专题11 《主旨大意题的宏观把握与标题提炼》培优教学设计

专题11《主旨大意题的宏观把握与标题提炼》培优教学设计目录第一部分考情精析锁定靶心高效备考第二部分重难考点深解深度溯源扫清盲区【考点01】考查标题归纳【考点02】考查文章大意【考点03】考查段落大意第三部分解题思维优化典例精析+方法提炼+变式巩固【题型01】标题归纳题：抓眼又抓心，选出最“贴”的标题【题型02】文章大意题：穿透细节，把握作者核心意图【题型03】段落大意题：理清脉络，提炼每段“灵魂句”第一部分考情精析锁定靶心高效备考核心考向聚焦核心价值：主旨大意题旨在考查学生对语篇整体意义的理解能力，强调从宏观角度把握作者意图、文章结构和中心思想。这一题型不仅体现语言运用能力，更反映归纳、概括、批判性思维等核心思维品质，是落实英语学科核心素养（特别是“思维品质”与“学习能力”）的重要载体。关键能力与核心瓶颈关键能力：本专题重点考查学生的信息整合能力、逻辑推理能力、语篇结构分析能力及抽象概括能力。要求学生跳脱细节干扰，准确识别文章主题句、段落主旨及全文中心，并据此提炼恰当标题或主旨句。核心瓶颈：1.易陷入“细节陷阱”，过度关注局部信息而忽略语篇整体脉络；2.对议论文、夹叙夹议文等隐含主旨类文本缺乏有效解读策略；3.标题提炼时语言表达精准度不足、简洁性欠缺或偏离作者核心立场；4.面对多段落、多观点文本时，难以厘清主次关系与逻辑主线。命题前瞻与备考策略命题前瞻：未来高考英语阅读理解中，主旨大意题将持续作为高频考点，尤其在C、D篇（以说明文、议论文为主）中占比稳定。命题趋势将更侧重真实语境下的高阶思维考查，可能出现“无明确主题句”“多观点交织”“文化思辨类”文本，要求学生具备更强的语篇意识和批判性阅读能力。备考策略：1.强化语篇结构训练：引导学生识别记叙、说明、议论等常见文体的结构特征，掌握“总—分—总”“问题—解决”“现象—分析”等典型语篇模式；2.训练主旨定位技巧：重点关注首尾段、段首句、重复关键词、情感态度词等核心信息载体；3.开展标题对比辨析练习：通过分析以偏概全、无中生有、过度引申等干扰项特征，提升选项辨识能力；4.实施“反向出题”活动：让学生为给定文章拟写标题，再与标准答案比对，强化精准概括能力；5.融入跨文化主题语境：结合人与社会、人与自然、科技伦理等热点话题，提升复杂语境下的主旨把握能力。第二部分重难考点深解深度溯源扫清盲区【考点01】考查标题归纳1.题型解读主旨大意题核心考查考生对文章中心思想或段落大意的归纳、概括与总结能力，要求考生精准把握文章整体结构和主要内容，明晰作者写作意图。该题型在高考英语阅读理解中占据重要地位，是高层次阅读理解能力的集中体现，每篇阅读理解文章通常会涉及至少一道主旨大意题或相关衍生题（如最佳标题题）。其设问方式灵活多样，题目位置可在文章后的题目开头、中间或结尾部分。2.解题技巧（1）文章大意题主题句定位技巧①段落中出现however、but、infact、actually等转折词时，该句极有可能是主题句；②首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答通常为文章主旨；③作者有意识重复的观点往往是主旨，反复出现的词语一般为体现文章主旨的关键词；④包含therefore、thus、inshort、conclude、conclusion等表总结或结论的词语的句子，通常是主旨句。（2）段落首尾兼顾法寻找主题句①段首/段尾：段首主题句多为段首一两句（明确观点或说明对象）；段尾主题句常为段尾句（得出结论或进行总结）；②段中：主题句有时出现在段中，前文内容多为引出主题做铺垫；③无主题句：部分段落无明确主题句，需结合段落核心内容自主概括。（3）标题归纳题主题句提炼要求①概括性：全面概括全文核心内容，精准体现主旨；②针对性：内涵与文章核心一致，范围界定恰当，不偏题、不宽泛；③新颖性：表达新颖独特，具备吸引力；④简短性：多采用名词短语、动名词短语或祈使句形式，简洁凝练。（4）不同文体标题归纳关注点文体核心关注点记叙文文中通常包含概括性、总结性且具有哲理性的语言，所有叙述均围绕该哲理展开应用文会对某种物品或服务进行详尽介绍，语言带有明显的支持倾向说明文写作目的依赖对文章核心内容的把握，阅读时需精准定位主题句议论文遵循“提出论点—进行论证—得出结论”的逻辑，作者意图往往隐含在论证过程中3.答题误区①以偏概全：误将文中具体事例或局部信息当作全文主旨，忽略语篇整体脉络。例如：全国卷ID篇围绕“人类语言中某些发音因饮食变化而普及”展开，干扰项设计为“古代人类牙齿结构的具体变化”，考生若过度关注牙齿结构的细节描述，易误选该选项，而正确答案应为“饮食演变对语言发音的影响”。②过度推断：脱离文本事实，依据个人经验或常识进行无依据延伸。例如：全国乙卷阅读C篇介绍“电商平台通过大数据分析优化物流配送”，干扰项设置为“未来电商将完全取代实体店”，考生若受“电商发展趋势”的常识影响，易误选此选项，而原文仅客观描述物流优化，未涉及实体店替代相关内容。③忽略首尾段及转折词：未重点关注文章首尾段及but、however等转折词后的核心内容，导致主题句定位错误。例如：新高考卷I阅读A篇首段点明“智能穿戴设备通过实时健康数据监测改变人们的运动习惯”，尾段呼应“技术与健康管理的深度融合”，部分考生因未通读首尾段，误选“设备硬件设计的创新细节”。④混淆文体特征：未区分议论文、说明文、记叙文的文体差异，采用统一解题思路。例如：全国甲卷阅读D篇（议论文）通过对比“传统教育模式与线上教育的优劣”，论证“混合式学习的必要性”，考生需重点关注首段论点句“教育模式需适应数字化时代需求”，若按记叙文解题思路则易偏离主旨。4.误区应对策略①强化主题句定位训练：每日选取三篇不同体裁（议论文、说明文、记叙文等）的高考真题阅读文章，按文体特点定位主题句。如议论文重点关注首段论点句和尾段总结句，快速找出主题句并划出关键词，总结文章主旨。训练一周后，对比分析不同体裁主题句位置规律，形成快速定位的解题直觉。②高频词筛选练习：利用真题阅读材料制作“高频词筛选卡片”，阅读时标注重复出现3次及以上的名词、名词短语，分析其与文章主旨的关联。每周整理高频词，总结同一主题（如科技类、环保类）文章中高频词的共性与差异，提升通过高频词把握主旨的能力。③干扰项分析笔记：建立“主旨大意题错题本”，将错误选项按“以偏概全”“过度推断”等类型分类整理。针对每个错误选项，详细分析其与原文的偏差，例如“选项A仅涉及文章第二段的一个细节，未涵盖全文关于人工智能应用的多个方面，属于以偏概全”。每周回顾错题本，强化对干扰项特征的识别能力。【考点02】考查文章大意1.题型解读文章各段落均围绕特定主题展开，整合各段落主题句即可概括全文中心思想。