2020 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题

2020年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Eveniffamiliesdon’tsitdowntoeattogetherasfrequentlyasbefore,millionsofBritonswillnonethelesshavegotasharethisweekendofoneofthatnation’sgreattraditions:theSundayroast.1acoldwinter’sday,fewculinarypleasurescan2it.Yetaswereportnow,thefoodpolicearedeterminedthatthis3shouldberenderedyetanotherguiltypleasure4todamageourhealth.TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has5apublicwarningabouttherisksofacompoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked6hightemperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshould7crispingtheirroastpotatoes,rejectthin-crustpizzasandonly8toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidencetosupportsuchalarmistadvice?9studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno10evidencethatitcausescancerinhumans.Scientistssaythecompoundis11tocausecancerbuthavenohardscientificproof.12theprecautionaryprinciple,itcouldbearguedthatitis13tofollowtheFSAadvice.14,itwasrumouredthatsmokingcausedcancerforyearsbeforetheevidencewasfoundtoprovea15.Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe16uponSundayalongsidesomesteamedvegetables,withouttheYorkshirepuddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworthliving?17,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroastfoods18,buttoreducetheirlifetimeintake.However,their19riskscomingacrossasexhortationandnannying.Constanthealthscaresjust20withnoonelistening.[A]In[B]Towards[C]On[D]Till[A]match[B]express[C]satisfy[D]influence[A]patience[B]enjoyment[C]surprise[D]concern[A]intensified[B]privileged[C]compelled[D]guaranteed[A]issued[B]received[C]compelled[D]guaranteed[A]under[B]at[C]for[D]by[A]forget[B]regret[C]finish[D]avoid[A]partially[B]regularly[C]easily[D]initially[A]Unless[B]Since[C]If[D]While[A]secondary[B]external[C]conclusive[D]negative[A]insufficient[B]bound[C]likely[D]slow[A]Onthebasisof[B]Atthecostof[C]Inadditionto[D]Incontrastto[A]interesting[B]advisable[C]urgent[D]fortunate[A]Asusual[B]Inparticular[C]Bydefinition[D]Afterall[A]resemblance[B]combination[C]connection[D]pattern[A]made[B]served[C]saved[D]used[A]Tobefair[B]Forinstance[C]Tobebrief[D]Ingeneral[A]reluctantly[B]entirely[C]gradually[D]carefully[A]promise[B]experience[C]campaign[D]competition[A]followup[B]pickup[C]openup[D]endupSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1AgroupoflabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,arebringinginthenewyearwithacalltoinstituteaUK“townofculture”award.Theproposalisthatitshouldsitalongsidetheexistingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldbyHullin2017andhasbeenawardedtoCoventryfor2021.CooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,whereitbroughtin£220mofinvestmentandanavalancheofarts,oughtnottobeconfinedtocities.Britain’stowns,itistrue,arenotpreventedfromapplying,buttheygenerallylacktheresourcestoputtogetherabidtobeattheirbiggercompetitors.Atownofcultureawardcould,itisargued,becomeanannualevent,attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisnolongerbeabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture,asought-afterawardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLiverpoolin2008.AcynicmightspeculatethattheUKisonthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld:aftertownofculture,whoknowswhatwillfollow—villageofculture?Suburbofculture?Hamletofculture?Itisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.Abadlyrun“yearofculture”washesinandoutofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominenceforaspellbutleavingnolastingbenefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotelbedroomsandbringinhigh-profileartseventsandgoodpressforayear.Theytransformtheaspirationsofthepeoplewholivethere;theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoabolderandmoreoptimisticlight.Itishardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkabledegreeofvision,aswellascooperationbetweencityauthorities,theprivatesector,communitygroupsandculturalorganisations.Butitcanbedone:Glasgow’syearasEuropeancapitalofculturecancertainlybeseenasoneofacomplexseriesoffactorsthathaveturnedthecityintothepowerhouseofart,musicandtheatrethatitremainstoday.A“townofculture”couldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabouthonouringatown’speculiarities—helpingsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocalfacilitiesandaboveallcelebratingitspeopleandturnitintoaction.21.Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethata“townofculture”awardcould______.[A]consolidatethetown-citytiesinBritain[B]promotecooperationamongBritain’stowns[C]increasetheeconomicstrengthofBritain’stowns[D]focusBritain’slimitedresourcesonculturalevents22.AccordingtoParagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeas______.[A]asensiblecompromise[B]aself-deceivingattempt[C]aneye-catchingbonus[D]aninaccessibletarget23.Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifit______.[A]endeavourstomaintainitsimage[B]meetstheaspirationofitspeople[C]bringsitslocalartstoprominence[D]commitstoitslong-termgrowth24.“Thoseprojects”(Para.4)referstotheonesthat______.[A]aimtoimproveculturalservices[B]havebeencarefullyinspected[C]areexpectedtobringlargeprofits[D]havewonnationalrecognition25.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheproposal?[A]Skeptical.[B]Objective.[C]Favourable.[D]Critical.Text2Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjournalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlytofindamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan£900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan£210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserangefromaround£500to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese“articlepreparationcosts”hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.26.Scientificpublishingisseenas“alicencetoprintmoney”partlybecause______.[A]itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease[B]itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful[C]itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced[D]itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing27.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierhave______.[A]thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries[B]gonethroughanexistentialcrisis[C]revivedthepublishingindustry[D]financedresearchersgenerously28.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?[A]Relieved.[B]Puzzled.[C]Concerned.[D]Encouraged.29.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessterms______.[A]allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney[B]renderpublishingmucheasierforscientists[C]reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially[D]freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens30.Whichofthefollowingcharacterisesthescientificpublishingmodel?[A]Trialsubscriptionisoffered.[B]Labourtriumphsoverstatus.[C]Costsarewellcontrolled.[D]Thefewfeedonthemany.Text3Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure“genderparity”onboardsandcommissions,provideacaseinpoint.HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-governmentboardsarelessthan40%female.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebillsbecomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside50%ofboardseatsforwomenby2022.ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifornia,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan“important”policyinterest.BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof“equalprotection”.Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepercentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butsowhat?Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithoutgovernmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2010and2015theshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54%.Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboardmembershipwillinevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.ThatisexactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategenderquota.WritinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuchboardshasledtoa“goldenskirt”phenomenon,wherethesameelitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdolittletohelpaveragewomen.31.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadwill______.[A]helplittletoreducegenderbias[B]poseathreattothestategovernment[C]raisewomen’spositioninpolitics[D]greatlybroadencareeroptions32.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniameasure?[A]Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.[B]ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt.[C]ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.[D]Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.33.TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoillustrate______.[A]theharmfromarbitraryboarddecision[B]theimportanceofconstitutionalguarantees[C]thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporations[D]theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions34.Norway’sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasledto______.[A]theunderestimationofelitewomen’srole[B]theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonboards[C]theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard[D]thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagement35.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?[A]Women’sneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.[B]Feasiblesolutionsshouldbefoundtocombatsexism.[C]Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.[D]Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.Text4LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservices.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa“GAFAtax,”meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon—inotherwords,multinationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUnitedStatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternationaltaxprovisions.ThesehaveincludedBritain’sDPT(divertedprofitstax),Australia’sMAAL(multinationalanti-avoidancelaw),andIndia’sSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdo