英语语法专题复习讲义

英语语法专题复习讲义

一、名词

【要点点拨】

可数名词的复数构成规则：

1.规则变化:加・s,・es;辅音字母加y结尾的去y加ies;把f/fe变成ves;

（1）keysthreeHenrys;stomachs;safes;beliefs;proofs;roofs;gulfs;chiefs;heroes;potatoes;

tomatoes;Negroes;dingoes

（2）缩写，数字，字母等在后面加s或's都可，如：someVIPs（VIP's）;inhis50s/50's;inthe1990s

/19905s;Therearetwot'sintheword"letter”.

2.不规则变化：

（1）menchildrenfeet,teeth,geese,mice;oxen等；

（2）单复数形式相同:sheep;deer;fish;means;works（工厂）；Chinese;Japanese;Swiss;（teas,

fruits,fishes,metals等表示种类）；

（3）只有复数形式:trousers,glasses（眼镜）;remains（遗体/物）;clothes;ashes;contents（目录）；goods;

customs（海关）;arms（武器）；

（4）复合名词的复数形式:shoeshops;lookers-on;grown-ups;passers-by;daughters-in-law

（5）表示某国人的复数形式:A:单复一样［Chinese/J叩anese）B:把man变成men:Englishmen;

Frenchmen;C:其它加s（包括Germans,humans）

一、不可数名词

1.量的表示：用some/alittle/much等表示数量的词（组）及单位名词（量词），用得较多

的有piece,article,bottle,head,loaf,bar等：apieceofadvice/bread/news/information/

equipment/chalk/cloth/clothing/music/work/furniture/paper/wood/baggage;aloafof

bread;abarofchocolatetwoheadofcattle

2.不可数名词具体化：Thesegamesaregreatsuccesses;Thepartywasagreatsuccess.

二、名词的所有格：

1.表示有生命的名词后加飞，如一样东西为几人共有，则在最后一个名词后加切Jackand

Tom,sroom（两人共有的房间）；Jack'sandTom'srooms（两人各自的房间）；表示无生命的名

词的所有格用of表示：Ihewindowsoftheroom;

（但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加's:China飞industry;

today'spaper;tenminutes,walk）

2.表示“某人家里”“某店铺”等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词：atmyaunfs（house）;atthe

doctor's（office）;gotothechemist's（shop）;

3.双重所有格：a/an/this/that/these/those/some/any/afew/no/every/several/such/

another/which等+名词+of+..…0名词性物主代词（表示“部分”的概念或表示某种感情色

彩，如：赞赏、讨厌等）；

比较：

rafriendofhermother^她母亲的一个朋友（强调她母亲的朋友中的一位，为双重所有格）

friendofhermother她母亲的朋友（强调两人间的关系，为of所有格）

rapictureofhisbrother's（他弟弟的所拥有的照片中的一张，照片上不一定是他本人）

pictureofhisbrother（他弟弟本人的一张照片，照片上就是他本人）

三、名词作定语修饰名词：前一个名词表示后一个名词的特点、性质及用途；

（1）一般前面的名词用单数形式，复数加在后面主体名词上：shoeshop（s）;storybook（s）;coffee

cup(s);physicsteacher(s);个别名词修饰另外一个名词用复数形式：salesmanager;sportsmeet;

由man/woman与另一个名词构成复合名词两者都变复数：men/womendoctors;

(2)比较名词作定语及形容词作定语的不同意义：

adustbag(abagfordust)装灰尘的袋子/adustybag布满灰尘的袋子achemicalchange化

学变化(具有化学性质的变化)/achemistryteacher(ateacherofchemistry)一个化学老师

agoldwatch一只金表(表材质)/agoldenwatch一只金黄色的表

五.英语中''很多”的表达：

〃只修饰可数名词:quiteafew/agreatmany(of)/many/a(large/small)numberof

《只修饰不可数名词：agreatdealof/agreatamountof(greatamountsof)

J既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词:plentyof/alotof(lotsof)/a(large)quantityof/large

quantitiesof

【各个击破】

1.Noregularadvertiserdareproduceanythingthatfailstosticktotheofhisadvertisement.

