorisnolongermechanicallyconvertingthetextfromtheoriginallanguagetothetargetlanguage,butskillfullytranslatingit.Heshouldberesponsibleforcarryingoutpurposefultranslationtasksandensuringtheresultsoftranslationactions.Therefore,thefilmssubtitletranslatorcanflexiblychoosethemostsuitabletranslationmethodsunderspecificcircumstances.Nowitcanbeconcludedthateveniftherearetimeandspaceconstraints,weshouldalsoprovidetheaudiencewiththebestappreciationandunderstandingofthetargettextbyprovidingcorrespondingreadablesubtitlesasthepurposeofsubtitletranslation.Onthisbasis,wecanseethatSkopostheoryhasmademanycontributionstothedevelopmentoftranslationstudies,reflectingtheeffectivenessandapplicabilityofguidingnon-literarytranslation,especiallyfilmssubtitletranslation.

PartIIIntroductiontoZootopiaAfteritsreleasein2016,Zootopiahaswonmanyawardswithexcellentqualityandtheconceptofopennessandtolerance,achievingadoubleharvestofboxofficereputation.2.1TheplotandcharacteristicsofZootopiaThestorytakesplaceinathrivingmodernanimalcityZootopia,whereeveryanimalhaditsownresidence,adesert-climateSaharaSquare,aperennialcoldglaciertown,etc.Itwaslikeameltingpotwhereanimalscoexistpeacefully.Ifthey,whetherelephantsormice,workedhard,theycouldmakesomeachievements.RabbitJudydreamedofbecomingapoliceofficerinZootopiafromanearlyage.Althougheveryonearoundherfeltthatarabbitcouldnotbecomeapoliceofficer,throughherownefforts,shemadeherwaytothepolicestationandbecamethefirstrabbitpoliceofficer.Inordertoproveherself,shewasdeterminedtosolveamysteriouscase.Onthewaytofindoutthetruth,JudyforcedNick,afoxwholivedbycheatingandkidnappinginZootopia,tohelpherself.However,shefoundthattherewasahugeplottooverthrowZootopiabehindthecase,andJudyandNickalsobecamegoodpartnersinthearduousinvestigationprocess.Afteraseriesofinvestigations,theyfoundthatthevicemayorsheephaddonethetrick,soJudyandNickusedclevermethodstogetthesheeptotellthetruth.Originally,thesheephadbeenunwillingtobeexcludedbythebiganimals.Theyuseddrugstodrivetheanimalsmad,causingdistrustfromothersmallanimals,thusachievingthegoalofcontrollingZootopia.Atlast,theplotwasexposed.Theanimalschangedfrommutualsuspiciontomutualtrust.TheylivedhappilyandharmoniouslytogetherinZootopia.Thismovieisfascinatinginplot,beautifulandsmoothinpicture,cleverandhumorousinlanguage,andaboveall,vividandlivelyinpersonalitiesofvarioussmallanimals.Fromthebeginningofthefilm,twocharacterswithstrikingpersonalitiesarecreatedandtheyareslightlycontradictorytoeachother.Thetwistsandturnsoftheplotandthecontradictionsbetterreflecttheversatilityofthecharacters’characteristicsandmakethefilmmoreplentifulandwonderful.Inaddition,althoughZootopia’sstoryissimpleandjustafairytale,itdoesnothinderitfromhavingarichplotandareasonforreflection.2.2ThemainfiguresinZootopiaJudyHoppswastheheroineoftheanimatedfilmZootopia.Shewascourageous,straight,cheerful,confidentanddetermined.Fromanearlyage,shedreamedofbecomingaheroofjustice,fullofhopeforthefuture.Sincechildhood,Judystrovetobeagoodpolicemanand,throughherownstruggle,becamethefirstrabbitpoliceofficeratthepolicestationtotraintirelesslyandstandoutafterheradmissiontothepoliceschool.However,Shestillcouldnotgetridofthearroganceandprejudicesofhercolleagues.Becauseoftheousterofhersuperiors,Judyfacedthefirstchallengeofhercareer:detectingamassdisappearancein48hours.JudyandNick,whodidnotresist,setouttogetherinsearchoftherealculpritandfinallystoppedtheactionsoftheculpritinthebackgroundandbecamethetrueherowhohadmaturedandcouldassumemoreresponsibility.Shetoldeveryoneaboutherownexperience:don’tunderestimateaweakrabbit,aslongasyouworkhardandinsist,there’snothingyoucan’tdo.NickwastheleadingactorinZootopia.Hewasafoxwhoaspirednottorepayanyonebecauseofsetbackswhenhewasyoungandmadealivingbycheatingwhenhegrewup.Injuredbyprejudiceasachild,heabandonedhisideal.However,hedidnotcauseanysubstantialharmtoothersasastreetpunk.However,hewasplantedonandframed,andhadtoembarkonadesperatejourney.HewasforcedtocooperatewithJudy,arabbitpoliceofficerwithincompatiblepersonalities,toinvestigatethecase.Thetwowereinvolvedinanunexpectedplotandbecamepartnersaftergoingthroughallkindsofhardships.Nickalsograduallychangedfromasmallbludgertoakind,just,humorousandcaringfox.2.3ThefeaturesofsubtitlesofZootopiaSubtitleisanauxiliarymeansforaudiencestounderstandtheplotofmoviesandTVplays,anditisdifferentfromothertextssuchasliteraryworksandscientificandtechnologicaldocuments.Zootopiamainlyusesanimalimagesasthemaincharactersofthestory.Throughstrangeandnovelstoriesandstrangeactions,itrevealsboldfantasieseverywhere.Thiskindofplotisreflectedinsubtitlelanguage,thatis,theuseofcolloquialandfunnylanguage.TheaudienceofZootopiaisnotlimitedtoteenagersandchildren,andmoreandmoreadultaudiences,eitherbecausetheyaccompanychildrenorinordertorelaxanddecompress,arealsostartingtowatchsuchmovies.Therefore,thesubtitlelanguagetheyexpectisalsobynomeansabstruseorobscure.2.3.1ConcisenessandcolloquialismFirstofall,thesubtitlelanguageofZootopiashouldbeconsistentwiththepicture.Itonlyappearsonthescreenforafewseconds,usuallyappearingatthebottomofthescreen,occupyingoneortwolines.Thesubtitlescan’tbereadbackandforthlikeabook.Theaudienceshouldreadthesubtitleswhileappreciatingthepicture,whichdeterminesthatthesubtitlescan’tbetoolong,sothesubtitlesmustbeconciseandclear.Then,becauseanimatedfilmsareacolloquialart,thelanguageofsubtitlesiscolloquialandplain.2.3.2HumorandnetworkcatchwordsThehumorousattributeoflanguageinZootopiaisnotonlytheneedtocombineeducationwithpleasure,butalsoameansforcreatorstocriticizeirrationalphenomenainlife.Thegeneralexpressionofhumoriscynicism,self-mockeryorridiculeofothers,butinfactitisarealtransmissionofsubjectivefeelingsandcarriesthereflectiononlifeandreality.Inaddition,animatedfilms,asapopularart,arebornwithcommercialattributes.Inordertohelpthefilmsellwell,popularwordsareusuallyusedinsubtitles,sothatmoviedialoguesreflectthetimes.

PartIIIAnalysisofTranslationStrategiesinZootopiaTheanalysiswillbecarriedoutfromthethreeprinciplesofSkopostheory.Translationisanintentionalandpurposefulcross-culturalcommunicationactivity.InthesubtitletranslationactivityfromtheperspectiveofSkopostheory,thetranslatormustfullyunderstandtheneedsoftheaudience,definethetranslationpurposeandmakeitthebasicprincipleguidingthetranslationbehavior,soastorealizetheconversionbetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguageandachievethepurposeofcross-culturalcommunicationintranslation,butatthesametime,thefaithfulnesstothesourcelanguagecannotbeignored.Skopostheoryrequiresnotonlythefocusontranslationpurposes,butalsohigherandhigherrequirementsforcoherence.Therefore,fromtheperspectiveofSkopostheory,thetranslationofgrammarandsentencepatternsshouldfollowthelanguagestyleofthetargetlanguage.3.1StrategiesundertheprincipleofpurposeTheprincipleofpurposerequiresthattheprocessoftranslationshouldbebasedonthetargettextreachingitsintendedfunctioninthetargetculture.Thustheacceptabilityoflanguageitselfandtheacceptabilityofculturalinformationshouldbeconsidered.3.1.1DomesticationDomesticationmeansthattranslationbereader-oriented.Translatorsshouldkeepinmindthatthepurposeoftranslationistousethetargetlanguagetoexpressthethoughtsofthesourcelanguageasmuchaspossible,soastoclearlyconveytheoriginalcontent,conformtothelanguageusageoftheintendedlanguagereaders,andenhancethereadabilityandappreciationvalueofthetranslationitself.[2]Example1:“Oh,youdon’tknowwhentoquit,doyou?”Translation:“哦，你是不到黄河不死心，对吧？”