该题型主要考查考生对文章的深层理解能力及速读中准确定位主旨的能力，要求考生在理解全文的基础上，运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法对文章进行高度概括与总结，属于高层次阅读理解题。2.设问方式①Whatisthemaintheme/topic/ideaofthis/thepassage/text?②Whatdoesthetext/passagemainlyfocuson?③Whatisthepassage/textmainlyabout?3.解题技巧题型分类技巧点拨利用段首主题句推敲段落大意说明文和议论文需重点关注“首段”和“段首”，借鉴“七选五”小标题题型特点，段首句通常统领全段主旨，可据此推断段落大意利用段中主题句推敲段落大意主题句若出现在段中，需耐心分析段落各句间的内在逻辑关系，确定主题句位置后明确段落主旨利用段尾主题句推敲段落大意主题句若出现在段尾，需关注inbrief/short、allinall、inconclusion、inaword等表总结、结论的词语，其后面连接的通常是主题句无主题句段落大意推敲部分段落无明确主题句，需结合段落核心信息自主总结提炼，难度相对较高利用“总分总”结构推敲语篇主旨若文章采用“总分总”结构，需整合首段总起句、各段主题句及尾段总结句，全面概括语篇主旨4.不同文体主旨提炼重点文体主旨提炼核心要点新闻报道、调查研究类主旨通常位于开头部分，首段多概括核心事件或研究结论夹叙夹议类记叙文文末议论部分往往隐含主题句，需结合叙事内容与议论观点提炼主旨说明文若首段主题句语言精炼，中间段多角度说明或论证，且与尾段主题句呼应，则首段主题句即为全文主旨多观点类文本文章若出现两种及以上不同观点，需重点关注作者最终倾向的观点，该观点即为全文核心主旨【考点03】考查段落大意1.题型解读段落大意题主要考查考生用准确、简练的语言明确且完整表达段落主要意思的能力。解题时需特别注重“首尾兼顾”，即重点关注所问段落的首句和尾句：一方面，首尾句往往直接体现段落主旨要义；另一方面，借助首尾句可快速提炼段落结构框架，基于框架判断主旨的准确性更高。2.段落结构与主旨提炼思维导图段落结构类型主旨提炼方法总分式（总—分/总—分—总）段落首句为主题句，其余各句均为举例或论证内容，直接提炼首句核心含义即可分总式段落开头为举例子或层层推进的论述，段尾句总结核心观点，主旨即为段尾句含义分总分式段落开头列举具体事例，通过事例得出核心结论（该结论为主题句），后文内容为对结论的补充或拓展无主题句式段落无明确主题句，需通过识别高频词、逻辑连接词及核心事件/观点，归纳提炼段落主旨第三部分解题思维优化典例精析+方法提炼+变式巩固【题型01】标题归纳题：抓眼又抓心，选出最“贴”的标题典例精析典例1（全国卷C篇）Whilesafetyimprovementsmighthavebeenmadetoourstreetsinrecentyears,transportstudiesalsoshowdeclinesinpedestrianmobility,especiallyamongyoungchildren.Manyparentssaythere'stoomuchtrafficontheroadsfortheirchildrentowalksafelytoschool,sotheypackthemintothecarinstead.Certainauthorsarebotheredbyfactslikethese.Intheirnewbook,theycallforarethinkofourstreetsandtheroletheyplayinourlives.Lifeoncitystreetsstartedtochangedecadesago.Wholeneighbourhoodsweredestroyedtomakewayfornewroadnetworksandkidshadtoplayelsewhere.Somemunitiesfoughtback.Similarcampaignsoccurredinotherregionsinlateryearsaswell.Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityofthewesterncitieswerepletelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar.Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly.Insomeregions,therateofcarownershipisamongthehighestintheworld.Weinvestalotinroadsthathelpusrushthrough,butwefailtoaccountforthetruecosts.Dowereallyrecognisewhatitcostsusasasocietywhenchildrencan'tmovesafelyaroundourmunities?Theauthorshaveitright:it'stimetothinkdifferentlyaboutthatstreetoutsideyourfrontdoor.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.WhytheRush?B.What'sNextC.WheretoStay?D.WhotoBlame?【篇章导读】本文为议论文，通过引述某新书观点，批评城市街道设计过度服务于汽车通行、忽视行人尤其是儿童出行安全的问题，呼吁人们重新审视街道的功能，建设适宜居民生活的城市环境。【解析】标题归纳题。全文围绕汽车文化导致的“匆忙通行”展开批判，末段直指问题核心“我们是否意识到这背后的代价？”，选项A“WhytheRush?”（为何匆忙？）以设问形式精准点明主旨，故选A项。典例2（全国卷C篇）Whensomeoneopenedanonlineshopsellinghouseplants,shedidn'thavehighhopesforit.Buttheoppositehappened:Shewasfloodedwithorders,shippingoutalargenumberinasinglemonth.Inthepastyear,shesentouttensofthousandsofplants.Hersuccessisjustoneexampleofincreasedtimeathomeleadingtoanexplosioninthehouseplantindustry.Aresearchernotesthat"Plantsareinfashionrightnow.Peoplewholiveinplantrichenvironmentsreportahigherlifesatisfactionrating.Addingmorenaturetoourenvironmentcanchangeourmoodandhowwethink."Plantscanimproveourstateofmindinafewwaysbutthebiggestisbydecreasingourlevelofcortisol,thestresshormoneinourbody.Theresearcheralsopointsoutthat"Studentswhoarearoundplantsperformbetteracademicallythanstudentswhoareinaclassroomwithoutplants.Thisproductivityalsotranslatesintotheworkplaceforadults.Studiesshowedthattherewasasignificantdecreaseinsickleaveforpeoplewhowereinplantrichworkplaces."Ifyou'reamongthegroupsofpeoplewhoareenjoyingthementalandphysicalhealthbenefitsofsurroundingyourselfwithplants,don'tbeatyourselfupifone(orafew!)doesn'tmakeit."Doctorspracticemedicineandlawyerspracticelawandyoushouldallowyourselfthepracticeittakestosustainaplant.Tendingtoplantsisanexerciseinpatienceandlearning.Beinvestedintakingcareofit,butifitdies,gogetanotherone,"shesays.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TimetoReplaceHouseplantsB.PlantsBoostYourMoodC.TipsonChoosingHouseplantsD.PlantsBrightenYourHome【答案】B【解析】主旨大意题。文章第一段以某网店成功案例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过研究结论说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升工作与学习效率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开，选项B“PlantsBoostYourMood（植物改善你的情绪）”最能概括文章主旨，适合作为标题，故选B。典例3（全国卷B篇）Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocalsthattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.Theyareabletohaveentireconversationswithhumansusingmeowsandyou'reabletointerpretit.Ifapetcatishungry,itwillkeepmeowingtoattractattentionandfindfood.However,whenacatislookingforaffection,theytendtoproducestretchedandsoftmeows.Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother'sattentionandbefed.Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.Theywillsniffoutspecificareasbeforetheychooseaplacetorelax.However,anotherwaythecatsareabletodistinguishbetweensituationsisbylookingforfamiliarsmells.Yourcatwilllikelysmellyourfaceandstorethesmellinitsmemoryanduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.That'swhymostpetcatsareabletotellimmediatelyiftheirownerswerearoundanyothercats,whichtheydon'tusuallylike.Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisisaveryoldhabitthat'sbeenpresentinallkindsofpredators.Catsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittlehuntersarejustdoingsomethingthatit'sbeenintheirnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit!Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TipsonFindingaSmartCatB.UnderstandingYourCat'sBehaviorC.HaveFunwithYourCatD.HowtoKeepYourCatHealthy【答案】B【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.”及全文内容可知，文章围绕猫的多种行为展开，包括通过叫声表达需求、依靠嗅觉感知环境、为主人带回物品等，并解释了这些行为背后的原因与意义。选项“UnderstandingYourCat’sBehavior（了解你的猫的行为）”精准概括全文核心，最适合作为标题，故选B。