建筑工程英语专业词汇与短语手册

建筑工程英语专业词汇与短语手册前言本手册旨在为建筑工程领域的从业人员、学习者及相关人士提供一份实用、严谨的专业英语词汇与短语参考。内容涵盖建筑工程的主要阶段、核心技术、管理流程及常见场景，力求收录最常用、最核心的术语，助力读者提升专业英语的理解与应用能力，顺畅进行国际技术交流、文献阅读及项目合作。手册编排注重实用性与逻辑性，建议结合具体工程实践灵活运用。---一、项目前期与管理(ProjectInitiation&Management)1.1项目与合同(Projects&Contracts)*Project(项目):Auniqueendeavortocreateaspecificproduct,service,orresult.*ConstructionProject(建筑项目):Aprojectinvolvingtheconstructionofbuildings,infrastructure,etc.*Contract(合同):Alegallybindingagreementbetweentwoormoreparties.*ConstructionContract(施工合同):Acontractspecificallyforconstructionworks.*Contractor(承包商):Thepartyresponsibleforcarryingouttheconstructionworksunderthecontract.*Subcontractor(分包商):Apartycontractedbythemaincontractortoperformpartoftheworks.*Tender/Bid(投标):Aformaloffertoexecuteworksataspecifiedprice.*TenderingProcess/BiddingProcess(招投标过程):Theprocedurebywhichclientsinviteandevaluatetenders.*ScopeofWork(SOW)(工作范围):Adetaileddescriptionoftheworktobeperformed.*BillofQuantities(BOQ)(工程量清单):Adocumentlistingthequantitiesofmaterialsandlaborforpricing.*Variation/ChangeOrder(变更单):Aformalinstructiontoaltertheoriginalscopeofwork.1.2项目管理与控制(ProjectManagement&Control)*ProjectManager(PM)(项目经理):Thepersonresponsibleforplanning,executing,andclosingaproject.*ProjectPlanning(项目计划):Theprocessofdefiningobjectives,scope,schedule,resources,etc.*GanttChart(甘特图):Abarchartusedtoillustrateaprojectschedule.*CriticalPathMethod(CPM)(关键路径法):Aprojectschedulingtechniquetoidentifythelongestpathofactivities.*ResourceAllocation(资源分配):Assigningresources(labor,materials,equipment)toprojectactivities.*CostEstimation(成本估算):Predictingthecostofaprojectoractivity.*CostControl(成本控制):Managingprojectcoststokeepthemwithinthebudget.*QualityControl(QC)(质量控制):Processestoensuretheprojectmeetsspecifiedqualitystandards.*QualityAssurance(QA)(质量保证):Systematicactivitiestodemonstratequalityrequirementswillbemet.*SafetyManagement(安全管理):Managingriskstopreventaccidentsandensureasafeworkingenvironment.*ProgressReport(进度报告):Adocumentdetailingthecurrentstatusofprojectactivities.---二、设计与图纸(Design&Drawings)2.1设计阶段与类型(DesignStages&Types)*ConceptualDesign(概念设计):Initialdesignphaseoutliningtheproject'soverallidea.*PreliminaryDesign(初步设计):Furtherdevelopmentoftheconceptwithmoredetailedspecifications.*DetailedDesign/WorkingDesign(详细设计/施工图设计):Finaldesignphaseproducingdetailedconstructiondrawingsandspecifications.*ArchitecturalDesign(建筑设计):Designfocusingontheaestheticsandfunctionalityofthebuilding.*StructuralDesign(结构设计):Designofthestructuralelements(beams,columns,foundations)toensurestabilityandstrength.*Mechanical,Electrical,andPlumbing(MEP)Design(机电管线设计):Designofmechanical,electrical,andplumbingsystems.*CivilEngineeringDesign(土木工程设计):Designofinfrastructuresuchasroads,bridges,anddrainage.2.2图纸与规范(Drawings&Specifications)*ConstructionDrawings/WorkingDrawings(施工图):Detaileddrawingsusedforconstruction.*ArchitecturalDrawings(建筑图):Drawingsshowingthebuilding'slayout,elevations,sections,etc.*StructuralDrawings(结构图):Drawingsdetailingstructuralelementsandtheirreinforcements.*Plan(平面图):Ahorizontalviewofabuildingorstructurefromabove.*Elevation(立面图):Averticalviewofabuilding'sexteriororinteriorface.*Section(剖面图):Aviewshowingtheinternalstructureofabuildingbycuttingthroughit.*DetailDrawing(详图):Aclose-updrawingofaspecificpartwithdetaileddimensionsandspecifications.*Specification(规范/说明书):Adocumentdetailingthematerials,methods,andstandardstobefollowed.*Dimension(尺寸):Ameasurementoflength,width,height,ordepth.*Scale(比例):Theratioofadistanceonthedrawingtothecorrespondingdistanceinreality.*Legend(图例):Alistexplainingsymbolsusedonadrawing.---三、材料与设备(Materials&Equipment)3.1建筑材料(ConstructionMaterials)*Concrete(混凝土):Amixtureofcement,aggregates,water,andsometimesadmixtures.*ReinforcedConcrete(RC)(钢筋混凝土):Concretewithsteelbars(rebars)toincreasetensilestrength.*Cement(水泥):Abindingmaterialusedinconcreteandmortar.*Aggregate(骨料):Sand,gravel,orcrushedstoneusedinconcrete.*Steel(钢材):Ironalloyusedforstructuralelements(beams,columns,rebars).*Rebar(ReinforcingBar)(钢筋):Steelbarusedtoreinforceconcrete.*Brick(砖):Arectangularblockofclayorconcreteusedinmasonry.*Block(砌块):Alargerbuildingunit,e.g.,concreteblock,cinderblock.*Masonry(砌筑工程):Constructionusingbricks,blocks,orstoneswithmortar.*Mortar(砂浆):Amixtureofcement,sand,andwaterusedtobindmasonryunits.*Timber/Lumber(木材):Woodusedforconstruction.*Glass(玻璃):Transparentmaterialusedforwindowsandfacades.*CeramicTile(瓷砖):Hard,brittletileusedforflooring,walls,etc.*Asphalt(沥青):Asticky,blacksubstanceusedforroadsurfacingandroofing.*RoofingMaterial(屋面材料):Materialsusedtocovertheroof(e.g.,tiles,shingles,metalsheets).*InsulationMaterial(保温材料):Materialusedtoreduceheattransfer(e.g.,foam,fiberglass).3.2施工设备(ConstructionEquipment)*Excavator(挖掘机):Machineusedfordiggingandmovingearth.*Bulldozer(推土机):Trackedvehiclewithalargebladeforpushingearth.*Crane(起重机):Machineusedforliftingandmovingheavyobjects.*ConcreteMixer(混凝土搅拌机):Machineformixingconcreteingredients.*ConcretePump(混凝土泵):Machineforpumpingliquidconcretetohighordistantlocations.*Vibrator(振捣器):Toolusedtoremoveairbubblesfromconcrete.*Scaffolding(脚手架):Temporarystructureusedtosupportworkersandmaterialsduringconstruction.*Formwork/Shuttering(模板):Temporarymoldintowhichconcreteispoured.*Dumper/TipperTruck(自卸卡车):Truckwithatiltingbedfortransportingmaterials.*Loader(装载机):Machinewithafrontbucketforloadingmaterials.*PileDriver(打桩机):Machinefordrivingpilesintotheground.*WeldingMachine(焊接机):Machineusedforweldingmetalparts.---四、施工工艺与技术(ConstructionTechnology&Techniques)4.1土方与基础工程(Earthwork&FoundationWorks)*SitePreparation(场地准备):Clearingandpreparingtheconstructionsite.*Excavation(开挖):Theprocessofdiggingearthtocreateacavity(e.g.,forfoundation).*Backfilling(回填):Refillinganexcavatedareawithsoilorothermaterial.*Foundation(基础):Thelowerpartofabuildingthattransfersloadstotheground.*ShallowFoundation(浅基础):Foundationplacednearthegroundsurface(e.g.,spreadfooting).*DeepFoundation(深基础):Foundationplaceddeepunderground(e.g.,pilefoundation).*Footing(基脚):Astructuralelementthatspreadstheloadofacolumntothefoundation.*Pile(桩):Along,slenderstructuralmemberdrivenintothegroundtosupportthefoundation.*Grade(标高/坡度):Thelevelofthegroundortheslopeofasurface.4.2结构工程(StructuralWorks)*FormworkErection/Stripping(支模/拆模):Placingandremovingtheformwork.*ReinforcementFixing(绑扎钢筋):Placingandsecuringsteelrebarsinpreparationforconcrete.*Concreting/PouringConcrete(浇筑混凝土):Placingconcreteintoformwork.*Curing(养护):Maintainingadequatemoistureandtemperatureforconcretetogainstrength.*Beam(梁):Ahorizontalstructuralmemberthatsupportsloads.*Slab(板):Aflat,horizontalstructuralelement(floorslab,roofslab).*Wall(墙):Averticalstructurethatenclosesordividesspaceandmayprovidestructuralsupport.*FrameStructure(框架结构):Astructurewithaskeletonofbeamsandcolumns.*Load-BearingWall(承重墙):Awallthatsupportsstructuralloadsfromabove.4.3砌体与装饰工程(Masonry&FinishingWorks)*Bricklaying(砌砖):Theprocessofbuildingwallswithbricksandmortar.*Plastering(抹灰):Applyingathinlayerofmortartowallsorceilingsforasmoothfinish.*Tiling(铺砖):Installingceramictilesonfloors,walls,orcountertops.*Flooring(地面工程):Installationoffloorcoverings(tiles,wood,carpet,etc.).*Painting(涂装):Applyingpaintorothercoatingstosurfaces.*Joinery(细木工):Thecraftofmakingandinstallingwoodenfixtures(doors,windows,cabinets).*DoorandWindowInstallation(门窗安装):Fittingdoorsandwindowsintotheirframes.*Facade(立面):Thefrontorouterfaceofabuilding.4.4机电安装工程(MEPInstallation)*MechanicalSystem(机械系统):SystemslikeHVAC(Heating,Ventilation,andAirConditioning).*ElectricalSystem(电气系统):Systemfordistributingelectricity(wiring,switches,outlets,lighting).*PlumbingSystem(plumbingsystem):Systemforwatersupplyanddrainage.*Piping(管道工程):Installationofpipesforwater,gas,orotherfluids.*Ductwork(风管):SystemofductsforairdistributioninHVACsystems.*Fixture(卫生洁具):Adevicefixedinplace,e.g.,sink,toilet,bathtub.*Wiring(布线):Theinstallationofelectricalwires.*Switchgear(开关设备):Electricalequipmentforcontrolling,protecting,andisolatingelectricalcircuits.---五、质量控制与安全(QualityControl&Safety)*Testing(测试):Conductingexperimentstoverifymaterialpropertiesorsystemperformance(e.g.,concretecubetest,soiltest).*Defect(缺陷):Aflaworimperfectioninthework.*Non-Conformity(不合格):Failuretomeetspecifiedrequirements.*CorrectiveAction(纠正措施):Actiontakentoeliminatethecauseofadetectednon-conformity.*PreventiveAction(预防措施):Actiontakentoeliminatethecause