雅思阅读基础教程：从技巧到实战 课件 上

雅思阅读基础教程话题类别01生物学类（植物）02生物学类（动物）-3篇03语言学类04经济学类05心理学类06建筑学类07地质学类（化石）08科技类09历史学类10社科类11艺术类教程定位与目标

核心定位：学术类雅思备考专用专为备战雅思学术类（AcademicModule）考试的考生设计，聚焦学术阅读能力提升，覆盖生物学、地质学、历史学等16个跨学科主题单元。

核心目标：系统训练复杂文本理解通过解析雅思真题风格文章，帮助中高级水平学习者掌握略读、扫读、推理等关键技能，熟悉高频题型。

附加价值：构建学术语言能力体系同步强化学术词汇积累、复杂句式分析能力，助力考生适应海外学术环境对高阶阅读素养的要求。KeyWords板块解析

主题学术术语清单提供特定主题的学术术语，如生物学类单元中的“Spartinaalterniflora（互花米草）”“perennial（多年生的）”，帮助学习者积累学科核心词汇。

高频词汇强化列出高频使用的关键词汇，如“nutrient（营养物质）”“sediment（沉积物）”，针对大学生学习者，助力提升学术场景中的词汇储备与应用能力。ComplexSentenceAnalysis作用

复杂语法结构拆解对长难句进行语法结构分析，如识别时间状语从句、非限制性定语从句等，例如解析“Withoutitsnaturalinsectpredators,itspreadslowlybutsteadily...”，帮助学习者掌握句法逻辑。

提升解析准确性与阅读流畅度通过剖析“Spartinacangrowondifferenttypesofground...”等句子，减少学习者对复杂句式的理解障碍，提高阅读时的信息提取效率和准确性。Exercises多样化训练

多种题型巩固理解包含同义词匹配、段落信息匹配、选择题等题型，如TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN、MatchingHeadings，模拟雅思考试常见题目，全面检测阅读理解能力。

中英文翻译任务设置汉译英翻译练习，如将“互花米草是一种多年生植物...”译为英文，强化语言应用能力，促进对阅读材料的深度理解与转化运用。SpartinaUnit1背景知识

植物特征与适应性互花米草（Spartinaalterniflora）为多年生草本植物，通过地下茎和种子繁殖，能适应沙质、砾石等多种土壤类型，可在近淡水至海水盐度环境中生存，其独特能力在于将有毒硫化物转化为可用硫，并高效利用二氧化碳。

生态影响与作用在原生地（美国大西洋和墨西哥湾沿岸），互花米草具有稳定土壤、捕获沉积物、防止侵蚀及为幼鱼和贝类提供栖息地等作用；但在引入地（如华盛顿州、新西兰），因缺乏天敌，导致原生植物被取代，潮汐泥滩变为高沼泽，破坏鱼类和鸟类生存环境，影响渔业和海滩娱乐。nutrient：营养物质asubstanceprovidingnourishment时间状语从句：whenthetiderises主句：itbringsnutrient-richwatertothewetlands现在分词短语（结果状语）：allowingplantsandanimalstogrowwell1Whenthetiderises,itbringsnutrient-richwatertothewetlands,allowingplantsandanimalstogrowwell.句子和词汇主句：Spartinacangrowondifferenttypesofground介词短语作补充说明：includingsand,smallstones,andgravel2Spartinacangrowondifferenttypesofground,includingsand,smallstones,andgravel.句子和词汇sediment：沉积物particlessettledatthebottomofaliquid时间状语从句：whenSpartinatakesroot主句：itstartscollectingsediment现在分词短语（结果状语）：raisingthegroundlevelovertime3WhenSpartinatakesroot,itstartscollectingsediment,raisingthegroundlevelovertime.句子和词汇predator：捕食性动物ananimalthathuntsothers介词短语作条件状语：withoutitsnaturalinsectpredators主句：itspreadslowlybutsteadilyinWashington’scoastalmarshes非限制性定语从句：whereitreplacesnativeplantsandchangestheenvironmentbytrappingsediment4Withoutitsnaturalinsectpredators,itspreadslowlybutsteadilyinWashington’scoastalmarshes,whereitreplacesnativeplantsandchangestheenvironmentbytrappingsediment.句子和词汇主句1：scientistsarealsostudying宾语从句：whetherinsectscouldbeusedtocontrolSpartinanaturally转折主句2：butthissolutionisstillmanyyearsaway5ScientistsarealsostudyingwhetherinsectscouldbeusedtocontrolSpartinanaturally,butthissolutionisstillmanyyearsaway.句子和词汇1SpartinaalternifloraisnativetothePacificcoastoftheUnitedStates.原文：ItisnaturallyfoundalongtheAtlanticandGulfcoastsoftheUnitedStates.FALSE2Spartinacangrowinbothfreshwaterandhighlysalinewater.原文：Itcansurviveinwaterthatisalmostfreshorassaltyastheocean.TRUE3Marshsoilsarerichinoxygen,whichhelpsSpartinagrow.原文：Marshsoilsusuallyhavelittleoxygenandcontainsulfides,whicharepoisonoustomostplants.FALSE练习题——TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN4Spartina’sabilityto

