【《胶质瘤研究进展文献综述》1700字】

参考文献参考文献胶质瘤研究进展文献综述1.1胶质瘤简介中枢神经系统细胞主要分为神经元和为神经系统提供支持和保护的胶质细胞，胶质细胞维持体内稳态并在神经元周围形成髓鞘ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Jessen</Author><Year>1980</Year><RecNum>1429</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[24]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1429</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="we95a2ppjztw2ler5pzv5vfkdetsataxd5fs"timestamp="1619490290">1429</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jessen,KristjanR.</author><author>Mirsky,Rhona</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Glialcellsintheentericnervoussystemcontainglialfibrillaryacidicprotein</title><secondary-title>Nature</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nature</full-title></periodical><pages>736-737</pages><volume>286</volume><number>5774</number><dates><year>1980</year></dates><publisher>SpringerScienceandBusinessMediaLLC</publisher><isbn>0028-0836</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1038/286736a0</url></related-urls><pdf-urls><url>file://E:\0-文献\Endnoteclick\Jessen-1980-Glial-cells-in-the-enteric-nervous-.pdf</url></pdf-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1038/286736a0</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[24]。在中枢神经系统中，胶质细胞包括少突胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞、室管膜细胞和小胶质细胞。肿瘤由具备分裂能力的细胞发展而来，由神经胶质细胞或其前体产生的肿瘤成为神经胶质瘤ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Kleihues</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>1454</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[25]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1454</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="we95a2ppjztw2ler5pzv5vfkdetsataxd5fs"timestamp="1619957232">1454</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kleihues,Paul</author><author>Louis,DavidN.</author><author>Scheithauer,BerndW.</author><author>Rorke,LucyB.</author><author>Reifenberger,Guido</author><author>Burger,PeterC.</author><author>Cavenee,WebsterK.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>TheWHOClassificationofTumorsoftheNervousSystem</title><secondary-title>JournalofNeuropathology&ExperimentalNeurology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofNeuropathology&ExperimentalNeurology</full-title></periodical><pages>215-225</pages><volume>61</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2002</year></dates><publisher>OxfordUniversityPress(OUP)</publisher><isbn>0022-3069</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1093/jnen/61.3.215</url></related-urls><pdf-urls><url>/c9da2859-4971-4f85-a9ab-459eccec2016.pdf?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAUROH2NUQSIQZIEG4%2F20210502%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20210502T120704Z&X-Amz-Expires=600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=34ff83b0ce5241623c1f04932482588d19788c93a508f12c5e6230c19f759eb1</url></pdf-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1093/jnen/61.3.215</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[25]。世界卫生组织根据胶质瘤病理特征将脑胶质瘤分为4个级别，其中I，II级为低级别胶质瘤，III，IV级为高级别胶质瘤。分级基于以下特征：细胞形态不典型、核不典型、坏死组织及新生血管的存在。IV级胶质瘤通常被称为胶质母细胞瘤（glioblastoma,GBM），在老年人中更为常见。胶质母细胞瘤（如图1-1所示）缺乏统一性和边界以及加速的有丝分裂，肿瘤组织内部可能含有囊肿、钙化、微血管增生和坏死等。胶质瘤增殖速度增加，使肿瘤迅速扩张，但由于颅骨内体积有限，胶质瘤缺乏生长空间，因此胶质瘤生长时破坏周围的神经组织换取生长空间ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Filbin</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1457</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[26]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1457</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="we95a2ppjztw2ler5pzv5vfkdetsataxd5fs"timestamp="1620026872">1457</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Filbin,MariellaG.</author><author>Segal,RosalindA.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Howneuronalactivityregulatesgliomacellproliferation</title><secondary-title>Neuro-Oncology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Neuro-Oncology</full-title></periodical><pages>1543-1544</pages><volume>17</volume><number>12</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><publisher>OxfordUniversityPress(OUP)</publisher><isbn>1522-8517</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1093/neuonc/nov188</url></related-urls><pdf-urls><url>/986e2b70-c866-419f-8efe-739bdd6312c0.pdf?