A.standardB.levelC.messageD.promise

2.Whatdoyouthinkofhiscomposition?

------Muchbetter,butthere?sstillsomeforimprovement.

A.spaceB.roomC.areaD.place

3.Sometimesdoctorsmakehigherfortheirworkthantheyshould.

A.billsB.chargesC.costsD.prices

4.Theofabigsnakemadeherfrightened,soshesattherestill.

A.sightB.lookC.viewD.scene

5.Noshefellill,consideringthatshehadbeenoverworkingforyears.

A.problemB.wayC.wonderD.matter

6.Howisitthatyoulostyourway?

------WhenIcametothecrossroads,Iwentthewrong.

A.wayB.directionC.distanceD.path

7.LittleTomaskedmeforsmallforhis,soIgavehim.

A.change;tenpennies;tenpenceB.changes;tenpennies;tenpence

C.change;tenpence;tenpenniesD.changes;tenpence;tenpennies

8.Willyoupleasetellmeyouaretalkingabout?

A.whichZhangYimou'sfilmB.whichfilmofZhangYimou

C.whichfilmofZhangYimou5sD.zhangYimou'swhichfilm

9.Thebabybrokeawhichismadeofjustnow.

A.teacup;glassB.cupoftea;glassC.tea'scup;glassesD.teacup;glasses

10.Look,Motherhasjustboughtthreeand.

A.fruit;lotsofvegetablesB.fruits;anumberofvegetables

C.fruit;agreatmanyofthevegetablesD.fruits;agreatamountofvegetables

11.Ifyougetthejobyou'llhavetomakebusinesseverynowandthen.

A.journeysB.tripsC.travelsD.voyages

12.1listenedtohislectureaboutbiologybutImissedthekey.

A.messagesB.senseC.notesD.points

13.Heisalwaysfullofasthoughheneverknewtiredness.

A.strengthB.forceC.powerD.energy

14.Therehasbeenagreatinthenumberofcarsinourcityinthepastfiveyears.

A.increaseB.improvementC.resultD.effect

15.1don'tthinkit'smythattheTVdoesn'twork.Ijustturneditoff.

A.mistakeB.faultC.dutyD.error

16.What'stheofthispairofshoes?

------500yuan.

------Oh,it'sreallytooexpensive.

-------Butit'scomfortable,soIthinkit'sgoodformoney.

A.cost;valueB.price;valueC.price;costD.cost;price

17.Howdidyouliketheoftheinterpreter（口译员）attheconferenceonTV?

A.performanceB.achievementC.materialD.words

18.Sheisnotingoodforsuchheavywork.

A.stateB.conditionC.positionD.situation

19.It'sbadforamantosmokeinpublicplaceswheresmokingisnotallowed.

A.mannersB.actionC.movementD.manner

20.Johnsonisanhonestbusinessman.Ourcompanyandhishashadalotofinthepast

fewyears.

A.agreementsB.salesC.dealsD.bargains

主谓一致

【要点点拨】

英语句子中谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数取得一致，这就叫做主谓一致。解决

主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。

1：eitherneithereachonetheotheranotheranybodyanyoneanythingsomebodysomeone

somethingeverythingeverybodyeveryonenoonenothingnobody做主语时，谓语一般用单

数。

Neitherofthetwosentencesiscorrect

Everythingaroundusismatter

（注意:noneneither,alia”作主语时，谓语可用单数，也可用复数，具体取决于说话人的意

思。）

Noneofthemowns/ownacar

Neitheroftheboysare/isinterestedingeography.

Allarehere.Andallthatcanbedonehasbeendone.

2：表示“时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积”等度量的名词做主语时，谓语用

单数。

Fiveminutesisenough

Fourhundredfrancsisalotofmoney

3：each...andeach・・・,every...andeveryno...andnomanya...andmanya,••等结构由于

强调个体行为，因此谓语动词使用单数。

EachboyandeachgirlhasgotanewEnglish-Chinesedictionary.

Nosoundandnovoiceisheardforalongtime.

4：从句、不定式、动名词或短语作主语时谓语动词使用单数形式。

Tosaysomethingisonethingtodoitisanother（tosaysomethingtodo是不定式）

“Howdoyoudo?”isnotaquestionbutagreeting（Howdoyoudo?是句子，作主语）

（注意：what引导主语从句时应注意其所指的具体内容来确定谓语的单复数。）

Whatweneedismoretimewhilewhattheyneedaremoredoctorsandmedicines.

5：oneandahalf后面带名词的复数，谓语动词常用单数。

Oneandhalfbananasisleftonthetable

6：用and连接的两个名词表示单一概念时谓语动词使用单数。

TheheadmasterandPartysecretaryisgoingabroadnextmonth.

Breadandbutterismyusualbreakfast.

7：有些名词呈复数形式，但并不表示复数概念。

Thenewsisdisappointingthatachemicalworksistobebuiltinthewestofthecity.

8：名词由and或both…and连接主语时，谓语动词使用复数形式。

Bothcoffeeandbeerareonsaleintheshop

9：peoplepublicpolicecattle做主语时，谓语动词习惯上使用复数。

Thepolicehavecaughtthemurderer.Andpeoplearetalkingaboutthenews.

考点10：表示成双、成套的名词作主语时，谓语动词使用复数。

Yourtrousersaretoolong,buttheseshoesfityouquitewell.

但有apairof连接时，谓语动词使用单数。

Apairofglovesisanicepresentforher.

11:不可装名词作主语，但前面有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数。

Threemilliontonsofoilareexploitedeveryyearintheoilfield.

12:在oreither--or•…neither•一nor-notonly••-butalso-not-but•一therebe等结

构中，采取就近原则，即谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近的主语的单复数。

Eithertheteacherorthestudentsaretoblame.

Notonlythestudentsbutalsotheirteacherisenjoyingthefilm.

考点13:下列结构用于引起一个附加的成分，谓语动词的形式应不受附加成分的影响而于

前面的主语取得一致：aswellasratherthanlikeexceptbesideswithalongwithincluding

such-as…;

NoonebutJackandMaryknowsaboutit.

Iaswellastheyamreadytohelpyou.

考点14：someofplentyofalotofmostoftherestofall(of)half(of);分数或百分之十of+名

词做主语时，以名词的单复数为准。

Alotofstudentsarewaitingoutside.Andlotsofthetimehasbeenwasted.

Morethan70%oftheearth'ssurfaceiscoveredbywater.

Tenpercentoftheapplesarebad.

Therestofthestoryneedsnotelling.

Hestayedathomeandtherestoftheboyswereoutatplay.

15：由akindofthiskindofmanykindsof和名词+ofthiskind等以及与kind意思相近的

typesort等构成的类似的短语做主语时，谓语动词与of前的名词取得一致。

ThiskindofapplesellswellinChina.

Applesofthiskindarehighlypriced.

16：morethan开头的句子，看其后面的名词。

Morethanoneansweriswrittenontheblackboard.

Morethantwohundredsoldierswerekilledinthebattle.

17:定语从句中谓语动词的形式与先行词一致，但oneof+复数名词+who/that引导的定

语从句的谓语动词的形式看one的前面是否有the(only)等修饰语，有为单数，无为复数。

Thisisoneofthebestbooksthathaveappearedthisyear.

Sheistheonlyoneofthosewomenwhodoesn'tknowathingaboutknitting(编织)

18:population;companyclassteamfamilygroupnationworldgovernment等词做主语时，

如果强调整体，谓语动词使用单数；如果强调组成成员，谓语动词使用复数。

Ourfamilyhasareunioneveryyear.

Hisfamilyarewaitingforhim.