trapsedimentbenefitsnativefishpopulations.原文：Ithelpsstabilizethesoil,trapsediment,andprovidesasafeplaceforyoungfishandshellfishtogrow.TRUE5InWashingtonState,Spartinawasintroducedintentionallyforcoastalprotection.NOTGIVEN6GlyphosatehassuccessfullyeradicatedSpartinainNewZealand.原文：WashingtonStateisnowmainlyusingachemicalcalledglyphosatetoslowitsspread.FALSE7ScientistsaretestinginsectstocontrolSpartinanaturally.原文：ScientistsarealsostudyingwhetherinsectscouldbeusedtocontrolSpartinanaturally,butthissolutionisstillmanyyearsaway.TRUE练习题——TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVENLet’sGoBatsUnit2背景知识

蝙蝠的夜行习性与回声定位蝙蝠主要在夜间活动。通常蝙蝠的视觉较差，而听觉则异常发达，在夜间或十分昏暗的环境中，它们能够自由地飞翔和准确无误地捕捉食物。回声定位机能对于蝙蝠的生活来说是十分重要的，使其能够在夜间或较为昏暗的环境中占据鸟类食虫无法利用的生态位，而这些地方在白天却是各种鸟类的生活领城。

雷达的仿生来源科学家从蝙蝠身上得到启示，发明了雷达。雷达是利用无线电波探测目标的电子设备。雷达的天线发射无线电波，遇到障碍物反射回来，展现在荧光屏上。evolve：进化；发展todevelopgraduallythroughaprocessofnaturalselectionorgrowth原因状语从句：sincenighttimeoffersopportunitiesanddaytimeoptionsarefull（由并列连词and连接的两个分句）主句：batshaveevolvedtosucceedasnighthunters（蝙蝠已进化为成功的夜间捕食者）1Sincenighttimeoffersopportunitiesanddaytimeoptionsarefull,batshaveevolved

tosucceedasnighthunters.句子和词汇reflect：反射；反映tothrowbacklight,sound,orheat转折句：however,usinglighttonavigatedemandsmuchmoreenergy（由转折词引导，动名词作主语）

原因状语从句：becausetheeyesmustdetect…（解释能量消耗高的原因）后置定语：reflectingoffobjects（修饰faintlight，表示从物体表面反射的微光）2However,usinglighttonavigatedemandsmuchmoreenergybecausetheeyesmustdetectthefaintlightrefecting

offobjects.句子和词汇device：设备；装置atoolormachinemadeforaspecificpurpose时间状语：beforethisdiscovery（前置时间状语）主句：engineershadalreadycreatedtools…（过去完成时，强调这一动作先于“发现”）过去分词短语：basedonthisidea（后置定语，修饰tools）同位语：suchasdevicestomeasureoceandepth（举例说明tools）3Beforethisdiscovery,engineershadalreadycreatedtoolsbasedonthisidea,suchas

devices

tomeasureoceandepth.句子和词汇zoologist：动物学家ascientistwhostudiesanimals主句：theAmericanzoologistDonaldGriffincreatedtheterm“echolocation”非限制性定语从句：whoplayedakeyrole…（补充说明主语DonaldGriffin所做的贡献）目的状语：todescribeboth…systems（解释创造这一术语的目的）并列宾语：bothanimalandhuman-madesonarandradarsystems（由both…and…连接）4TheAmerican

