【《土壤重金属污染概况研究的国内外文献综述》2700字】

土壤重金属污染概况研究的国内外文献综述1.1重金属污染现状由于人类活动而产生的污染物进入土壤中，并积存到了一定水平超过其环境容量后，土壤的某些理化性质可能会发生变化，致使土壤质量恶化、自然功能失调等现象出现；这被称为土壤污染。土壤污染将对周围的环境和人类产生严重的威胁。其中的污染物质主要可以通过食物链、皮肤接触、呼吸道接触方式进入生物体内，对生命造成严重的影响。目前，全球大部分地区的土壤污染情况都不容小觑。在美国，大约有294000个污染地块包括由美国环境保护局监管的900万公顷受污染的土地以及1300多个国家重点清单场所预计需要在接下来的30年里进行修复ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Deyi</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>968</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[1]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>968</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">968</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Deyi</author><author>Hou</author><author>Peter</author><author>Guthrie</author><author>Mark</author><author>Rigby</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Assessingthetrendinsustainableremediation:Aquestionnairesurveyofremediationprofessionalsinvariouscountries</title><secondary-title>JournalofEnvironmentalManagement</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JEnvironManage</full-title><abbr-1>Journalofenvironmentalmanagement</abbr-1></periodical><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Deyi,2016#968"1]。在英国，据估计有30万公顷可能受到污染，包括781处已确定的“污染土地”和35处“特殊地点”ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Agency</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>969</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[2]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>969</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">969</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Agency,Environment</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>DealingwithcontaminatedlandinEnglandandWales,Areviewofprogressfrom2000-2007withPart2AoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAct</title><secondary-title>WorkshopInterdisciplinaireSurLaSécuritéGlobaleTroyesJanvier</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>WorkshopInterdisciplinaireSurLaSécuritéGlobaleTroyesJanvier</full-title></periodical><dates><year>2009</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Agency,2009#969"2]。2014年4月环境保护部和国土资源部联合发布的《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><CiteExcludeAuth="1"ExcludeYear="1"><RecNum>970</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[3]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>970</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">970</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><3全国土壤污染状况调查公报_.pdf></title></titles><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o",#970"3]披露：第一，全国范围（实际调查面积约630万平方公里）内土壤总超标率超过16%；其中重度污染点位占比达到1.1%。第二，无机污染物超标数量占污染类型总数的82.8%，Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的超标率分别达到了2.1%、1.5%、0.9%、7.0%。显然，我国复合重金属污染土壤情况是普遍且严峻的。1.2重金属污染来源土壤是污染物最后的归属，所以富集在其中的重金属来源非常广泛，主要有自然来源和人为来源。自然来源有岩石风化、火山喷发、重金属自然富集、生物残体等。重点介绍人为来源。首先，工业生产过程中产生的含重金属元素的废水废气废渣的不达标排放会引起污染，这些污染物排入环境之后，由于无法自身降解，最终都来到了土壤当中。随着工业产业布局的调整，许多工业企业，如有色金属冶炼厂、金属加工制造厂、电镀工业、电子厂、钢铁厂等被大量关停或搬迁。废弃的工业场地遗留废物不适当的处理方法和意外泄漏，导致了大量的重金属污染场地。矿区及其周边土壤本身本底值高，加上开采后可能没有进行生态保护，也加重了土壤污染状况。比如：矿山开采、镀锌制造以及造纸会造成Zn污染；采矿作业以及钢铁生产会带来Cu的排放；其次，一些农业生产也会造成土壤重金属污染。一些缺水地区采用含金属的废水进行污水灌溉，这是我国农田土壤受到重金属污染的主要原因ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>侯愷</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>971</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[4]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>971</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">971</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>侯愷</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>污染土壤修复技术综述</title><secondary-title>江西化工</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>江西化工</full-title></periodical><pages>26-29</pages><volume>000</volume><number>004</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"侯愷,2019#971"4]；固体废物农用、未及时回收塑料薄膜、过量的施用化肥和农药、现代化养殖等也会造成或加剧土壤重金属污染ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>张书海</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>972</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[5]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>972</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">972</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>张书海</author><author>沈跃文</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>污灌区重金属污染对土壤的危害</title><secondary-title>环境监测管理与技术</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>环境监测管理与技术</full-title></periodical><pages>22-24</pages><number>2</number><dates><year>2000</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"张书海,2000#972"5]。此外，人类日常生活中交通工具排出的含铅废气、生活垃圾的非法处理等也会造成土壤污染。与此同时，许多重金属污染来源有重合部分，复合重金属土壤污染是无法规避的。其中，废弃矿山是土壤重金属复合污染的典型实例，多数矿山土壤并不是单一重金属污染，而是同时存在锌铜铅镉铬汞等多种污染元素。同样地，绝对单独种类的重金属污染土壤的情形接近于不存在，重金属元素在环境介质中是同时存在的。重金属污染土壤的情况基本都属于复合重金属污染。1.3重金属污染危害重金属进入土壤后不易被发现，不易被分解、在土壤中很难被去除，长期地普遍地存在于土壤中。工业场地中过量的重金属离子会减弱土壤颗粒间的作用力，导致土壤力学性能下降和地基土体强度降低，使原地基土工程特性出现退化甚至破坏失稳，给后续工程带来安全隐患ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Du</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>974</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[6,7]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>974</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">974</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Du,YanJun</author><author>Wei,MingLi</author><author>Reddy,KrishnaR.