语言学复习题及答案

名词解释1.语言language,Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.2.reference,2.语用学pragmatics,thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords3.语际语interlanguage,Theapproximatelanguagesystemthatasecondlanguagelearnerconstructswhichrepresentshisorhertransitionalcompetenceinthetargetlanguage.4.发音语音学articulatory,describesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.5.语音学phonetics,it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.6.句法学syntax,it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.7.反义词antonymy,It’sthetermusedforoppositenessofmeaningondifferentdimension.8.词素morpheme,Thebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyandthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.9.语义学semantics,It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.10.上坐标词superordinate,11.意义sense,It’sconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.It’sthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,it’sabstractandde-contextualized.12.语境context,Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage,it’sgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.13.言内行为locutionaryact,Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.it’stheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.14.有序规则sequentialrules,Rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.15.语言习得languageacquisition,LanguageacquisitionreferstothedevelopmentoftheChild’sacquisitionofhismothertongueorfirstlanguage,i.e,howhecomestounderstandandtospeakthelanguageofhiscommunity.16.音系学phonology,thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.17.最小对立对minimalpairs,Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.18.语言langue,Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.19.音位phoneme,Thebasicunitinphonology,it’sacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.20.多义词polysemy,Itreferstodifferentwordsmayhavethesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.21.语言学linguistics,Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.22.语言能力competence,Competenceistheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.23.语言僵化fossilization,Aprocessthatsometimesoccursinsecondlanguagelearninginwhichincorrectlinguisticfeatures(suchastheaccentofagrammaticalpattern)becomeapermanentpartofthewayapersonspeaksorwritesinthetargetlanguage.24.所指意义reference,Itmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.25.phrase,syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrase简答题Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?Why?Modernlinguisticsismainlysynchronic,focusingonthepresent-daylanguage.unlessthevariousstatesofalanguagearesuccessfullystudied,itwillnotbepossibletodescribelanguagefromadiachronicpointofview.现代语言学重要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的多种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?Phonetics----it’sdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—theinventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.Morphology---It’sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Syntax-------it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.Semantics---It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.Whatmakesmodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive,itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedate.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、重要以口语形式的资料为基础。traditionalgrammarisprescriptive.itisbasedon’high’writtenlanguage.老式语法是规定性的，研究‘高级’书面语。Whatissenseandwhatisreference?Howaretheyrelated?Sensereferstotheinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,whichisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,it’sabstractandde-contextualized.Referenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itisamatterofrelationshipbetweentheformandreality.Whatdoespragmaticsstudy?Howdoesitdifferfromtraditionalsemantics?Pragmaticsstudieshowmeaningisconveyedintheprocessofcommunication.Thebasicdifferencebetweenthemisthatpragmaticsconsidersmeaningincontext,traditionalsemanticsstudiesmeaninginisolationfromthecontextofuse.AccordingtoAustin,whatarethethreeactsapersonispossiblyperformingwhilemakinganutterance?Giveanexample.Locutionaryact:Illocutionaryact:Perlocutionaryact:Whatarethethreemacro-functionsoflanguageproposedbyM.A.K.Halliday?Inwhatwayiscomponentialanalysissimilartotheanalysisofphonemesintodistinctivefeatures?成分分析和把音位分析为区别性特性有何相似之处？Inthelightofcomponentialanalysis,themeaningofawordconsistsofanumberofdistinctivemeaningfeatures,theanalysisbreaksdownthemeaningofthewordintothesefeatures;itisthesedifferentfeaturesthatdistinguishwordmeaningsimilarly,aphonemeisconsideredasacollectionofdistinctivesoundfeatures,aphonemecanbebrokendownintothesedistinctivesoundfeaturesanditsthesesoundfeaturesthatdistinguishdifferentsounds.WhatarethemajortypesofsynonymsinEnglish?(1)Dialectalsynonyms—synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects(2)Stylisticsynonyms---Synonymsdifferinginstyle(3)Synonymsthatdifferentintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning(4)SemanticallydifferentsynonymsWhatarethefivedesignfeaturesoflanguagespecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthathumanlanguageisessentiallydifferentfromanyanimalcommunicationsystem?Arbitrariness任意性/Productivity多产性/Duality双重性/Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化传递Whatarethe4majorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?命名论Thenamingtheory/意念论Theconceptualistview/语境论Conceptualism/行为主义论BehaviorismWhyisthenotionofcontextessentialinthepragmaticstudyoflinguisticcommunication?It’sgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.11.WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCooperativePrinciple(CP)?Listtheirnamesandexplainthembriefly.数量themaximofQuantity-----你说的话应包括所需内容且不可超过内容规定Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired;Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired质量themaximofQuality-----不要说你认为是假的话或你缺乏足够证据的话Donotsaywhatyoubelievetofalse.Donotsayforwhichyoulackadequateevidence关系themaximofrelation-----使你的话与话题有关berelevant方式themaximofmanner-----防止模糊、歧义，应简要有序Towhatextentissecondlanguagelearningsimilartofirstlanguagelearning?Canyoulistsomeprooffromyourownlearningexperience?Thestudiesonthefirstlanguageacquisitionhaveinfluencedenormouslythoseonthesecondlanguageacquisitionatboththeoreticalandpracticallevels.But,thesecondlanguageisdifferentfromfirstlanguageandthesecondlanguagelearnersgenerallyfailtoattainnative-likecompetence.WhatistheCriticalPeriodHypothesis(CPH)concerninglanguageacquisition?Thecriticalperiodhypothesisreferstoaperiodinone’slifeextendingfromabouttwotopuberty.Explainthedefinitionoflinguisticsthat“Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage”.Linguisticsstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butitstudieslanguageingeneral.itobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.16.Whataresuprasegmentalfeatures?AndwhatarethemajorsuprasegmentalfeaturesinofEnglish?⑴thephonologicalfeaturesthatoccurabovethesoundsegmentallevelarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.超切分特性是在语音切提成分层面之上的音系特性。⑵themajorsuprasegmentalfeaturesofEnglishincludeswordstress,sentencestressandintonation.重要包括单词重音、语句重音和语气。⑶Thesuprasegmentalfeaturesdistinguishmeaning.超切分特性辨别意义。17.Whatisgrammaticality?Whatmightmakeagrammaticallymeaningfulsentencesemanticallymeaningless?什么是语法性？一种语法上故意义的句子也许由于什么而不是故意义的?Grammaticality---thegrammaticalwell-formednessofasentence.Asentencemaybewell-formedgrammatically,i.e.itconformstothegrammaticalrulesofthelanguage,butitisnotnecessarilysemanticallywell-formed,i.e.itmaynotmakesenseatall18.Howaresentencemeaningandutterancemeaningrelatedandhowdotheydiffer?Sentencemeaning与Utterancemeaning的区别Sentencemeaning---abstract,decontextualized.Uttera