zoologist

DonaldGriffin,whoplayedakeyroleindiscoveringbatsonar,createdtheterm“echolocation”todescribebothanimalandhuman-madesonarandradarsystems.句子和词汇1Whydobatshuntatnight?aTheycannotflyduringtheday.bDaytimeresourcesareoccupiedbyotheranimals.cNighttimepreyiseasiertocatch.dTheirvisionisbetterinthedark.原文：However,daytimeresourcesarealreadytakenbyotheranimalslikebirds.答案：b练习题——MultipleChoice2WhichanimaldoesNOTrelyonlightfornavigation?aBirdsbDeep-seafishcButterfliesdFrogs原文：Deep-seafishandwhaleslivewithlittleornolight,dayornight.答案：b练习题——MultipleChoice3Whydomostanimalsavoidusingself-generatedlightfornavigation?aLightexposestheirlocationtopredators.bProducinglightrequires

excessiveenergy.cTheireyescannotdetectreflectedlight.dOnlyhumanshavemasteredlighttechnology.原文：However,usinglighttonavigatedemands

muchmoreenergybecausetheeyesmustdetectthefaintlightreflectingoffobjects.答案：b练习题——MultipleChoice4Whatdoes“facialvision”actuallyrelyontodetectobstacles?aTouchbSmellcEchoesdTemperaturechanges原文：Experimentsrevealedthatfacialvisionhasnothingtodowithtouchorthefaceitself—thefeelingactuallycomesthroughtheears.答案：c练习题——MultipleChoice5WhichWWⅡtechnologysharesprincipleswithbatnavigation?aRadar(usingradiowaves)bSonar(usingsoundwaves)cInfraredsensorsdLasersystems原文：Technically,it’swrongtocallbatnavigation“radar”becausetheyusesound,notradiowaves.答案：b练习题——MultipleChoice6Batnavigationshouldbecalled“sonar”insteadof“radar”becausebatsusearadiowaves.breflectedlight.csound.dmagneticfields.原文：Technically,it’swrongtocallbatnavigation“radar”becausetheyusesound,notradiowaves.It’ssonar.答案：c练习题——MultipleChoice7Whocoinedtheterm“echolocation”?aCharlesDarwinbAlbertEinsteincDonaldGriffindIsaacNewton原文：TheAmericanzoologistDonaldGriffin,whoplayedakeyroleindiscoveringbatsonar,createdtheterm“echolocation”todescribebothanimalandhuman-madesonarandradarsystems.答案：c练习题——MultipleChoice8.Whatoriginallydrovebatstoadapttonighttimelife?aDinosaursdominating

daytimeecosystems.bCompetitionfrommodernmammals.cClimate-inducedday-nightreversal.dBirdsoccupyingnighttimeniches.答案：a原文：Thisnighttimelifestyleislikelytodatebacktotheearlyancestorsofallmammals.Whendinosaursruled

theday,mammalssurvivedbyfindingwaystoliveatnight.练习题——MultipleChoiceWhatWhalescanSenseUnit3背景知识

鲸类的感官特点鲸类属海洋哺乳动物，具许多水生生活适应性。鲸的嗅觉不灵，视觉不佳，但听觉和触觉发达。鲸类可在水下发声，靠回声来定位和寻找食物，并用于个体间交往。blowhole：呼吸孔（鲸类的）thenostrilontopofawhale’sheadforbreathingevolve：进化；发展todevelopgraduallythroughaprocessofnaturalselectionorgrowth主句：thenervesandbrainconnections…mayhavedisappearedentirely状语从句：aswhaleblowholesevolvedtositontopoftheirheads（表示时间）过去分词短语：linkedtosmell（修饰nervesandbrainconnections）1Overtime,aswhaleblowholes

evolvedtositontopoftheirheads,thenervesandbrainconnectionslinkedtosmellmayhavedisappearedentirely.句子和词汇主句：whales…frequentlytoucheachother插入语：especiallymothers…samegroup（补充说明主语）2Inthewild,whalesofallspecies—especiallymothersandtheircalvesormembersofthesamegroup—frequentlytoucheachother.句子和词汇stereoscopic：立体视觉的relatingto3Dvisionusingbotheyes原因状语从句：becausetheireyes…oftheirheads主句：baleenwhales…in3D非限制性定语从句：whichmeans…accurately（解释主句的结果）3Becausetheireyesarelocatedonthesidesoftheirheads,baleenwhaleslikelycannotseein3D(stereoscopicvision),whichmeanstheymightstruggletojudgedistancesaccurately.句子和词汇主句：freshwaterdolphins…mightevenhave3Dvision非限制性定语从句：whichsometimesswim…whilehunting（修饰主语freshwaterdolphins）过去分词短语：directedforwardandupward（修饰3Dvision）4Freshwaterdolphins,whichsometimesswimsidewaysorupsidedownwhilehunting,mightevenhave3Dvisiondirectedforwardandupward.句子和词汇detect：探测；察觉discoverornoticesomething主句：theireyesarereducedtotinyslits定语从句：thatlikelyonlydetectlightandshadows（修饰slits）现在分词短语：helpingthem…littleelse（表伴随结果）5Theireyesarereducedtotinyslitsthatlikelyonlydetect

lightandshadows,helpingthemsensethedirectionandbrightnessoflightbutlittleelse.句子和词汇并列复合句：由while连接两个对比分句分句1：bowheadwhales…duringsummer分句2：humpbackscreate…vastdistances定语从句：thattravelvastdistances（修饰songs）6Bowheadwhalesareknownfortheirlong,musicalcallsduringsummer,whilehumpbackscreatecomplexsongsthattravelvastdistances.句子和词汇echolocation：回声定位usingsoundwavestolocateobjects主句：dolphins…useecholocation…tofindprey插入解释：sendingout…bounceoffobjects（解释echolocation的原理）定语从句：thatbounceoffobjects（修饰soundwaves）7Dolphinsevenuseecholocation—sendingoutsoundwavesthatbounceoffobjects—tofindpreyindarkormurkywater.句子和词汇答案：ⅴLimitationsinsmellandtasteamongwhales练习题——Headings答案：iTheroleoftouchinsocialbehavior练习题——Headings答案：ⅶChallengesindistancejudgmentforbaleenwhales练习题——Headings答案：ⅵDifferencesin3Dvisionacrossspecies练习题——Headings答案：ⅱAdaptationsinvisionbasedonhabitat练习题——Headings答案：ⅲThedominanceofhearingoverothersenses练习题——HeadingsAttitudestoLanguageUnit4背景知识

语言与思维的依存关系语言是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具，也是由词汇材料和语法规则构成的音义结合的符号系统。思维是在表象、概念的基础上进行判断、推理等认识的精神活动，是人脑能动地反映客观现实的机能和过程。语言与思维密不可分，语言是思维的工具，如果没有语言，思维就无所依附。

口语与书面语的核心区别口语（spokenlanguage）是以语音为物质材料，在口头上应用的语言。书面语（writtenlanguage）是以文字为物质材料，在书面上应用的语言。dictionary：词典referencebookslistingwordswithdefinitionsandusage主句：majorlanguageswerestudiedprescriptively定语从句：whengrammarguidesanddictionarieswerewritten（由when引导，修饰“18thcentury”，说明这一时期发生的具体事件，即语法指南和词典的编写）被动语态：主句中的werestudied和时间状语从句中的werewritten1Historically,majorlanguageswerestudiedprescriptively,especiallyduringthe18thcenturywhengrammarguidesanddictionarieswerewritten.句子和词汇主句：earlygrammarianshadthreegoals（主语＋谓语＋宾语）三个并列不定式短语作同位语：toorganize…andshow…,toresolve…,tocorrect…（用长列表式并列结构解释具体目标，且第三个目标中包含what引导的宾语从句）2Earlygrammarianshadthreegoals:(a)toorganizetherulesoftheirlanguageandshoworderbehindmessyusage,(b)toresolvedisagreementsaboutusage,and(c)tocorrectwhattheyviewedascommonmistakesto“fix”thelanguage.句子和词汇主句：supporters…arguedthat…（主语＋谓语＋宾语从句）插入语：likeJosephPriestleyinhis1761grammarbook（打断主句结构，举例说明“支持者”）宾语从句：that“howpeoplespeakis…”（宾语从句中包含引语和主语从句，how引导主语从句，作宾语从句的主语）3Supportersofthisview,likeJosephPriestleyinhis1761grammarbook,arguedthat“howpeoplespeakisthetruestandardoflanguage.”句子和词汇主句：Thedebateisframedpolitically（被动语态）破折号插入同位语：free-thinking…versus…conservatives（解释“政治框架”的具体对立双方）定语从句：whoareseenas…（修饰conservatives，但实际逻辑上应同时修饰双方，此处为模糊指代，需结合上下文理解）破折号插入成分与定语从句的嵌套，且who的指代可能引起歧义。4Thedebateissometimesframedpolitically—free-thinkingprogressivesversusoutdatedconservatives—whoareseenasvaluingopposingprinciples.句子和词汇Languageisasharedpartofdailylife,sopeoplequicklynoticeandcriticizedifferentwaysofspeaking.Everyaspectofsocietyisaffected:howwejudgesomeone’spersonality,intelligence,socialclass,educationlevel,jobskills,andothertraitslinkedtoidentityandsuccessoftendependsonlanguage.Asaresult,careless

