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跨文化交际试题答案(附翻译)一、单项选择题(每题2分,共20分)1.以下哪项最能体现高语境文化(high-contextculture)的沟通特征?A.信息主要通过明确的语言表达B.依赖上下文、非语言信号和共享背景知识传递信息C.沟通中强调逻辑与数据支撑D.对话双方更注重“说什么”而非“怎么说”答案:B解析:高语境文化中,信息的传递高度依赖语境、非语言线索及双方共享的文化背景,语言本身承载的信息量较少(如日本、中国、阿拉伯国家)。低语境文化(如美国、德国)则更依赖明确的语言表达,信息主要通过文字或言语直接传递(选项A、C、D均为低语境特征)。2.根据霍夫斯泰德(Hofstede)的文化维度理论,“权力距离”(PowerDistanceIndex,PDI)反映的是:A.社会对不确定性的容忍程度B.社会成员对权力分配不平等的接受程度C.个体与群体的关系倾向D.性别角色分工的明确程度答案:B解析:权力距离指社会成员对组织或机构中权力分配不平等的接受程度。高权力距离文化(如印度、马来西亚)默认权力集中,下级对上级有明显服从;低权力距离文化(如瑞典、丹麦)强调平等,上下级更倾向于协商式沟通(选项A为不确定性规避,C为个人主义/集体主义,D为男性化/女性化维度)。3.文化休克(CultureShock)的典型阶段顺序是:A.蜜月期→恢复期→危机期→适应期B.蜜月期→危机期→恢复期→适应期C.危机期→蜜月期→恢复期→适应期D.恢复期→危机期→蜜月期→适应期答案:B解析:文化休克通常经历四个阶段:初始接触新文化的兴奋(蜜月期)→因文化差异引发的困惑、焦虑(危机期)→主动学习适应策略(恢复期)→最终融入新文化(适应期)。4.非语言交际中,“时间观念”的差异可通过“单时制”(MonochronicTime,M-Time)与“多时制”(PolychronicTime,P-Time)区分。以下属于多时制文化的典型表现是:A.严格遵守日程表,认为“时间就是金钱”B.同时处理多项任务,更重视人际关系而非时间节点C.会议迟到会被视为严重失礼D.合同条款中明确规定每个阶段的完成时间答案:B解析:多时制文化(如拉丁美洲、中东)倾向于灵活对待时间,认为人际关系比严格守时更重要,常同时处理多项事务;单时制文化(如美国、德国)强调时间的线性与计划性,重视效率与守时(选项A、C、D均为单时制特征)。5.在跨文化商务谈判中,“面子”(Face)理论的应用需特别注意。以下行为最可能损害对方“积极面子”(PositiveFace)的是:A.公开否定对方的观点B.忽视对方的兴趣或需求C.打断对方发言D.对对方的文化习俗表现出无知答案:B解析:积极面子指个体希望被他人喜欢、认可的需求,忽视对方兴趣或需求(如谈判中只强调己方利益)会直接损害这一需求;消极面子指个体希望不被干涉的需求,公开否定或打断发言(选项A、C)更多影响消极面子;对文化习俗无知(选项D)可能同时影响两种面子,但最直接对应积极面子的是选项B。二、简答题(每题10分,共30分)1.简述爱德华·霍尔(EdwardT.Hall)的“高语境/低语境文化”理论,并举例说明其在跨文化沟通中的实际影响。答:霍尔将文化分为高语境(HC)与低语境(LC)两类。高语境文化中,信息的传递依赖语境(如场景、非语言信号、共享文化背景),语言本身承载的信息量较少;低语境文化则依赖明确的语言表达,信息主要通过文字或言语直接传递。实际影响示例:中国(高语境)与美国(低语境)的商务沟通。中国谈判者可能通过“暗示”或“留有余地”表达立场(如“这个方案我们再考虑一下”可能隐含拒绝),而美国谈判者更倾向直接说“我们不同意”。若美国代表误解中国的“考虑”为“可能接受”,可能导致后续沟通低效;反之,中国代表若期待美国方通过暗示传递信息,也可能因对方过于直接而感到被冒犯。2.对比霍夫斯泰德文化维度中的“个人主义/集体主义”(Individualismvs.Collectivism)与“长期导向/短期导向”(Long-termvs.Short-termOrientation),并分析其对企业管理的影响。答:个人主义/集体主义关注个体与群体的关系:个人主义文化(如美国)强调个人成就、独立决策;集体主义文化(如日本)重视群体和谐、集体目标。长期导向/短期导向关注对未来的规划:长期导向文化(如中国)重视节俭、坚持、长期回报;短期导向文化(如美国)更关注即时满足、传统与社会责任。对企业管理的影响:在个人主义文化中,企业可能采用个人绩效激励(如奖金与个人业绩挂钩),员工重视职业发展的自主性;集体主义文化中,企业更强调团队合作(如日本的“年功序列制”),决策常需集体讨论。长期导向文化中,企业倾向长期投资(如研发),容忍短期亏损;短期导向文化中,企业更关注季度利润,可能优先选择快速收益的项目。3.非语言交际在跨文化沟通中扮演关键角色,请列举三种常见的非语言交际形式,并说明其文化差异。答:常见非语言交际形式及文化差异:(1)体距(Proxemics):不同文化对“私人空间”的定义不同。阿拉伯国家交谈时距离较近(约30-50厘米),认为亲密是友好的表现;北欧国家(如瑞典)则保持较远的距离(约1-1.5米),过近会被视为侵犯隐私。(2)手势(Gestures):“OK”手势在美国表示“好”,但在巴西、土耳其可能被视为侮辱性符号;中国“竖大拇指”表示称赞,而伊朗此手势等同于“竖中指”。(3)眼神接触(EyeContact):欧美文化中,直接的眼神接触被视为真诚、自信;东亚(如日本)或部分非洲文化中,晚辈对长辈、下属对上司保持适度低头(减少眼神接触)是尊重的表现,过度直视可能被认为无礼。三、案例分析题(30分)案例:某中国电子公司与德国汽车制造商合作开发车载智能系统。项目初期,中方团队习惯通过微信语音或电话沟通细节,认为“快速响应”能体现合作诚意;德方团队则坚持所有沟通需通过邮件记录,并要求明确的时间节点与责任分工。