</author><author>Jin,Fei</author><author>Wu,HaoLiang</author><author>Liu,ZhiBin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Newphosphate-basedbinderforstabilizationofsoilscontaminatedwithheavymetals:Leaching,strengthandmicrostructurecharacterization</title><secondary-title>JournalofEnvironmentalManagement</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JEnvironManage</full-title><abbr-1>Journalofenvironmentalmanagement</abbr-1></periodical><pages>179-188</pages><volume>146</volume><number>dec.15</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>魏延超</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>975</RecNum><record><rec-number>975</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">975</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>魏延超</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>石俊仙,</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>土壤重金属镍锡铅复合污染修复剂的研制</title></titles><keywords><keyword>沸石及4A沸石</keyword><keyword>水稻秸秆生物炭</keyword><keyword>无侧限抗压强度</keyword><keyword>浸出浓度</keyword><keyword>冻融循环</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2020</year></dates><publisher>内蒙古大学</publisher><work-type>硕士</work-type><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Du,2014#974"6,\o"魏延超,2020#975"7]。当农田重金属达到一定浓度时，土壤活度会降低，农作物的生长发育会被抑制，致使作物减产甚至歉收。对于微生物而言，重金属的存在可以抑制广泛的微生物过程，包括甲烷代谢、生长、氮和硫的转化、脱卤和再循环等等。金属通过不同的机制对微生物产生毒性作用，包括用有毒金属离子替代酶中生理必需的阳离子、使酶无功能、氧化应激对微生物的影响ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><CiteExcludeAuth="1"><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>977</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[8]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>977</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">977</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title>Impactsofheavymetalson1,2-dichloroethanebiodegradationinco-contaminatedsoil</title><secondary-title>JEnviron</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JEnviron</full-title></periodical><pages>661-666</pages><number>5</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o",2009#977"8]。对于植物而言，重金属会影响种子萌发、影响光合作用呼吸作用等生理生化过程、引起作物产量降低等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>程旺大</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>978</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[9]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>978</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">978</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>程旺大</author><author>姚海根</author><author>张国平</author><author>汤美玲</author><author>Dominy,Peter</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>镉胁迫对水稻生长和营养代谢的影响</title><secondary-title>中国农业科学</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>中国农业科学</full-title></periodical><volume>38</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"程旺大,2005#978"9]。大多数动物受到来自重金属的危害主要是通过食物链，其次也会通过呼吸道、皮肤等接触到重金属；然后通过生物放大作用产生更大危害。而当它们进入生物体之后（对人类的研究最多，以人类为代表进行说明），会富集在人体内，难以排出。过量时会对肾脏、骨骼、神经系统、肝脏和大脑等造成严重损害，甚至造成死亡ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>杨兆雪</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>979</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[10]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>979</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">979</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>杨兆雪</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>梁婕,</author><author>汤琳,</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>生物炭和堆肥联合修复洞庭湖重金属污染湿地土壤研究</title></titles><keywords><keyword>湿地土壤</keyword><keyword>生物炭和堆肥联合</keyword><keyword>重金属</keyword><keyword>可利用性</keyword><keyword>形态分布</keyword><keyword>吸附-解吸</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year></dates><publisher>湖南大学</publisher><work-type>硕士</work-type><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"杨兆雪,2018#979"10]。主要重金属对人体健康的影响见表1.1。表1.1重金属对人体健康的影响Table1.1Effectsofheavymetalsonhumanhealth重金属危害性参考文献Cd对肾、肺、骨骼、心脑血管等造成一系列损伤，还可干扰微量元素的吸收代谢、抑制血红蛋白的合成。ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>黄芸</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>1078</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1078</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">1078</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>黄芸</author><author>袁洪</author><author>黄志军</author><author>陆瑶</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>中南大学湘雅三医院;中南大学环境与健康研究所;</auth-address><titles><title>环境重金属暴露对人群健康危害研究进展</title><secondary-title>中国公共卫生</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>中国公共卫生</full-title></periodical><pages>1113-1116</pages><volume>32</volume><number>08</number><keywords><keyword>重金属</keyword><keyword>镉</keyword><keyword>铅</keyword><keyword>健康危害</keyword><keyword>生物标志物</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>1001-0580</isbn><call-num>21-1234/R</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"黄芸,2016#1078"11]Hg造成神经系统紊乱(记忆力、感觉功能、协调能力)，肺、肾、肝等部分发生病变。ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Ralston</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1080</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[12]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1080</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">1080</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ralston,NicholasV.C.</author><author>Raymond,LauraJ.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Mercury'sneurotoxicityischaracterizedbyitsdisruptionofseleniumbiochemistry</title><secondary-title>BiochimicaEtBiophysicaActa</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BiochimBiophysActa</full-title><abbr-1>Biochimicaetbiophysicaacta</abbr-1></periodical><pages>S0304416518301417</pages><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Ralston,2018#1080"12]As（化合物）可致皮肤癌或膀胱、肾、肝和肺肿瘤ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>刘丹丹</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1079</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1079</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">1079</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>刘丹丹</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>刘菲,</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>重金属复合污染土壤原位化学稳定化研究</title></titles><keywords><keyword>复合重金属污染</keyword><keyword>稳定化</keyword><keyword>形态</keyword><keyword>TCLP</keyword><keyword>连续提取</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year></dates><publisher>中国地质大学（北京）</publisher><work-type>硕士</work-type><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"刘丹丹,2010#1079"13]Pb引起神经系统紊乱，肝肾紊乱，生育能力下降ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Sall</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>1077</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[14]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1077</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">1077</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sall,M.L.</author><author>Diaw,Akd</author><author>Gningue-Sall,D.</author><author>Aaron,S.E.</author><author>Aaron,J.J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toxicheavymetals:impactontheenvironmentandhumanhealth,andtreatmentwithconductingorganicpolymers,areview</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalScienceandPollutionResearch</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalScienceandPollutionResearch</full-title></periodical><volume>27</volume><number>13</number><dates><year>2020</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Sall,2020#1077"14]ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Sall</Author><Year>2020</Year><RecNum>1077</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[14]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1077</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">1077</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Sall,M.L.</author><author>Diaw,Akd</author><author>Gningue-Sall,D.</author><author>Aaron,S.E.</author><author>Aaron,J.J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toxicheavymetals:impactontheenvironmentandhumanhealth,andtreatmentwithconductingorganicpolymers,areview</title><secondary-title>EnvironmentalScienceandPollutionResearch</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>EnvironmentalScienceandPollutionResearch</full-title></periodical><volume>27</volume><number>13</number><dates><year>2020</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Sall,2020#1077"14]Cr引发皮肤病，呼吸系统癌症ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>刘静</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1076</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[15]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1076</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">1076</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>刘静</author><author>李树先</author><author>朱江</author><author>李筑江</author><author>王萍</author><author>吴柟狄</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>贵州省农业资源环境管理站;贵州产业技术发展研究院;</auth-address><titles><title>浅谈几种重金属元素对人体的危害及其预防措施</title><secondary-title>中国资源综合利用</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>中国资源综合利用</full-title></periodical><pages>182-184</pages><volume>36</volume><number>03</number><keywords><keyword>重金属</keyword><keyword>危害</keyword><keyword>预防</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2018</year></dates><isbn>1008-9500</isbn><call-num>32-1332/TG</call-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"刘静,2018#1076"15]Cu（过量）影响生殖系统功能、损伤肝、肺ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>倪吾钟</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>1081</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1081</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">1081</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>倪吾钟</author><author>马海燕</author><author>余慎</author><author>何积秀</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>土壤-植物系统的铜污染及其生态健康效应</title><secondary-title>广东微量元素科学</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>广东微量元素科学</full-title></periodical><pages>1-5</pages><volume>010</volume><number>001</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"倪吾钟,2003#1081"16]Ni呼吸系统疾病，先天畸形，癌症ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Das</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>1083</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1083</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">1083</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Das,KusalK.</author><author>Reddy,R.Chandramouli</author><author>Bagoji,IshwarB.</author><author>Das,Swastika</author><author>Bagali,Shrilaxmi</author><author>Mullur,Lata</author><author>Khodnapur,JyotiP.</author><author>Biradar,M.S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Primaryconceptofnickeltoxicity–anoverview</title><secondary-title>JournalofBasicandClinicalPhysiologyandPharmacology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofBasicandClinicalPhysiologyandPharmacology</full-title></periodical><volume>30</volume><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"Das,2018#1083"17]Zn（过量）降低免疫功能，抑制生长发育ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>杨秀敏</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>1082</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[18]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>1082</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="e20v2xtvvvr5vle2dvkvpvsnwr0we9vvfe0s">1082</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>杨秀敏</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>胡振琪,</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>重金属复合污染土壤的粘土矿物与生物综合修复技术研究</title></titles><keywords><keyword>粘土矿物</keyword><keyword>菌根</keyword><keyword>重金属</keyword><keyword>超累积植物</keyword><keyword>污染土壤</keyword><keyword>原位修复</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year></dates><publisher>中国矿业大学（北京）</publisher><work-type>博士</work-type><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>Cnki</remote-database-provider></record></Cite></EndNote>[\o"杨秀敏,2009#1082"18]参考文献[1] 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