2026年法律英语进阶国际法与商法专业术语及案例分析题集

2026年法律英语进阶：国际法与商法专业术语及案例分析题集一、专业术语选择题（共10题，每题2分）说明：下列每题包含一个国际法或商法领域的专业术语，请选择最符合其定义的选项。1.Terminology:"Extraterritorialjurisdiction"A.国家对其领土内的一切人、物和事件行使管辖权的权力。B.法院在审理案件时，对案件所涉事项具有的独立判断权。C.指国家法院对其领土以外的个人或行为行使管辖权的权力。D.外国法院判决在本地法院的承认与执行程序。2.Terminology:"Letterofcredit(L/C)"A.国际贸易中，买方银行向卖方承诺付款的书面文件。B.卖方要求买方开具的信用担保函。C.买方通过银行向卖方提供的预付款证明。D.国际贸易纠纷中，仲裁机构出具的裁决书。3.Terminology:"Softlaw"A.具有强制约束力的国际条约。B.由国际组织制定的非约束性指南或建议。C.国际法院判决具有法律约束力的原则。D.国家间通过外交途径达成的临时协议。4.Terminology:"Forcemajeure"A.合同中约定的免责条款，指因不可抗力导致合同无法履行。B.因一方违约而产生的法律赔偿责任。C.国际贸易中，因汇率波动导致的价格调整条款。D.仲裁庭在裁决中适用的举证责任分配规则。5.Terminology:"Intellectualpropertyinfringement"A.对他人商标的恶意模仿行为。B.因专利权纠纷引发的诉讼。C.职务发明未经授权披露的法律后果。D.国际知识产权保护体系中，强制许可的适用情形。6.Terminology:"Jurisdictionalimmunity"A.外国国家元首在驻外国的行为不受当地法律约束。B.法院在审理案件时对法律问题的独立判断权。C.因国家主权豁免导致的判决无法执行的情况。D.国际仲裁中，仲裁员回避的法定情形。7.Terminology:"Antitrustlaw"A.反垄断法，指限制市场竞争行为的法律规制体系。B.保护消费者权益的立法。C.国际贸易中，关税和非关税壁垒的管制措施。D.合同法中关于违约责任的条款。8.Terminology:"Pilotclause"A.国际货物买卖合同中，约定争议解决的仲裁条款。B.航运合同中，允许承运人免责的条款。C.国际投资协定中，投资者与东道国权利义务的概括性条款。D.保险合同中，关于除外责任的特别约定。9.Terminology:"Arbitrationclause"A.合同中约定通过仲裁解决争议的条款。B.仲裁机构作出的具有法律约束力的终局裁决。C.国际商事仲裁中，仲裁员的选任程序。D.因仲裁协议无效导致的诉讼程序恢复。10.Terminology:"Indemnity"A.因合同违约产生的损害赔偿责任。B.保险公司对被保险人损失进行的补偿。C.国际贸易中，卖方承担的货物运输风险。D.合同中约定的赔偿条款。二、案例分析题（共5题，每题10分）说明：下列案例涉及国际法或商法领域的实际问题，请根据案情分析并回答问题。CaseStudy1(InternationalTradeLaw)Scenario:AChinesecompany(Seller)signsacontractwithaGermanbuyertoexportmachineryworth€500,000.Thecontractincludesaletterofcredit(L/C)issuedbyaSwissbank,withtermsrequiringSellertoprovideacertificateoforigintoprovethegoodsaremanufacturedinChina.However,duetoacustomserror,Seller’scertificateisdelayed,andtheL/Cexpiresbeforethedocumentisissued.Questions:1.WhatlegalremediesdoesSellerhaveundertheUniformCustomsandPracticeforDocumentaryCredits(UCP600)?2.Howwouldaforcemajeureclauseaffectthiscaseifthedelaywascausedbyanaturaldisaster?CaseStudy2(InternationalInvestmentLaw)Scenario:AU.S.corporationinvestsinaminingprojectinArgentina.TheInvestmentAgreementbetweenthecorporationandArgentinaincludesapilotclause,stipulatingthatdisputesarisingfromtheagreementwillberesolvedundertheInternationalCentreforSettlementofInvestmentDisputes(ICSID).Later,Argentinanationalizestheprojectwithoutcompensation,claimingitwasnecessaryforpublicinterest.Questions:1.WhatarethejurisdictionalimmunityissuesifArgentinarefusestocomplywithanICSIDaward?2.Howwouldasoftlawprinciple(e.g.,OECDGuidelines)influencetheoutcomeifthedisputeinvolvesenvironmentalprotection?CaseStudy3(IntellectualPropertyLaw)Scenario:AJapanesepharmaceuticalcompany(CompanyA)holdsapatentforadrugintheU.S.andEurope.AChinesefirm(CompanyB)beginssellingagenericversioninChina,claimingthatCompanyA’spatentisinvalidbecauseitlacksinventivestepunderChineselaw.TheChinesecourtrulesinfavorofCompanyB.Questions:1.WhatantitrustlawimplicationsariseifCompanyB’sgenericdruglowersmarketpricesbutinfringesonCompanyA’spatent?2.HowwouldanindemnityclauseintheoriginallicensingagreementbetweenCompanyAandaChinesedistributorimpactthisdispute?CaseStudy4(InternationalArbitration)Scenario:AFrenchcompany(PartyA)andanIndiancompany(PartyB)enterintoacontractwithanarbitrationclauseundertheIndianCouncilofArbitration(ICA).Afteradisputearises,PartyAclaimsthearbitrationagreementisvoidbecauseitwassignedbyanunauthorizedagent.PartyBdisputesthis,arguingtheagenthadapparentauthority.Questions:1.Whatarethekeyfactorsapilotclausewouldconsiderindeterminingtheenforceabilityofthearbitrationagreement?2.HowwouldajurisdictionalimmunityclaimbyIndiaaffectthearbitrationprocessifPartyBseeksarulingagainsttheIndiangovernment?CaseStudy5(SoftLawinInternationalEnvironmentalLaw)Scenario:TheParisAgreementsetstargetsforglobalcarbonemissions,butsomecountriesargueitsprovisionsaresoftlawandlackenforcementmechanisms.Asmallislandnation(NationX)suesamajoremitter(NationY)intheInternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ),claimingNationY’spoliciesviolatetheAgreement’sprinciples.Questions:1.HowwouldsoftlawprinciplesaffecttheICJ’sabilitytoissueabindingruling?2.WhatrolecouldintellectualpropertyinfringementplayifNationY’semissionsarelinkedtopatentedindustrialprocesses?答案与解析一、专业术语选择题答案1.C|2.A|3.B|4.A|5.C|6.C|7.A|8.A|9.A|10.B解析:1.Extraterritorialjurisdiction指法院对非本国主体或事件的管辖权，A是属地管辖权，B是法院独立判断权，D是判决承认，均不准确。2.Letterofcredit(L/C)是国际贸易中的付款保证，B、C、D描述错误。3.Softlaw是非约束性规则，A是硬法，C是国际法院原则，D是临时协议，均非正确答案。4.Forcemajeure指不可抗力免责，A正确，B是违约责任，C是汇率风险，D是举证责任，均不准确。5.Intellectualpropertyinfringement指专利或商标侵权，A是商标模仿，B是专利诉讼，D是强制许可，C最接近但不够全面，此处C为最优。6.Jurisdictionalimmunity是国家主权豁免，A是元首豁免，B是法院独立权，D是仲裁回避，C正确。7.Antitrustlaw是反垄断法，B是消费者权益法，C是贸易壁垒，D是违约责任，A正确。8.Pilotclause是仲裁条款，B是航运免责，C是投资协定，D是保险条款，A正确。9.Arbitrationclause是仲裁条款，B是仲裁裁决，C是选任程序，D是协议无效，A正确。10.Indemnity是赔偿条款，A是违约责任，C是运输风险，D是赔偿条款，B最准确。二、案例分析题答案CaseStudy11.LegalremediesunderUCP600:SellercanclaimaswiftmoneyremittanceiftheL/Cisirrevocable,orrequestanextensionoftheL/Cifthedelayisjustified.Ifthebankrefuses,Sellermaysuethebankfordamages.2.Forcemajeureimpact:Ifanaturaldisastercausedthedelay,Sellercouldinvoketheclausetoexcusenon-performance,butmustprovetheeventwasbeyondreasonablecontrol.CaseStudy21.Jurisdictionalimmunityissues:Argentinamayclaimsovereignimmunity,butICSIDawardsaregenerallyenforceableinmemberstates.IfArgentinarefuses,theU.S.corporationmayseekenforcementthroughinternationalcourts.2.Softlawinfluence:OECDGuidelinesmayprovideamoralbasisfortheICJtoconsiderenvironmentalprinciples,evenifnon-binding.CaseStudy31.Antitrustlawimplications:IfCompanyB’sgenericdruginfringesbutlowersprices,ChinesecourtsmaybalancecompetitionandpatentrightsunderArticle11ofthePatentLaw.2.Indemnityclauseimpact:IfthedistributorsignedthecontractwithCompanyA,theymaybeliablefordamagesifCom