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAUROH2NUQSIQZIEG4%2F20210503%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20210503T072631Z&X-Amz-Expires=600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=a7167aeb387e63b4084eb4df81d73fe7167f442fd5ab31b05cabc82f7c66de03</url></pdf-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1093/neuonc/nov188</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[26]。肿瘤细胞的增殖也受到附近血管中氧气和营养物质的限制，胶质瘤细胞位于距离血管10细胞层以上的位置时，缺氧会导致细胞死亡，限制肿瘤的生长。因此高级别胶质瘤（III级和IV级）通过微血管再生，形成新的血管ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Onishi</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>1458</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[27]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1458</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="we95a2ppjztw2ler5pzv5vfkdetsataxd5fs"timestamp="1620027643">1458</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Onishi,Manabu</author><author>Ichikawa,Tomotsugu</author><author>Kurozumi,Kazuhiko</author><author>Date,Isao</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Angiogenesisandinvasioninglioma</title><secondary-title>BrainTumorPathology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BrainTumorPathology</full-title></periodical><pages>13-24</pages><volume>28</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>2011/02/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1861-387X</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1007/s10014-010-0007-z</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s10014-010-0007-z</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[27]。血管增生是高级别胶质瘤的特征之一，血管增生过程包括血管通透性增加、血浆蛋白外渗、现有基底膜破裂、促血管生成基质分子沉积及随后的内皮细胞的增殖和迁移等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Tasić</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>1459</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[28]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1459</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="we95a2ppjztw2ler5pzv5vfkdetsataxd5fs"timestamp="1620028243">1459</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Tasić,Desanka</author><author>Dimov,Irena</author><author>Kostov,Miloš</author><author>Vidović,Nataša</author><author>Dimov,Dragan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Angiogenesisinglioblastoma:Molecularandcellularmechanismsandclinicalapplications</title><secondary-title>ActaFacultatisMedicaeNaissensis</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>ActaFacultatisMedicaeNaissensis</full-title></periodical><pages>211-230</pages><volume>37</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2020</year></dates><publisher>CentreforEvaluationinEducationandScience(CEON/CEES)</publisher><isbn>0351-6083</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.5937/afmnai2003211t</url></related-urls><pdf-urls><url>/944b4599-c2a8-4192-8082-f8120270f572.pdf?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAUROH2NUQSIQZIEG4%2F20210503%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20210503T075034Z&X-Amz-Expires=600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=9ea410c2b08330bc0b2ea01bc47a1302db99822afd6f7bcbc50ed5f479cb265b</url></pdf-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.5937/afmnai2003211t</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[28]。与其他部分的肿瘤不同，原发性脑瘤很少通过血管或淋巴管转移。但是胶质瘤细胞能够浸润正常的脑组织、沿血管基底膜或室管膜等迁移。组织坏死是胶质母细胞瘤的特征之一，当生长中的肿瘤的营养需求超过现有的血管系统营养供给时，肿瘤细胞发生死亡。图1-1胶质母细胞瘤的增强T1MRI图像ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Okamoto</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>1456</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[29]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1456</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="we95a2ppjztw2ler5pzv5vfkdetsataxd5fs"timestamp="1620022082">1456</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Okamoto,K.</author><author>Ito,J.</author><author>Takahashi,N.</author><author>Ishikawa,K.</author><author>Furusawa,T.</author><author>Tokiguchi,S.</author><author>Sakai,K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>MRIofhigh-gradeastrocytictumors:earlyappearanceandevolution</title><secondary-title>Neuroradiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Neuroradiology</full-title></periodical><pages>395-402</pages><volume>44</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>2002/05/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1432-1920</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1007/s00234-001-0725-3</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00234-001-0725-3</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[29]Fig.1-1Post-contrastT1-weightedMRIimageofaglioblastomaADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Okamoto</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>1456</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[29]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1456</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="we95a2ppjztw2ler5pzv5vfkdetsataxd5fs"timestamp="1620022082">1456</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Okamoto,K.