19:the+形容词，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数;若指单数，则用单数谓语动词。

Thericharefortheplanbutthepoorareagainstit

Thetrueistobedistinguishedfromthefalse.

真实应与假相区别。（thetrue/thefalse表单数概念）

20：anumberof+复数名词结构应用复数动词。thenumberof+复数名词结构应用单数

动词。如：

Anumberofpeoplewerekilledandinjuredintheexplosion.

Thenumberofpeoplewhowerekilledinthetsunami（海啸）hasgrownto160,000.

注：“manya+单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

【各个击破】

1.------HaveyouheardthatTianLiang,alongwithhisparents,toCanada?

------Really?NowonderIhaven'tseenhimthesedays.

A.hasbeenB.hasgoneC.havebeenD.havegone

2.Overthree-quarterofthecitydestroyedintheIraqWar

A.isB.areC.wereD.was

3.Thiskindofstoriesinstructivewhilestoriesofthatkindharmfulto

children

A.isseemsB.areseemC.isseemD.areseems

4.Everybodyinourhometownmenandwomenyoungandoldsportsandgames

A.arefondofB.joinsC.enjoysD.goinfor

5.TheWhites'familywhichratheralargeoneveryfondoftheirhouse

A.werewereB.waswereC.were;wasD.waswas

6.NothissonbuthistwodaughterstoCanadanevertobeseenagain

A.hasgoneB.havegoneC.hasbeenD.havebeen

7.Whentheinjuredtothehospital,theycameto.

A.wasrushedlifeB.wererushedlifeC.rushedlivesD.wererushedlives

8.Despitemuchresearchtherearestillcertainelementsinthelifecycleoftheinsectthat

notfullyunderstood

A.areB.wereC.isD.was

9.visitorstoHongKongwereaskedbynewspaperreporterswhattheirimpressionsof

thepeoplewere.

A.ThenumberofB.AnumbersofC.NumbersofD.Anynumbersof

10.Thoughsmalltheantisasmuchasacreatureasallotheranimalsonearth

A.areB.isC.doD.have

11.Betweenthetworowsoftreestheteachingbuilding

A.haveB.hasC.standsD.are

12.Everypossiblemeanstriedbutwithoutmuchresult

A.havebeenB.hadC.hasD.hasbeen

13.TherestofthestorynotellingHalfofthestudentsnointerestinit

A.needhasB.needshaveC.needshasD.needhave

14.JohnandMary,_suretocometoourpartythisevening.

A.beB.areC.isD.tobe

15.ThisistheonlyoneofthebooksonthesubjecteverbeenwritteninEnglish

A.thathasB.whichhaveC.thathaveD.whichis

16.Everyboyandeverygirlaswellassometeacherswhotovisitthemuseumaskedto

beattheschoolgatebefore6:30inthemorning.

A.are,areB.isisC.are,isD.isare

17.AgreatmanypeoplepresentatthemeetingButmanyamanlateforthe

meetingbecauseofthetrafficjam

A.are;areB.is;isC.were;wasD.wasare

18.Heistheonlyoneofthechildrenwhooftenillofothersbehindtheirbacks

A.havespokenB.werespeakingC.speaksD.speak

19.It'sIwhotheChristmasgifttoyou

A.hassentB.havesentC.isgoingtofetchD.aregoingtofetch

20.Whatwereyourproblemsayearagominenow

A.hasbecomeB.havebecomeC.becomesD.became

二、介词

【要点点拨】

复习时要把握三点：

A.要注意理解情景意义：同一介词可表达多种意义，同一场合意义不同则介词不同。

Hehasn'tcomeforamonth（for持续时间）

ThedayiswarmforApril（for就...而言）

B.要突破几个关键介词inonatwithbyfromoftofor

1表示时间的：at;inonsincefromtoafterwithinduringthroughouttowardsoverbytill

2表示穿越的:throughacrossover

3.表示地理位置的：inon;to

4.表示原因、目的的：forwithfrom

5.表示关于的:aboulconcerningregardingwithregardtoasforasto

6.表示根据：onaccordingto

7.inthecorneronthecorneratthecorner的区别

8.between和among

9.besidesexceptbutexceptfor

10.in和with

C.要注意介词搭配，集中归纳，反复练习。

1.固定与to构成搭配的名词：keyanswervisitapologyintroductionnoteetc.