方法提炼标题归纳需兼顾“三性”：概括性（全面覆盖全文核心）、针对性（贴合文章内涵，范围适宜）、新颖性（表达生动，吸引关注）；优先关联首段与尾段核心信息，聚焦高频关键词，排除仅涉及局部细节的选项；议论文标题需紧扣论点，说明文标题需明确说明对象及核心特征，记叙文标题需关联核心事件或情感主旨。变式巩固变式1（某地一模）Imagineyou’rewritingapoem,rhymesmustbepairedupbeforeyoustartanewline.ItturnsoutthatAIdoessomethingsimilar!Whenalargelanguagemodel(LLM)isgiventhefirstline“hesawacarrotandhadtograbit”,itbeginsthinkingaboutwordslike“rabbit”almostimmediately,writingthenextsentencetoendattheappropriaterhyme.Suchforethoughtisunexpected.Scientistsataresearchlabbuiltatoolandtheydiscoveredsomeunexpectedplexity.Thetool,a“digitalmicroscope”,letsscientistslookatwhichpartsoftheAI’sneuralnetworklightupwhenit’sworkingondifferenttasks.IfaparticularareaoftheLLMlightsupwheneveritproduceswordslikerabbit,thenthatgetsmarkedasbeingrelatedtorabbits.ThishaslettheteamsolvesomeopenquestionsinAIresearch,forexample,whetheramultilingualchatbothasawarenessofconceptsbeyondlanguage.WhentheLLMisaskedfortheoppositeof“big”inEnglish,orthesameconceptinChinese,thesamefeaturelightsupineverycase,beforemorelanguagespecificcircuitskickinto“translate”theconceptofsmallnessintoaparticularword.ThissuggeststhatAImighthaveadeeperunderstandingoftheworldthanwethought.Otherinsights,though,arelessencouraging.WhentheLLMitselfisaskedtoreason,printingoutitschainofthoughttoanswermathsquestions,themicroscopesuggeststhatthewaythemodelsaysitreachedaconclusion,andwhatitactuallythought,mightnotalwaysbethesame.Worsestill,askaleadingquestion—suggestingthattheanswer“mightbe4”,anditwillspecificallyaddnumbersthatultimatelyleadittoagreewiththequestion,evenifthesuggestioniswrong.ButbeingabletogaininsightintothemindofanLLMprovidescluesastohowtostopitdoingthesameinthefuture.Thegoal,afterall,isnottohavetodobrainsurgery,buttoknowwhatit’sthinking.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsuitsthistext?A．WhyAIStillGetsItWrongB．Chatbots’LanguageMagicC．LookingInsideAI’sMindD．TheRiseofAIChatbots【答案】C【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第三段“Thetool,a‘digitalmicroscope’,letsscientistslookatwhichpartsoftheAI’sneuralnetworklightupwhenit’sworkingondifferenttasks.”及最后一段“ButbeingabletogaininsightintothemindofanLLMprovidescluesastohowtostopitdoingthesameinthefuture.”可知，文章围绕通过“数字显微镜”探究AI的“思维”展开，“探究AI的内心（思维）”最能概括全文核心，适合作为最佳标题，故选C项。变式2（湘豫名校联考）Takeawalkdownanymajorbeachanditlikelywon’tbelongbeforeyouseesomeabandonedrubbish,whicheventuallymakestheirwayintotheoceanwhereitdegradesoverdecadesorevencenturies.Forthemostpart,spottingallthatgarbagestillrequireseyesandafairdealofwalking.Butthatcouldonedaychangethankstoanewsatelliteimagingtechnique.Ateamdevelopedanewtoolthathighlightsuniquespectralcharactersinplastics,whichcouldaccuratelyidentifyplasticitemsonbeachesandtellthemfromsand,water,andplants.Satelliteimageryhas,foryears,beenusedtohelpscientistsidentifyplasticsfloatingintheocean.Thisprocessworksrelativelywellforidentifyinglargepiecesofplasticinthewater,butit’sfarlesseffectiveatspottingplasticsonbeaches.Coastalplasticsoftenmixinorispartiallyburiedbysandwhichmakesspottingitmuchmoredifficult.Theteamcreatedanewspectralindex,theBeachedPlasticDebrisIndex(BPDI),whichlooksforpatternsofreflectedlightfromplastics.Totesttheirnewtool,theresearcherscollectedvarioustypesofplastictrashthatwouldlikelybefoundonabeach.Theyfinallysettledon14differentplastictargetsandplacedthematacertaindistancefromeachotheronabeach.Oncetheplasticswereinplace,thesatelliteflewfaroverheadandtookaseriesofphotos.Researchersappliedtheirindextotheimagesandparedthemtothreeotheralreadydevelopedindicesintendedfordetectingplastics,twoforplasticsonlandandoneforobjectsfloatingintheocean.TheBPDIindexwelloutperformedtheotherthreeindicesintermsofaccuracy.Theotherthreegenerallystruggledtoidentifyplasticsand,insomecases,wouldevenmisidentifyshadowsastrash.Still,theBPDIindexwasn’tperfect.Inparticular,thestudynotesitwasdifficulttoidentifytransparentandtranslucentpolymerslikeplasticwaterbottlesandbags.Lookingtothefuture,theresearcherswanttomovethesefindingsoutoflimitedtestenvironmentsandintotherealworld.Thatcouldmeanpartneringwithotherorganizationsspecializingincoastalplasticremovaltousetheirsatelliteimagerytechnique.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．TheBeachedPlasticDebrisIndexB．ANewTechniqueforIdentifyingPlasticsonBeachesC．ANewTooltoIdentifyNewLightSpectrumD．NewSatelliteTechniquesforOceanExploration【答案】B【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段“Ateamdevelopedanewtoolthathighlightsuniquespectralcharactersinplastics,whichcouldaccuratelyidentifyplasticitemsonbeachesandtellthemfromsand,water,andplants.”及全文内容可知，文章核心介绍一种新工具，通过突出塑料的独特光谱特征，精准识别海滩上的塑料垃圾，选项B“一种新的海滩塑料识别技术”最能概括全文，适合作标题，故选B。变式3（某地高三月考）Scientistshavemadeanexcitingstepforwardinunderstandingbrainagingandpossiblewaystoreverseit.Theydevelopedaspecial“clock”tomeasurehowthebrainagesatabiologicallevel,usinggenes.Thisclock,basedontheactivityof365genes,canestimateaperson’sbrainagewithanaverageerrorofonly4to6years.Itworkswellacrossdifferentbrainareas,genders,andgroupsofpeopletested.Tobuildthisclock,researchersanalyzedgenedatafromalargenumberofbraintissuesamples.Thesesamplescamefromhealthypeopleofvariousages.Usingthistool,theythensearchedthroughavastamountofdata.Thesedatashowedhowthousandsofchemicalsandgeneticchangesaffecttwotypesofbraincells:neuralprogenitorcellsandneurons.Theyfoundhundredsofuniquepoundsmighthavethepowertoreversebrainaging.Interestingly,someofthemhadalreadybeenshowntoextendlifeinanimalstudies,whichmadethefindingsmoreplausible.Next,thescientiststestedabinationofthreeofthesepoundsonoldmice.Theresultswerepromising:themiceactedlessanxious,andtheirbraingenesactedmorelikethoseofyoungermice.Theirmemoryseemedtogetbettertoo,thoughthiswasn’tprovenstatistically.However,thereweresomelimitations.Itusedmixedbraintissuesamplesinsteadoflookingatspecifictypesofbraincells,whichmightmeanmissingsomedetailsabouthowagingaffectscertainneurons.Also,theresearchonlylookedattwotypesofcells,sothefindingsmightnotapplytoallbraincells.What’smore,onlyonemixofthreedrugswastested,sowedon’tknowhoweachdrugworksonitsown.Finally,thelongtermsafetyofthesedrugswasn’tchecked.Therefore,thisresearchopensupnewpossibilitiesforunderstandingandmaybeevenreversingbrainaging,thoughmoreworkisneededtoovereitslimitations.