criticismofhowsomeonespeakscaneasilycausehurt.练习题——SummaryCompletionPrescriptivism,broadlyspeaking,isthebeliefthatoneformoflanguageisnaturallybetterthanothersandshouldbeusedbyeveryone.Thisideafocusesmainlyongrammar,wordchoice,andpronunciation.Thepreferredformisusuallythe“standard”writtenlanguagefoundinbooksorformalspeech.练习题——SummaryCompletionHistorically,majorlanguageswerestudiedprescriptively,especiallyduringthe18thcenturywhengrammarguidesanddictionarieswere

written.Earlygrammarianshadthreegoals:(a)toorganizetherulesoftheirlanguageandshoworderbehindmessyusage,(b)toresolvedisagreementsaboutusage,and(c)tocorrectwhattheyviewedascommonmistakesto“fix”thelanguage.Thisstrict

approachreliedheavilyongrammar“rules.”Certainusageswereapprovedandtaught,whileotherswererejected.Backthen,therewasnomiddleground—somethingwaseitherrightorwrong.Grammarianssawtheirroleasjudginglanguage,notjustdocumentingit.Theseideasstillexisttoday,drivingconcernsaboutmaintaininglanguagestandards.However,anotherperspectivefocusesnotonrulesbutonobservinghowpeopleactuallyuselanguage.Supportersofthisview,likeJosephPriestleyinhis1761grammarbook,arguedthat“howpeoplespeakisthetruestandardoflanguage.”Theybelievedlanguagecannotbecontrolledbylogicorstrictrules.Thisdescriptiveapproachiscentralto

modernlinguistics.练习题——SummaryCompletionToday,thedividebetween“descriptivists”and“prescriptivists”isoftenexaggerated.Descriptivistsarewronglyseenasvaluingalllanguageformsequally,asiftheydon’tcareaboutstandards.Prescriptivistsareunfairlylabeledasrigidfollowersofoldtraditions.Thedebateissometimesframedpolitically—free-thinkingprogressivesversusoutdatedconservatives—whoareseenasvaluingopposingprinciples.练习题——SummaryCompletionSmartIncentivesAidIndia’sClimateResponseUnit5背景知识