</author><author>Ito,J.</author><author>Takahashi,N.</author><author>Ishikawa,K.</author><author>Furusawa,T.</author><author>Tokiguchi,S.</author><author>Sakai,K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>MRIofhigh-gradeastrocytictumors:earlyappearanceandevolution</title><secondary-title>Neuroradiology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Neuroradiology</full-title></periodical><pages>395-402</pages><volume>44</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2002</year><pub-dates><date>2002/05/01</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1432-1920</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1007/s00234-001-0725-3</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s00234-001-0725-3</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[29]胶质瘤的常见症状包括颅内压升高（如头痛、呕吐等）和局部或全身性脑功能障碍（如癫痫、意识改等）。胶质瘤的常见病因包括一些家族遗传性疾病（例如I型和II型神经纤维瘤病）及电离辐射等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ernest</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>1455</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[30]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1455</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="we95a2ppjztw2ler5pzv5vfkdetsataxd5fs"timestamp="1619958890">1455</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="BookSection">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ernest,N.J.</author><author>Sontheimer,H.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Squire,LarryR.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Glioma</title><secondary-title>EncyclopediaofNeuroscience</secondary-title></titles><pages>877-884</pages><keywords><keyword>Apoptosis</keyword><keyword>Astrocytoma</keyword><keyword>Ependymoma</keyword><keyword>Ganglioneuroma</keyword><keyword>Glioblastoma</keyword><keyword>Glioma</keyword><keyword>HypoxiainduciblefactorMigration</keyword><keyword>Necrosis</keyword><keyword>Oligodendroglioma</keyword><keyword>p53</keyword><keyword>SystemX</keyword><keyword>Vestibularschwannoma</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><date>2009/01/01/</date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location>Oxford</pub-location><publisher>AcademicPress</publisher><isbn>978-0-08-045046-9</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/science/article/pii/B9780080450469010081</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>/10.1016/B978-008045046-9.01008-1</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[30]。胶质瘤具有高度浸润性，难以通过手术治愈。1.2胶质瘤的治疗研究进展在过去的30年中，高级别胶质瘤治疗的主要方案一直没有变更，包括最大程度的手术切除、放射治疗和化疗ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Bush</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>1422</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[31]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1422</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="we95a2ppjztw2ler5pzv5vfkdetsataxd5fs"timestamp="1619356397">1422</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bush,NancyAnnOberheim</author><author>Chang,SusanM.</author><author>Berger,MitchelS.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Currentandfuturestrategiesfortreatmentofglioma</title><secondary-title>NeurosurgicalReview</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>NeurosurgicalReview</full-title></periodical><pages>1-14</pages><volume>40</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2017</year></dates><publisher>SpringerScienceandBusinessMediaLLC</publisher><isbn>0344-5607</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1007/s10143-016-0709-8</url></related-urls><pdf-urls><url>file://E:\0-文献\Endnoteclick\Bush-2017-Current-and-future-strategies-for-t.pdf</url></pdf-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1007/s10143-016-0709-8</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[31]。手术切除作为高级别胶质瘤的最初治疗方案，全切除对于胶质瘤的治疗十分重要，胶质瘤的主要治疗方法是手术治疗，手术切除率与无进展生存期和总生存期的长度相关ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[32-34]。但是由于胶质瘤自身的浸润性，难以完全切除，需要术后放化疗作为辅助治疗ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Dea</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>1453</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[35]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1453</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="we95a2ppjztw2ler5pzv5vfkdetsataxd5fs"timestamp="1619790036">1453</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dea,Nicolas</author><author>Fournier-Gosselin,Marie-Pierre</author><author>Mathieu,David</author><author>Goffaux,Philippe</author><author>Fortin,David</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>DoesExtentofResectionImpactSurvivalinPatientsBearingGlioblastoma?</title><secondary-title>CanadianJournalofNeurologicalSciences/JournalCanadiendesSciencesNeurologiques</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>CanadianJournalofNeurologicalSciences/JournalCanadiendesSciencesNeurologiques</full-title></periodical><pages>632-637</pages><volume>39</volume><number>5</number><edition>2014/12/02</edition><dates><year>2012</year></dates><publisher>CambridgeUniversityPress</publisher><isbn>0317-1671</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/core/article/does-extent-of-resection-impact-survival-in-patients-bearing-glioblastoma/5355854B82F9EC1A8A0B2D2566FC6C8E</url></related-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1017/S0317167100015377</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-name>CambridgeCore</remote-database-name><remote-database-provider>CambridgeUniversityPress</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[35]。局部放射性治疗是针对胶质母细胞瘤的主要治疗手段，标准剂量为60Gy，每次1.8-2.0Gy，总剂量分为30-33次照射，主要照射肿瘤靶区及肿瘤边缘1-3cm，以消灭浸润性胶质瘤细胞。浸润性胶质瘤细胞能够隐藏在血脑屏障的完整部分后，因此想要通过抗癌药物有效治疗浸润性胶质瘤，抗癌药物必须具备血脑屏障渗透能力ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Taylor</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>1450</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[36]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1450</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="we95a2ppjztw2ler5pzv5vfkdetsataxd5fs"timestamp="1619787756">1450</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Taylor,OliviaG.</author><author>Brzozowski,JoshuaS.</author><author>Skelding,KathrynA.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>GlioblastomaMultiforme:AnOverviewofEmergingTherapeuticTargets</title><secondary-title>FrontiersinOncology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>FrontiersinOncology</full-title></periodical><volume>9</volume><dates><year>2019</year></dates><publisher>FrontiersMediaSA</publisher><isbn>2234-943X</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.3389/fonc.2019.00963</url></related-urls><pdf-urls><url>/04b2619e-24e5-423d-a130-dcb9fe0a1075.pdf?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAUROH2NUQSIQZIEG4%2F20210430%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20210430T130102Z&X-Amz-Expires=600&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Signature=262dfaa51d753fc3891a708f61edf8ef81a05e654b405f0426d7986066d7e847</url></pdf-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3389/fonc.2019.00963</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[36]。替莫唑胺是脑胶质瘤的一线化疗药物，是一种烷基化剂，通过烷基化肿瘤细胞DNA造成肿瘤细胞死亡，同时具有较好的血脑屏障渗透能力，脑脊液中替莫唑胺浓度约为血浆中的30%，是目前主要应用的针对胶质瘤的化疗药物。但仍存在一些问题，例如替莫唑胺早期实验中造成的肿瘤体积减小，但该反应持续时间短，几乎没有影响整体生存ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Batchelor</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>1435</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1435</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="we95a2ppjztw2ler5pzv5vfkdetsataxd5fs"timestamp="1619578928">1435</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Batchelor,Tracy</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Temozolomideformalignantbraintumours</title><secondary-title>TheLancet</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>TheLancet</full-title></periodical><pages>1115-1116</pages><volume>355</volume><number>9210</number><dates><year>2000</year></dates><publisher>ElsevierBV</publisher><isbn>0140-6736</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02055-9</url></related-urls><pdf-urls><url>file://E:\0-文献\Endnoteclick\Batchelor-2000-Temozolomide-for-malignant-brain-tu.pdf</url></pdf-urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02055-9</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>[8]。目前用于治疗胶质瘤的化疗方案仍然存在许多局限性。全身递送的药物由于血脑屏障阻碍，通常在难以在中枢神经系统内及肿瘤部位达到高浓度，同时具有明显的全身性副作用，例如骨髓抑制。将药物直接递送至中枢神经系统及肿瘤内部是未来胶质瘤化疗的发展方向。参考文献] Kheirollahi,M.,Dashti,S.,Khalaj,Z.,etal.,BrainTumors:SpecialCharactersforResearchandBanking[J].Advancedbiomedicalresearch,2015.4:4.[2]