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A．ReversingBrainAgingHasTakenaFurtherStepB．GeneTechnologyIsUsedtoReverseBrainAgingC．ASpecialClockCanMeasureBrainAgeAccuratelyD．ANewMethodWasIdentifiedtoImproveMemory【答案】A【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Scientistshavemadeanexcitingstepforwardinunderstandingbrainagingandpossiblewaystoreverseit.Theydevelopedaspecial‘clock’tomeasurehowthebrainagesatabiologicallevel,usinggenes.”及最后一段“Therefore,thisresearchopensupnewpossibilitiesforunderstandingandmaybeevenreversingbrainaging,thoughmoreworkisneededtoovereitslimitations.”可知，文章核心介绍科学家在理解大脑衰老及逆转方法方面取得的进展，选项A“逆转大脑衰老又向前迈进了一步”精准概括全文主旨，适合作标题，故选A项。变式4（某地高三月考）Forsevensummers,theworldhadbeenwithoutpeaches.Whilepeopledismissedthisoddityalongsideotherstrangenews—femaleseaturtles,unprecedentedstorms—apregnantwoman,expectingherfirstchild,founditunbearable.Herintensedesireforasingle,juicypeachbecameaquestionofwhatkindofworldshewasbringingherdaughterinto.Refusingtoacceptthevagueexplanationfromalocalsupermarketemployeethat“thetreesjustweren’thappy”,shelaunchedadeterminedmission.Shetrackeddownpeachorchards,drivingforhourstomeetfarmers.Eachshowedherthesameheartbreakingsight:beautiful,greentreeswithpletelybarebranches.Herjourney,fueledbyhopeandhormones,endedatanorchard,whereshesanktotheground,weepingforherunborndaughter.Theorchardownerofferednofruit,butsomethingelse:simplekindness.Shegavethewomanaplacetorest,acknowledginghergriefwithoutjudgment.Thishumanconnectionrelievedherdespair.Herdaughterwasbornthatfall,perfect,intoaworldstillabsentofpeaches.Yearslater,atraditionformed.Eachsummer,thewomanandhernowsevenyearolddaughtervisittheorchards,thechildknowingapeachtreeonlyasabeautiful,nonfruitbearingplant.Watchingherhappydaughterplayintheplacewheresheoncedespaired,thewomanunderstoodaprofoundtruth.“Happinessdoesn’tgrowontrees,”sheremarked.“No,”theorchardownerreplied,handingheranapple.“Butmaybehopedoes.”Inspired,ontheirnexttriptotheverysamesupermarket,thewomanhelpedherdaughterwriteasuggestioncardbeggingforpeaches.Astheworldbuzzedwithnewercrises,herdaughterasked,“Doyouthinkthey’llbringthemback?”Lookingatherchild’shopefulface,thewomanchosefaithoverplaint.“Yeah,”shesaid,slippingthenoteintothebox,“oneday.”Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ARequestForPeachesB．TheUnhappyPeachTreesC．AMother’sLoveD．TheLastPeachFarmer【答案】A【解析】主旨大意题。文章以“寻找桃子”为线索，从孕期女性渴望桃子、寻找桃园，到多年后与女儿写建议卡请求超市进货桃子，核心围绕“对桃子的诉求”展开，该标题既概括全文主要内容，又具吸引力，故选A。