JudytriestostopthefoxGideonfromrobbingthesheep.AfterGideonwarnsJudy,Judydoesn’tstopherbehavior,butfightsbackagainstGideon.GideonisfuriousandsaystoJudy“youdon’tknowwhentoquit”intheoriginaltext.Iftranslatedliterally,it’s“你不知道什么时候该放弃”.Althoughitisconsistentwiththeoriginalmeaning,andtheChinesecanunderstandit,itseemsthatitlackssomecharmanddoesn’tconformtotheChineselinguisticusage.Therefore,inordertoachievethepurposeofeasieracceptancebytheChineseaudience,domesticationisadoptedhere.Thetranslationof“你是不到黄河不死心”ismorenaturalandvivid,andconformstothecontext.ItalsoreflectsGideon’sangeratJudy’sobstinaterefusaltolistentoadvice.Example2:“1’dlosemyheadifitweren’tattachedtomyneck.”Translation:“怎么回事，我真是糊涂到家了。”ThisisNick’sself-mockery.Whenhecheatsthepopsicle,hepretendstoforgettobringhiswallet.Theoriginalmeaningofthissentenceisthat“如果我的头和我的脖子没连在一起，我可能会把头都弄丢。”,whichindicatesthatthespeakerisrathermuddledanddoesthingscarelessly.Thetranslation“怎么回事，我真是糊涂到家了。”alsousesdomestication.ItnotonlyconformstothecontextoftheoriginaltextandthelinguisticusageofChinese,butalsothe“怎么回事”addedbythetranslatorcanbetterreflectNick’sself-deprecatinganddeeplyhelplessnessmentalstateatthistime.Thepurposeistomaketheaudienceunderstandthesituationbetter.Example3:“Speakofthedevil.Rightontime.”Translation:“说曹操，曹操就到。”Althoughtherearesomewordscorrespondingto“devil”inChineseculture,themeaningof“devil”inthisidiomcannotbetranslatedaccordingtotheusualcorrespondingwordsaboutevilforces.However,thereisacommonsayinginChinathathasbeenusedfrequentlyfromancienttimestothepresentbyboththeoldandtheyoung,thatis,“说曹操，曹操就到。”Soinordertoeliminatethebarrierstounderstandingcausedbyculturaldifferences,thetranslationhererefersto“devil”as“曹操”,whichnotonlyclearlyconveysthemeaningoftheoriginaltext,butalsobringsasenseofaffinitytotheChineseaudience.3.1.2ConversionConversionreferstothechangeofpartsofspeech,sentencepatternsandvoicesintheoriginalsentenceinordertomakethetranslationconformtotheexpression,methodsandusageofthetargetlanguage.Itsaimistoenablethetargetrecipienttounderstandthetranslatedsentencesasiftheyunderstoodtheirownlanguage.Example4:“1don’thavetobealonelyhunteranymore.”Translation:“我不用再孤单地追捕狩猎了。”Thepurposeofthetranslationistomakethetargetlanguagereadersunderstandanotherlanguagewithoutbarrier.Theliteraltranslationofthissentencemeans“我不必再做一个孤单的猎人了。”,butitdoesn’tconformtotheChineselanguageusage.Andthisislikelytobeconfusing.Therefore,thetranslatorusestheconversiontotranslate“hunter”,whichisanounintheoriginaltextandconvertedintoaverb“追捕狩猎”.Conversioncanreducethediscomfortbroughtbythelinguisticdifferenceandisclosertothecharacteristicsofthetargetlanguage.Soitcanhelpthetargetaudienceunderstandthemeaningofthesentenceeffortlessly.Example5:“1amproudtoannouncethatmymammalinclusioninitiative,hasproduceditsfirstpoliceacademygraduate.”Translation:“我很荣幸地宣布，哺乳动物选拔行动的第一批警校学员已经毕业了。”Thissentenceisthemayor’sgraduationcongratulatorymessagetothepoliceacademystudents,literallytranslatedas“我很荣幸地宣布，哺乳动物选拔行动已经产生了它的第一批警校毕业生。”,with“哺乳动物选拔行动”asthesubject.However,thesubtitletranslationtakes“警校学员”asthesubject.ThisisbecauseinEnglishimpersonalnounscanbeusedassubjects,whileinChinesenounsreferringtopeopleareoftenusedtouseassubjects,andthetranslatorundertakesthisconversionofsentenceelementstoachievethepurposeofconformingtotheusageofChinese.Example6:“GideonGreywasajerkwhohappenstobeafox.”Translation:“他是个混蛋，刚好也是只狐狸。”Thereisanattributiveclauseintheoriginaltext,butinordertomakethetranslationconformtotheChinesegrammaticalstructure,thetranslatoradoptsthemethodofconversion,whichturnsthecompoundsentenceintocompoundsentenceintermsofsentencepattern.“是个坏蛋”and“是只狐狸”arejuxtaposed.Inthisway,therecipientof