印度的气候类型及季节划分印度全境炎热，大部分属于热带季风气候，而印度西部的塔尔沙漠则是热带沙漠气候。印度气候分为雨季（6—10月）与旱季（3—5月）以及凉季（11月—次年2月）。主句：fewcountriesshowthedifficulties…比较结构：asclearlyasIndia（像印度一样清晰地）同位语：theworld’smostpopulousnation（补充说明India）1FewcountriesshowthedifficultiesofcopingwithclimatechangeasclearlyasIndia,theworld’smostpopulousnation.句子和词汇efficiency：效率；效能theabilitytodosomethingwithoutwastingresources主句：hot,stickyweatherreducestheefficiency…分词短语（结果状语）：leadingtolosses…（表示结果）数据补充：equalto7%ofIndia’sGDP（修饰losses）2Hot,stickyweatherreducestheefficiencyofoutdoorworkers,leadingtolossesequalto7%ofIndia’sGDPeveryyear,accordingtosomestudies.句子和词汇evacuation：疏散；撤离theactofmovingpeoplefromadangerousplace主句：anonprofitgroupusesdata…目的状语从句：sotheycanissue…alerts（以便他们能发布警报）修饰成分：athighriskoflandslidesduetosoakedsoil（解释说明villages）3Anonprofitgroupthenusesthisdatatoidentifyvillagesathighriskoflandslidesduetosoakedsoil,sotheycanissueaccurateandfastevacuationalerts.句子和词汇curiosity：好奇心astrongdesiretolearnorknowsomething主句：studiesshowthat…宾语从句：schoolinghelps…非限制性定语从句：whichmakesthem…（修饰前面整个句子）分词短语：causedbyclimatechange（修饰challenges）4Studiesshowthatschoolinghelpspeopledevelopproblem-solvingskillsandcuriosity,whichmakesthembetterathandlingchallengescausedbyclimatechange.句子和词汇主句1：theBrahmaputraRiver…exemplifiesthischallenge插入语：crucialforIndia’swatersupply…（修饰BrahmaputraRiver，强调其战略价值）让步状语从句：althoughhydrologicalstudiesindicate…（承认科学事实）主句2：theprospect…highlightsregionalvulnerabilities（表示转折，强调核心矛盾）5TheBrahmaputraRiver,crucialforIndia’swatersupply,exemplifiesthischallenge.Althoughhydrologicalstudiesindicatemostoftheriver’sfloworiginatesfromrainfallwithinIndiaitself,theprospectofalteredwatermanagementupstreamhighlightsregionalvulnerabilities.句子和词汇甚至在全球变暖开始之前，印度就面临着极端高温、洪水和干旱。Evenbeforeglobalwarmingbegan,Indiafaced

extremeheat,floods,anddroughts.炎热潮湿的天气降低了户外工人的效率。Hot,stickyweatherreduces

theefficiencyofoutdoorworkers.清晰的信息有助于人们做出更明智的选择。Clearinformationhelpspeoplemakesmarterchoices.练习题——Translation在空地上种植树木可以降低气温。Plantingtreesonemptyland

canlowerheatlevels.印度面临着亚洲最严重的水资源短缺问题。IndiafacestheworstwatershortagesinAsia.练习题——TranslationLossofEarth’sOld,WiseandLargeAnimalsUnit6背景知识

长寿哺乳动物寿命差异弓头鲸作为最长寿的哺乳动物之一，其寿命可达200岁以上，部分研究估计可达268岁。‌大象作为大型陆生哺乳动物，大象的寿命通常超过60岁，部分个体可达70岁。negative：负面的；消极的harmful,bad,ornotwantedecosystem：生态系统abiologicalcommunityofinteractingorganismsandtheirphysicalenvironment主句：thislosshasledtonegativeeffectsonecosystemsandsociety（主谓宾结构，主语thisloss，谓语hasledto，宾语negativeeffects，后接两个并列的介词短语作状语说明影响范围）转折分句：buttheimportanceoftheseolderanimalshasoftenbeenoverlooked（主谓结构，主语theimportance…animals，谓语hasoftenbeenoverlooked，由连词but引导，表示与前面结果的对比）1Thislosshasledtonegativeeffectsonecosystemsandsociety,buttheimportanceoftheseolderanimalshasoftenbeenoverlooked.句子和词汇various：各种各样的；不同的differentfromoneanother;ofseveraltypesreproduction：繁殖；生殖thebiologicalprocessbywhichnewindividualorganismsareproducedknowledge：知识facts,information,andskillsacquiredthroughexperienceoreducationsurvive：生存；存活tocontinuetoliveorexist,especiallyinspiteofdangerorhardship主句：studies…showthat…（主谓宾结构，主语studies，谓语show，宾语为that引导的宾语从句）介词短语：onvariousanimals（作后置定语修饰studies）现在分词短语：includingfish,birds,elephants,andwhales（插入语/同位语，举例说明variousanimals）宾语从句：thatolderindividualsarevitalforkeyprocesses…（主系表结构，主语olderindividuals，系动词are，表语vital，后接介词短语说明重要性的领域）介词短语：likereproduction,passingonknowledge,maintainingfoodchains,andhelpingpopulationssurviveenvironmentalchanges[由like引导的介词短语，包含四个并列的（动）名词短语作宾语，具体说明keyprocesses]2Studiesonvariousanimals,includingfish,birds,elephants,andwhales,showthatolderindividualsarevitalforkeyprocesseslikereproduction,passingonknowledge,maintainingfoodchains,andhelpingpopulationssurviveenvironmentalchanges.句子和词汇contribute：贡献；促成；是……的原因之一tohelptocauseorbringabout;togivesomething(likeeffortorresources)toachievesomethingthreaten：威胁；危及tobelikelytocauseharmordamagetosomething;toputatrisk让步状语从句：althoughthelossofolderanimalscontributestospeciesdeclineandextinction（主谓宾结构，主语theloss…animals，谓语contributesto，宾语为两个并列名词短语speciesdeclineandextinction，由连词although引导）主句：theIUCNRedListdoesnotyetconsideragestructure（主谓宾结构，主语theIUCNRedList，谓语doesnotyetconsider，宾语agestructure）时间状语：whenlistingthreatenedspecies（省略了主语和be动词的状语从句，完整形式为whenitislistingthreatenedspecies，说明主句动作发生的时间）3Althoughthelossofolderanimalscontributestospeciesdeclineandextinction,theIUCNRedListdoesnotyetconsideragestructurewhenlistingthreatenedspecies.句子和词汇ⅳTheessentialrolesofolderanimalsinecosystemsandhumansociety练习题——ParagraphHeadingsⅰThehiddenimpactofyoungerpopulations:howlosingolderanimalsunderminesecologicalandsocialresilience练习题——ParagraphHeadingsⅴNewstrategiesforconservationandresearch练习题——ParagraphHeadingsWhatMakesYouHappyUnit7背景知识