2.与on有关的：mercycongratulations

3.与at有关的：angrygoodbadcleverterrifiedsurprised

4.与of有关的：afraidsurefulltiredfondproudworthycertain

5.与with有关的：angrystrictcarefulbusypoplar

6.与to有关的：next,goodpolitekindcruelrudeknownanxiousmarriedclosenearsimilar,due

7.与for有关的：sorrygoodfreefitunfiteager,anxioushungry

8.与from有关的：fardifferentfree,safeabsenttired

【各个击破】

1.―Whatdoyouwantthoseoldboxes?

-ToputthingsinwhenImovetothenewflat

A.byB.forC.ofD.with

2.Luckilythebulletnarrowlymissedthecaptainaninch

A.byB.atC.toD.from

3.Thetrainleavesat6:00pm,soIhavetobeatthestation5:30pm.

A.untilB.afterC.byD.around

4.ThelittleboywasquitealoneintheworldanauntintheUnitedStates

A.exceptforB.exceptC.besidesD.exceptthat

5.hisgreatsurprisehisshopwasrobbedcomputers

A.ToofB.ForofC.FromwithD.Towith

6.Weofferedhimourcongratulationshispassingthedrivingtest

A.atB.forC.ofD.on

7.Einstein'sspecialtheoryofrelativityisquiteme

A.forB.beyondC.toD.against

8.Howmuchdidyoupaytheticketstonight'sNewYearConcert?

A.for;forB.fortoC.forofD.tofor

9.Hehasbeencaughttherainandiswetskin

A.bytoB.intoC.inthroughD.within

10.iHowlonghaveyoubeenlikethis?

--lastFriday

A.FromB.SinceC.InD.After

11.Besidesbeingabletowalkonforthreedayswithoutdrinkingcamelscanalsoliveforalong

timesmallquantitiesoffood

A.withB.onC.byD.without

12.I'msorryit'smypowertomakeafinaldecisionontheproject

A.overB.aboveC.offD.beyond

13.---Didyoulosethematch?

-Yeswelostthematchonegoal

A.byB.atC.withD.only

14.Thestudyyouhavebeenmakingthelivingthingsintheoceanisaninstructivejob

A.toB.forC.ofD.from

15.1feltitratherdifficulttotakeastandtheopinionofthemajority

A.toB.byC.inD.against

16.---Yourdaughteristallenoughherage.

-Yes.IwasmuchwhenIwasherage.

A.fortallerB.attallerC.atshorterD.forshorter

17.—Whenwillthegamebegin?

-Itwillbeginlaterthanusualtenminutes

A.inB.onC.byD.at

18.■■-Isyourgrandmastillwithyou?

NoShestillpreferstoliveinthecountrysideallitsdisadvantages

A.forB.exceptC.withD.to

19.LefskeepintouchYoucanreachmethisnumber

A.atB.onC.fromD.in

20.…MissLiJackisillsohecan'tcometoschool

-Thenwe'llbeginourclass_him

A.exceptforB.apartfromC.exceptD.without

21.--It'ssonoisyupstairsPeterbettergoandseewhattheyhavebeenup.

—OK

A.toB.inC.withD.for

22.---What'syourfavoritesport?

-JoggingIruntherivereverymorning

A.aroundB.onC.alongD.in

23.runninglearningEnglishneedswill

A.AswithB.AstoC.AsforD.Asif

24.leftbeforethedeadlineitdoesn'tseemlikelythathewillfinishthejob

A.ThoughsuchashorttimeB.Becausesuchashorttime

C.WithsuchashorttimeD.Assuchashorttime

25.Heremindedmethetimethemeeting

A.atatBof;ofC.ininD.atin

26.Thesunwillriseaboutaquarterofanhour

A.onB.inC.afterD.at

27.LiuXiang'sparentswereoverjoyedandbursttearsthenewsoftheirson's

victoryintheOlympicGames

A.intoatB.outforC.forthonD.toafter

28.Hellenusedtobeashygirlbutshehasgrownitnow.