【题型02】文章大意题：穿透细节，把握作者核心意图典例精析典例1（新课标II卷）Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,amicrofarmsystem(MFS)shortensitevenmore.MFSisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,MFSisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpreseededpodtogetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissionsfromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.MFSemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingleuseplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidanMFSemployee.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.MFS’smajorstrengths.B.MFS’sgeneralmanagement.C.MFS’sglobalinfluence.D.MFS’stechnicalstandards.【答案】A【导语】本文为说明文，核心介绍微型农场系统（MFS）的主要优势，包括缩短食物运输距离、云技术远程监控、自动化节水、减少化学污染及员工环保生活方式等。monitored...lives...efarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,amicrofarmsystem(MFS)shortensitevenmore.”、第三段“ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,MFSisremotelymonitored...thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.”及最后一段“MFSemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives...reducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment.”可知，文章围绕MFS的核心优势展开，故选A。典例2（浙江卷）Livewithroommates?Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou?Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon.Theauthorexperiencedthiswhenstartingtoswitchtoazerowastelifestylefiveyearsago,aslivingwithfamilymemberswhoweren’tonboard,andcontinuestoexperiencethiswithapartnerwhoisnotpletelyzerowaste.Alongtheway,somevaluablelessonshavebeenlearned,whicharehopedtoencourageotherstryingtomakethechangeinanotalwayssupportivehousehold.Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback.Theauthorremembersshowingfamilyavideosharinghowcoolitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars,andhavesolittletrash!Afewdayslater,returningwiththefirstjarsofzerowastegroceries,afamilymembermentedonhowsillyitwastocarryjarseverywhere,whichwasabitdiscouraging.Yetasthemonthsofreducingwastecontinued,theauthordidwhatwaswithinreach.Havingaprivatebedroom,effortsweremadetoremoveunnecessaryitems.Withpersonaltoiletries,itwaspossibletostartpersonalisingroutinestobemoresustainable.Offeringtocookregularlyalsoallowedportioningoutabitofthecupboardforzerowastegroceries.Perhapsahouseholdwon’tentirelymaketheswitch,buttheremaybecontroloverpersonalspacestomakedesiredchanges.Aslifestylechangesaremade,theremaybeadesiretospeakupifothersment,whichcanturnintoahouseholddebate.Ifindividualsarenotonboard,wordsmaynotdomuchandcanleaveonefeelingmorediscouraged.Sohereistheadvice:Leadbyaction.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Howtogetonwellwithotherfamilymembers.B．Howtohaveone’sownpersonalspaceathome.C．Howtoliveazerowastelifestyleinahousehold.D．Howtocontrolthebudgetwhenbuyinggroceries.【答案】C【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Chancesarethatifyou’relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle,noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagon.”及第二段“I’velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough,whichIhopeyou’llfindencouragingifyou’redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanotalwayssupportivehousehold.”可知，文章核心讲述如何在家庭中践行零浪费生活方式，故选C。方法提炼记叙文主旨提炼：纯记叙文通常无明确主题句，需结合核心事件、情感线索自主归纳；部分文章在文尾会有感慨、感悟或议论，主旨常蕴含其中；也有文章先议论再叙事，主旨位于文首。说明文主旨提炼：聚焦说明对象及核心特征，重点关注首段总起句、段首主题句及尾段总结句，整合各部分核心信息即可概括主旨。议论文主旨提炼：紧扣论点（通常位于首段或尾段），排除论据细节干扰，明确作者核心立场与观点。变式巩固变式1（浙江模拟预测）Morethan1,000metresbelowthesurfaceoftheoceans,darknessdominates.Marinecreaturesrelyonsoundfornavigation,munication,andsearchingforfood.However,thiswayoflifehaseunderthreatfromshipping,contributingtoariseinunderwatervolumeofapproximately3.3decibelsperdecade.Thetrendshowslittlesignoflevellingoff.Withroughly90%oftraderelyingonshipping,quietingtheoceanthroughreductionsinshippingitselfisuntenable.Whileefficiencyimprovementsofshippingmaycutnoise,expertssaymoreisneeded.Thatiswhytechnologieslikemodifiedpropellersandnoisereducingmaterialsarebeingdevelopedtohelphumansandmarinelifecoexist.Muchoftheunderwaternoiseashipproducesesfromitspropeller.Spinningbladescreatelowpressure,causingthewatertoboilandproducebubbles,aprocessknownascavitation.Whenthosebubblescollapse,alowfrequencynoiseisproduced,disruptingthemovementsofmarinelives.Onesolution,beingdevelopedbyresearchers,integratesflexiblepolymersintothemetalpropellerblades,allowingtheirtipstobendandtwist.Thismovementpreventsbubblesfromformingandtherebyreducesthenoisethebladesproduce.Basedonsimulations,thedesigncouldreducecavitationnoiseby20decibels.Researchersintendtostarttestingamodelnextyear.Cavitationcanalsobereducedbyincreasingthenumberofbubbles,ratherthanreducingthem.Researchersataninstitutehaveblownbubblesontoapropeller’sblades,whichcandampentheresultingnoise.Modelscaletestsofthissystemshoweda12decibeldecreaseinlowfrequencynoise.Butshippingnoisedoesnoteonlyfromthepropeller,withroughly20%ingfromenginesandgenerators.Toreducethis,researchershaveexperimentedwithabubblescreengeneratedfromtubespositionedinbeltsaroundtheoutsideoftheship.Thesebubblespreventnoisefromspreading.What’sthepassagemainlyabout?A．Strategiestopreventshipsfrommakingnoise.B．Innovationstominimizeunderwatershipnoise.C．Adaptedpropellerdesignstorestoreunderseaquiet.D．Negativeimpactsofunderwaternoiseonmarinelife.【答案】Bsolution...blades...bubbles...screen...fehaseunderthreatfromshipping,contributingtoariseinunderwatervolumeofapproximately3.3decibelsperdecade.Thetrendshowslittlesignoflevellingoff.”、第四段“Onesolution...integratesflexiblepolymersintothemetalpropellerblades...reducingthenoisethebladesproduce.”及最后一段“Cavitationcanalsobereducedbyincreasingthenumberofbubbles...Researchershaveexperimentedwithabubblescreen...”可知，文章核心介绍应对航运噪音威胁的创新技术，旨在将水下船只噪音最小化，故选B。变式2（某地高三专题练习）ThesunlikestoremindusthatEarthismerely