人类与环境的依存影响人类不可避免地要同环境发生复杂的相互作用。人类的生存和发展需要依赖环境中的资源和能量，同时，人类的生产和生活活动也会对环境造成影响。人类的活动会改变环境，导致环境的演变和变化。环境的变化和演变也会影响人类的生存和发展。influence：影响haveaneffectonsomeoneorsomething主句1：scientistshavestudiedwhether…宾语从句：whetherourhappinesscomesmorefromourgenesorourenvironment主句2：theanswerseemstobethat…表语从句：thathappinessishalfinfluenced…andhalfinfluenced…插入语：suchasagoodmarriage,asatisfyingjob,andgoodhealth（举例说明thingsaroundus）1Scientistshavestudiedwhetherourhappinesscomesmorefromourgenesorourenvironment.Theanswerseemstobethathappinessisabouthalfinfluencedbythingsaroundus—suchasagoodmarriage,asatisfyingjob,andgoodhealth—andhalfinfluencedbyourgenes.句子和词汇shape：塑造；形成makeorinfluencesomethinginaparticularway主句：thequestionwasdeeplypersonalandtragic定语从句：whetherourgeneticsorourupbringingshapesus（修饰question）

插入语：forDavidReimer（说明对象）

2ForDavidReimer,thequestionofwhetherourgeneticsorourupbringingshapesuswasdeeplypersonalandtragic.句子和词汇主句：behavioristsbelievedthathumanbehaviorcouldbeexplainedbyconditioning插入语：suchasJohnWatsonandB.F.Skinner（举例说明behaviorists）

定语从句：likehowIvanPavlovtraineddogstoassociateabellwithfood（修饰conditioning）

3Behaviorists,suchasJohnWatsonandB.F.Skinner,believedthathumanbehaviorcouldbeexplainedbyconditioning,likehowIvanPavlovtraineddogstoassociateabellwithfood.句子和词汇personality：个性；人格thecombinationofcharacteristicsthatformanindividual’scharacter主句：studiesontwinsandtheHumanGenomeProjectrevealedthatgeneticsplayasignificantrole宾语从句：thatgeneticsplayasignificantroleinpersonality,intelligence,andevenbehavior4StudiesontwinsandtheHumanGenomeProjectrevealedthatgeneticsplayasignificantroleinpersonality,intelligence,andevenbehavior.句子和词汇主句1：agoodexample…isperfectpitch同位语：theabilitytoidentifymusicalnotesinstantly（解释perfectpitch）

定语从句：howgenesandenvironmentworktogether主句2：studiessuggestthat…宾语从句：thisabilityis…todevelop（说明研究的具体内容）