A.withoutB.overC.awayD.outof

29.ThisistheAudicarshecamehere

A.bywhichB.bythatC.inwhichD.withwhich

30.Myhouseisastone'sthrowfromschoolsoIoftengotoschoolfoot

A.withinonB.tobyC.ononD.ofwith

31.Wewentonapicnictheheavyrain

A.althoughB.inspiteofC.becauseofD.fbr

32.---CanIborrowsomemoneyfromyou?

一You'realreadyindebtmefbrsixtydollars

A.toB.forC.fromD.by

33.Hisbest-knownworkthatisallpraisecanbeseeninthemuseum

A.withoutB.beyondC.withD.within

34.HelikeshiscoffeewithsugarIlikemine.

A.notB.ofnoC.noneD.without

35.Withoutathoroughgraspbiologyastudentcannothopetostudymedicine

A.inB.forC.ofD.with

36.Wedecidedtoclimbthemountainbutsecondthoughtrealizedthatitwastoo

dangerous

A.afterB.onC.inD.at

37.success1don'tmeanwhatisusuallythoughtofwhenthatwordisused

A.InB.ByC.WithD.For

38.Mr.Smithapologizedthechildrentheladywhattheyhad

done

A.fortotoB.fortoforC.totoforD.toforfor

39.WeliveasmallriverthatflowstheThames

A.inintoB.onintoC.atontoD.in;onto

40.curiosity1wenttothecustomerservicecounterandaskedwhy

A.BeyondB.BesidesC.ApartfromD.Outof

41.Mr.Johnsongoestoworkveryearlyinthemorningandgoesonworkinguntillateinthe

afternoonabreakatmidday

A.withB.forC.asD.through

42.Themannedspacecraft"ShenhouV",Chinagreetsthe21stcenturymarksnew

progressinthecentury'sspaceprogram.

A.forwhichB.fromwhichC.inwhichD.withwhich

43.Hemighthavebeenkilledthearrivalofthepolice

A.exceptforB.apartfromC.butforD.inspiteof

44.Isn'trudehimtotalktohismotherlikethat?

A.thatforB.thatofC.itforD.itof

45.Theoryisbasedonpracticeandturnservespractice

A.onB.inC.byD.at

三、代词

【要点点拨】

1、在定语从句中，当先行词是代词he/she/those/anyone等时，从句的引导词指人时用

who,指物时用thato

e.g.Thosewhoknowtheanswercangoonwiththeotherexercises.

HewhodoesnotreachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.

Anythingthatbenefitsthepeoplewillbeaccepted.

2、all(both,every,each).......not=notall(both,every,each)构成部分否定,他们的全部否定

分另U是：none,neither,noone(nothing)

e.g.Notallthestudentscouldunderstandhisexplanation.

Eachchildcannotgotoschoolinthemountainvillage.

3、含有else的所有格有以下几种表示法：somebodyelseXanybodyelse^,nobodyelse,swho

else's=whoseelse

4、定代词作主语，代词可用：it(指物)、he(指人)、they(指人、物)

e.g.Everyoneknowshowtodoit,doesn'the/don'tthey?

4、all作主语时的数：代替可数名词，是复数；代替不可数名词，是单数；作“所…的一切”

解释时，不可数，动词用单数。

5、身代词：byoneself:亲自、独自、自动地；ofoneself:自动地；beoneself:身体好help

oneself(to...):自助、自己拿.；initself:本质上、就其本身而言。

e.g.Themanistoooldtolivebyhimself./Thedoorclosedofitself.

I'mnotquitemyselftoday./Thequestioninitselfisnotverydifficult.