一次关键会议中,中方项目经理因交通延误迟到15分钟,到场后连声道歉并迅速进入议题,德方代表却当场表示“对项目可靠性存疑”,会议氛围陷入紧张。问题:结合跨文化交际理论,分析案例中的冲突根源,并提出解决方案。答:案例中的冲突主要源于中德文化在沟通方式、时间观念及规则意识上的差异,可通过以下理论分析:1.沟通方式:低语境(德国)与高语境(中国)的差异。德国属于低语境文化,强调信息的明确性与可追溯性(邮件记录符合其“书面即正式”的认知);中国属于高语境文化,更依赖即时、非正式的沟通(微信语音/电话),认为“快速响应”比书面记录更能体现诚意。中方未理解德方对“正式记录”的重视,导致德方认为沟通缺乏规范性。2.时间观念:单时制(德国)与灵活时间观(中国)的冲突。德国是典型单时制文化(M-Time),严格遵守日程表,认为“时间是线性资源”,迟到(即使15分钟)被视为对他人时间的不尊重,甚至质疑合作方的可靠性;中国文化对时间的灵活性更高(部分场景下接受“合理迟到”),中方项目经理的道歉与快速进入议题未被德方认可,因德方更关注“守时”本身而非后续补救。3.规则意识:低不确定性规避(德国)与高不确定性规避(部分中国场景)的差异。德国属于低不确定性规避文化(UAI较低),依赖明确的规则与流程降低不确定性(要求邮件记录、时间节点);中国虽整体UAI中等,但在跨文化合作中若未提前明确规则,可能因“灵活处理”引发对方不安(如中方习惯“先沟通再补记录”,德方则要求“先有规则再行动”)。解决方案:(1)建立标准化沟通流程:双方协商确定关键信息(如需求变更、责任分工)需通过邮件确认,同时保留微信/电话作为即时沟通工具(但明确“邮件为最终依据”),兼顾效率与可追溯性。(2)强化时间管理共识:项目启动前明确会议时间的“刚性”(如“迟到超过5分钟需提前告知并说明原因”),中方团队可设置双重提醒(手机闹钟+同事提醒)避免延误;若迟到,除道歉外需主动说明补救措施(如“我将缩短汇报时间,确保会议按时结束”),让德方感受到对时间的重视。(3)开展文化培训:中方团队学习德国文化中“规则即信任”的逻辑(明确的流程是合作的基础),德方团队了解中国文化中“关系即效率”的思维(快速响应是建立信任的起点),双方通过案例模拟(如“迟到场景应对”“沟通方式选择”)减少误解。四、论述题(20分)论述“文化适应”(Acculturation)的主要策略及其在跨文化团队管理中的应用。答:文化适应指个体或群体在接触异文化时,调整自身行为、价值观以适应新环境的过程。主要策略包括:1.整合(Integration):保留原有文化认同,同时积极融入新文化。如跨国公司的外籍员工既保持母国的工作习惯(如法国员工重视午餐休息),又学习当地的时间管理(如适应中国“弹性加班”文化)。2.同化(Assimilation):放弃原有文化认同,全面接受新文化。例如移民到美国的第二代亚裔,可能更倾向用英语交流、参与美式社交活动,逐渐淡化母国文化特征。3.分离(Separation):拒绝融入新文化,坚持原有文化。如部分宗教群体(如阿米什人)在移居新国家后,仍保持传统生活方式,避免与主流社会深度互动。4.边缘化(Marginalization):既不认同原有文化,也不融入新文化,导致身份混乱。常见于跨文化成长的青少年(如“国际学校儿童”),若未得到有效引导,可能因“文化无根感”产生心理压力。在跨文化团队管理中的应用:(1)鼓励整合策略:通过多元文化培训(如“文化差异工作坊”)帮助成员理解不同文化的优势(如集体主义文化的团队协作vs个人主义文化的创新活力),引导员工在保留自身文化特色的同时,学习他人之长(如中国员工可借鉴德国同事的严谨流程,德国员工可学习中国同事的灵活应变)。(2)避免强制同化:尊重成员的文化认同(如不要求穆斯林员工放弃祷告时间),通过“文化适配”而非“文化替换”实现团队协调(如调整会议时间避开宗教节日)。(3)关注边缘化风险:通过团队建设活动(如“文化分享会”)为成员提供表达文化身份的平台(如印度员工分享排灯节习俗,巴西员工教授桑巴舞),增强归属感,减少“文化无根”的孤独感。总之,有效的跨文化团队管理需基于对文化适应策略的理解,通过包容、引导而非强制,实现多元文化的协同效应。TranslationI.MultipleChoiceQuestions(2pointseach,total20points)1.Whichofthefollowingbestreflectsthecommunicationcharacteristicsofahigh-contextculture?A.Informationisprimarilyconveyedthroughexplicitlanguage.B.Informationreliesoncontext,nonverbalsignals,andsharedbackgroundknowledge.C.Communicationemphasizeslogicanddatasupport.D.Conversationpartnersfocusmoreon"whatissaid"than"howitissaid."Answer:BExplanation:Inhigh-contextcultures,informationtransmissionheavilydependsoncontext,nonverbalcues,andsharedculturalbackgrounds,withlanguageitselfcarryinglessinformation(e.g.,Japan,China,Arabcountries).Low-contextcultures(e.g.,theU.S.,Germany)relymoreonexplicitlanguage,whereinformationisdirectlyconveyedthroughwordsortext(optionsA,C,andDarealllow-contextcharacteristics).2.AccordingtoHofstede'sculturaldimensionstheory,the"PowerDistanceIndex(PDI)"reflects:A.Society'stoleranceforuncertainty.B.Society'sacceptanceofunequalpowerdistribution.C.Thetendencyofindividualstorelatetogroups.D.Theclarityofgenderroledivision.Answer:BExplanation:Powerdistancereferstothedegreetowhichmembersofasocietyacceptunequalpowerdistributioninorganizationsorinstitutions.High-power-distancecultures(e.g.,India,Malaysia)defaulttocentralizedpower,withsubordinatesshowingcleardeferencetosuperiors;low-power-distancecultures(e.g.,Sweden,Denmark)emphasizeequality,andsuperiorsandsubordinatestendtocommunicatethroughnegotiation(optionAisuncertaintyavoidance,Cisindividualism/collectivism,andDismasculinity/femininity).3.Thetypicalstagesofcultureshockareinwhichorder?A.Honeymoon→Recovery→Crisis→AdaptationB.Honeymoon→Crisis→Recovery→AdaptationC.Crisis→Honeymoon→Recovery→AdaptationD.Recovery→Crisis→Honeymoon→AdaptationAnswer:BExplanation:Cultureshocktypicallyprogressesthroughfourstages:initialexcitementuponcontactwithanewculture(honeymoon);confusionandanxietycausedbyculturaldifferences(crisis);activelearningofadaptationstrategies(recovery);andfinalintegrationintothenewculture(adaptation).4.Innonverbalcommunication,differencesin"timeperception"canbedistinguishedthrough"monochronictime(M-Time)"and"polychronictime(P-Time)."Whichofthefollowingisatypicalbehaviorofpolychronictimecultures?A.Strictlyadheringtoschedules,withthebeliefthat"timeismoney."B.Handlingmultipletaskssimultaneously,prioritizingrelationshipsovertimenodes.C.Beinglatetomeetingsisconsideredaseriousbreachofetiquette.D.Contracttermsexplicitlyspecifycompletiontimesforeachphase.Answer:BExplanation:Polychronictimecultures(e.g.,LatinAmerica,theMiddleEast)tendtotreattimeflexibly,valuingrelationshipsoverstrictpunctualityandoftenhandlingmultipletaskssimultaneously;monochronictimecultures(e.g.,theU.S.,Germany)emphasizelinearandplannedtime,prioritizingefficiencyandpunctuality(optionsA,C,andDareallmonochroniccharacteristics).5.Incross-culturalbusinessnegotiations,theapplicationof"face"theoryrequiresspecialattention.Whichofthefollowingbehaviorsismostlikelytodamagetheotherparty's"positiveface"?A.Publiclydenyingtheotherparty'sviews.B.Ignoringtheotherparty'sinterestsorneeds.C.Interruptingtheotherparty'sspeech.D.Demonstratingignoranceoftheotherparty'sculturalcustoms.Answer:BExplanation:Positivefacereferstoanindividual'sdesiretobelikedandrecognizedbyothers.Ignoringtheotherparty'sinterestsorneeds(e.g.,emphasizingonlyone'sowninterestsinnegotiations)directlydamagesthisneed;negativefacereferstoanindividual'sdesirenottobeinterferedwith.Publiclydenyingorinterrupting(optionsA,C)primarilyaffectnegativeface;ignoranceofculturalcustoms(optionD)mayimpactboth,butthemostdirectthreattopositivefaceisoptionB.II.ShortAnswerQuestions(10pointseach,total30points)1.BrieflyexplainEdwardT.Hall's"high-context/low-contextculture"theoryandillustrateitspracticalimpactoncross-culturalcommunicationwithexamples.Answer:Hallclassifiesculturesintohigh-context(HC)andlow-context(LC).Inhigh-contextcultures,informationtransmissionreliesoncontext(e.g.,situations,nonverbalsignals,sharedculturalbackgrounds),withlanguageitselfcarryinglessinformation;low-contextculturesrelyonexplicitlanguage,whereinformationisprimarilyconveyedthroughwordsortext.Practicalimpactexample:BusinesscommunicationbetweenChina(high-context)andtheU.S.(low-context).Chinesenegotiatorsmayexpresspositionsthrough"hints"or"leavingroom"(e.g.,"Weneedtoconsiderthisproposalfurther"mayimplicitlymeanrejection),whileU.S.negotiatorsaremorelikelytosaydirectly,"Wedisagree."IfU.S.representativesmisinterpretChina's"consideration"as"possibleacceptance,"itmayleadtoinefficientsubsequentcommunication;conversely,ChineserepresentativesexpectingtheU.S.toconveyinformationthroughhintsmayfeeloffendedbytheotherparty'sdirectness.2.Compare"individualismvs.collectivism"and"long-termvs.short-termorientation"inHofstede'sculturaldimensions,andanalyzetheirimpactonenterprisemanagement.Answer:Individualismvs.collectivismfocusesontherelationshipbetweenindividualsandgroups:individualisticcultures(e.g.,theU.S.)emphasizepersonalachievementandindependentdecision-making;collectivistcultures(e.g.,Japan)valuegroupharmonyandcollectivegoals.Long-termvs.short-termorientationfocusesonfutureplanning:long-term-orientedcultures(e.g.,China)valuefrugality,persistence,andlong-termreturns;short-term-orientedcultures(e.g.,theU.S.)focusmoreonimmediategratification,tradition,andsocialresponsibility.Impactonenterprisemanagement:Inindividualisticcultures,companiesmayadoptindividualperformanceincentives(e.g.,bonuseslinkedtopersonalperformance),withemployeesvaluingautonomyincareerdevelopment;incollectivistcultures,companiesemphasizeteamwork(e.g.,Japan's"senioritysystem"),anddecisionsoftenrequirecollectivediscussion.Inlong-term-orientedcultures,enterprisestendtoinvestinlong-termprojects(e.g.,R&D)andtolerateshort-termlosses;inshort-term-orientedcultures,enterprisesfocusmoreonquarterlyprofitsandmayprioritizeprojectswithquickreturns.3.Nonverbalcommunicationplaysakeyroleincross-culturalcommunication.Listthreecommonformsofnonverbalcommunicationandexplaintheirculturaldifferences.Answer:Commonformsofnonverbalcommunicationandculturaldifferences:(1)Proxemics:Differentculturesdefine"personalspace"differently.InArabcountries,peoplestandcloser(about30-50cm)duringconversations,consideringintimacyasignoffriendliness;inNordiccountries(e.g.,Sweden),peoplemaintainagreaterdistance(about1-1.5meters),withproximityperceivedasaninvasionofprivacy.(2)Gestures:The"OK"gestureintheU.S.means"good,"butitisconsideredoffensiveinBrazilandTurkey;the"thumbs-up"inChinaindicatespraise,whileinIran,thisgestureisequivalentto"flippingthebird."(3)Eyecontact:InEuropeanandAmericancultures,directeyecontactisseenassincereandconfident;inEastAsian(e.g.,Japan)orsomeAfricancultures,subordinatesorjuniorsloweringtheireyes(reducingeyecontact)wheninteractingwithsuperiorsoreldersisasignofrespect,andexcessivedirecteyecontactmaybeconsideredrude.III.CaseAnalysis(30points)Case:AChineseelectronicscompanyiscollaboratingwithaGermanautomakertodevelopanin-vehicleintelligentsystem.Intheearlystages,theChineseteampreferstocommunicatedetailsviaWeChatvoicemessagesorphonecalls,believing"quickresponses"demonstratecooperation.TheGermanteaminsistsonallcommunicationsbeingrecordedviaemail,withcleartimelinesandresponsibilityassignments.Duringacriticalmeeting,theChineseprojectmanagerwas15minuteslateduetotraffic,apologizedrepeatedlyuponarrival,andquicklymovedtotheagenda.However,theGermanrepresentativesexpressed"doubtsaboutprojectreliability,"andthemeetingatmosphereturnedtense.Question:Usingcross-culturalcommunicationtheories,analyzetherootcausesoftheconflictinthecaseandproposesolutions.Answer:TheconflictinthecaseprimarilystemsfromSino-Germanculturaldifferencesincommunicationstyles,timeperception,andruleawareness,whichcanbeanalyzedthroughthefollowingtheories:1.Communicationstyle:Differencesbetweenlow-context(Germany)andhigh-context(China)cultures.Germanyisalow-contextculture,emphasizingclarityandtraceabilityofinformation(emailrecordsalignwithits"writtenequalsformal"perception);Chinaisahigh-contextculture,relyingmoreonimmediate,informalcommunication(WeChat/phonecalls),with"quickresponses"seenasmoresincerethanwrittenrecords.TheChineseteam'sfailuretounderstandGermany'semphasison"formalrecords"ledtheGermansidetoperceivethecommunicationaslackingstandardization.2.Timeperception:Conflictbetweenmonochronic(Germany)andflexibletime(China)orientations.Germanyisatypicalmonochronic(M-Time)culture,strictlyadheringtoschedulesandviewingtimeasa"linearresource."Beinglate(even15minutes)isseenasdisrespectfultoothers'timeandmayraisedoubtsaboutthepartner'sreliability;Chinesecultureismoreflexiblewithtime(accepting"reasonablelateness"insomescenarios).TheChineseprojectmanager'sapologyandquicktransitiontotheagendawerenotrecognizedbytheGermanside,astheyprioritized"punctuality"itselfoversubsequentremedies.3.Ruleawareness:Differencesbetweenlowuncertaintyavoidance(Germany)andmoderateuncertaintyavoidance(Chinainsomecontexts).Germanyhaslowuncertaintyavoidance(lowUAI),relyingonclearrulesandprocessestoreduceuncertainty(requiringemailrecordsandtimelines);whileChinahasmoderateUAI,alackofpre-definedrulesincross-culturalcooperationmaycauseanxietydueto"flexiblehandling"(e.g.,theChinesehabitof"communicatingfirst,thendocumenting"conflictswithGermany's"rulesfirst,actionlater").Solutions:(1)Establishstandardizedcommunicationprocesses:Bothpartiesagreethatkeyinformation(e.g.,requirementchanges,responsibilityassignments)mustbeconfirmedviaemail,whileretainingWeChat/phoneforimmediatecommunication(with"emailasthefinalreference")tobalanceefficiencyandtraceability.(2)Strengthentimemanagementconsensus:Beforeprojectinitiation,clarifythe"rigidity"ofmeetingtimes(e.g.,"arrivingmorethan5minuteslaterequirespriornotificationandexplanation").TheChineseteamcansetdualreminders(phonealarms+colleaguereminders)toavoiddelays;iflate,inadditiontoapologizing,proactivelyproposeremedies(e.g.,"Iwillshortenmypresentationtoensurethemeetingendsontime")todemonstraterespectfortime.(3)Conductculturaltraining:TheChineseteamlearnsthelogicof"rulesequaltrust"inGermanculture(clearprocessesarethefoundationofcooperation),whiletheGermanteamunderstandsthe"relationshipsequalefficiency"mindsetinChineseculture(quickresponsesbuildtrust).Bothsidesreducemisunderstandingsthroughcasesimulations(e.g.,"respondingtolateness,""choosingcommunicationmethods").IV.EssayQuestion(20points)Discussthemainstrategiesof"acculturation"andtheirapplicationincross-culturalteammanagement.Answer:Acculturationreferstotheprocessbywhichindividualsorgroupsadjusttheirbehaviorsandvaluestoadapttoanewenvironmentwhenexposedtoadifferentculture.Themainstrategiesinclude:1.Integration:Retainingoriginalculturalidentitywhileactivelyintegratingintothenewculture.Forexample,expatriateemployeesofmultinationalcompaniesmaymaintainhome-countryworkhabits(e.g.,Frenchemployeesvaluinglunchbreaks)whilelearninglocaltimemanagement(e.g.,adaptingtoChina's"flexibleovertime"culture).2.Assimilation:Abandoningoriginalculturalidentityandfullyacceptingthenewculture.Forinstance,second-generationAsianimmigrantsintheU.S.maypreferEnglishcommunicationandparticipateinAmericansocialactivit

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