5Agoodexampleofhowgenesandenvironmentworktogetherisperfectpitch—theabilitytoidentifymusicalnotesinstantly.Studiessuggestthatthisabilityisinfluencedbyagene,butachildmustreceivemusicaltrainingatayoungagefortheskilltodevelop.句子和词汇personality：个性；人格thecombinationofcharacteristicsthatformanindividual’scharacter主句：modernsciencenowseesnatureandnurture方式状语：asworkingtogetherratherthanbeinginconflict并列句：ourgenesinfluence…buttheenvironmentalsoaffects…宾语从句：howthosegenesareexpressed6

Modernsciencenowseesnatureandnurtureasworkingtogetherratherthanbeinginconflict.Ourgenesinfluenceusinmanyways,fromphysicalappearancetopersonality,buttheenvironmentalsoaffectshowthosegenesareexpressed.句子和词汇1Happinessisentirelydeterminedbyourgenes.FALSE2Agoodmarriageandasatisfyingjobcancontributetoaperson’shappiness.TRUE原文：Theanswerseemstobethathappinessisabouthalfinfluencedbythingsaroundus—suchasagoodmarriage,asatisfyingjob,andgoodhealth—andhalfinfluencedbyourgenes.练习题——TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN3Believingthatwearemostlyshapedbyourgenescanleadtoargumentsthatsocialdifferencesshouldremainastheyare.Ifpeoplebelievethatwearemostlyshapedbyourgenes,theymightthinkthattalentandintelligencearefixed,leadingtoargumentsthatsocialdifferencesshouldremainastheyare.TRUE练习题——TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN4Behavioristsbelievethathumanbehaviorismainlyinfluencedbygeneticfactors.原文：Behaviorists,suchasJohnWatsonandB.F.Skinner,believedthathumanbehaviorcouldbeexplainedbyconditioning,likehowIvanPavlovtraineddogstoassociateabellwithfood.FALSE练习题——TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN5Psychoanalysisclaimsthatpersonalityisshapedbyexperiencesinearlyadulthood.NOTGIVEN6Modernsciencesupportstheideathatnatureandnurtureworktogether.原文：Modernsciencenowseesnatureandnurtureasworkingtogether

ratherthanbeinginconflict.TRUE练习题——TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN7Perfectpitchcandevelopwithoutanymusicaltraining.原文：Agoodexampleofhowgenesandenvironmentworktogetherisperfectpitch—theabilitytoidentifymusicalnotesinstantlyFALSE练习题——TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN8Geneticistsbelievelanguagedevelopmentisunaffectedbyculturalsurroundings.NOTGIVEN9Brainplasticitysuggeststhatourpersonalitiesarefixedatbirth.原文：Forexample,achildwithagenetictendencytowardaggressionmightfacenegativereactionsfromparentsandteachers,whichcouldreinforcetheiraggressivebehaviorinacycle.However,newresearchonbrainplasticitysuggeststhatthiscyclecanbechanged.FALSE10Environmentalfactorsareconsideredirrelevanttocognitivegrowth.NOTGIVEN练习题——TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVENASpecialChurchinBarcelonaUnit8背景知识

圣家族大教堂圣家族大教堂是位于西班牙加泰罗尼亚巴塞罗那的一座罗马天主教大型教堂，由西班牙建筑师安东尼奥·高迪（1852—1926年）设计。

圣家族大教堂是栋平面呈矩形，立面为不规则多柱形，不对称的哥特式教堂，主体结构由5座殿堂和3座侧翼殿堂组成。

圣家族大教堂以独特的形象成为了巴塞罗那的地标性建筑。1984年，圣家族大教堂的一部分与高迪在巴塞罗那的其它六个建筑作品一起，被联合国教科文组织选为世界遗产。

安东尼奥·高迪安东尼奥·高迪是西班牙建筑师。他一生设计过很多作品，其中有17项被西班牙列为国家级文物，7项被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。主句：thereisaveryfamousbuildingcalledtheSagradaFamília地点状语：inthemiddleofBarcelona同位语：acityinSpain（补充说明Barcelona）过去分词短语：calledtheSagradaFamília（作后置定语，修饰building）1InthemiddleofBarcelona,acityinSpain,t