6.用人称代词简略回答时，要用人称代词的宾格。

e.g.——Whoisknockingatthedoor?——Me,Tom.

MetoplayPingpongwithhim?

7.Therest^Theremainder作主语时,谓语动词取决于它们所替代的名词。

e.g.Ihavereadhalfofthebook.Therestistobefinishedinaweek.

Severalpeopleweresaved,buttheremainderwerestillinsidetheburninghouse.

区别以下几组词：

1、none,nothing,noone(nobody)

none：(指三个以上之中)没有任何(人、物)，常用来否定回答以Howmany/Howmuch...?

引起的疑问句。可以后接介词短语of…；作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可以用复数。

e.g.——Howmanysheepdidyouseeonthehill?——None.

----Pleasegivemesomeink.-■•一Sorry,thereisnone(noink)left.

Noneofthestudentscouldanswerthequestion,whichmadetheteacherdisappointed

nothing：(视为单数)没什么,无事

e.g.Afterthefire,nothingwasleftonthehills.

Nothingdidhesayandhewenthomesilently.

noone=nobody：没有一个人，只能指人，是单数,常用来否定回答Who…?的疑问句，后

面不可接of介词短语。

e.g.——Whobrokethewindow?——Noone.Itbrokeofitself.

2^it/they,one/ones,theone/theonesthat/those

it/they：用来指前面所提及的名词本身，起替代作用，避免重复；

e.g.Heboughtapen.Itcosthim50yuan./Hehastwobrothers.Theyarebothworkers.

one/ones：用来指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个，是泛指；还可以泛指人。

e.g.——Doyouhaveacamera?——No,butmyfatherhasone.

Achairmadeofironisusuallyheavierthanonemadeofwood.

Onecannotbetoocarefulwhencrossingtheroad.

theone/theones：用来特指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个。

e.g.-——I'mlookingfbrapen.--Howdoyouliketheoneinthebox?

——Whoaretheboys?——Youmeantheonesplayingbasketball?

that/those："that”用来替代前面出现过的可数名词单数=theone或不可数名词，以避

免重复；“those”用来替代前面出现过的可数名词复数=theones,以避免

重复。

e.g.Thepriceofapenisoftenhigherthanthatofapencil.

TheweatherinBeijingiscolderthanthatinShanghai.

ThestudentsinClassTwoaremorehard-workingthanthose(theones)inClassOne.

3、some/any,everybody/anybody

习惯上，some和everybody用于肯定句，any和anybody用于疑问、否定句。

但当some用于疑问句时，表示对所涉及的名词持肯定态度，everybody用于疑问句时，

译为"大家、每个人e.g.Iseverybodypleasedwiththeshow?

试比较：Doyouhaveanywater?(对water持怀疑态度)

——Doyoulikesomemorewater?——No,thanks.(对water持肯定态度)

any和anybody也可以用于肯定句。当它们用于肯定句时，有很强的强调口气。

e.g.——Whenshallwemeetagain?——Anytimeyoulike.

Anybodyhereknowshowtotreatastranger.

4、who/whoeverwhat/whateverwhich/whichever,whom/whomever

who/what/which/whom是疑问词，引起的句子具有疑问色彩；whoever/whatever/

whichever/whomever是代词，并不引起疑问句，而用来引导名词性从句或让步状语从

句。

e.g.WhowillteachusEnglishisstillunknown.

Whoeverdiditwillbepunished./Whoeverdidit,hewillbepunished.

Whatwouldyoudoifyouhadthatsumofmoney?/Whateveryoudo,doitwell.

5、other/others;theother/theothersanother

other：作代词时，一般不单独使用，而必须与any,some,no等连用。

e.g.HeisnootherbutTom./Theseareallwehave,wehavenoother(s).

others：常与some连用,表示：一些...其它的....。

e.g.Somepeoplelikefishing,somelikeboating,othersskating.

theother:与one连用,构成词组：one...theother：指两者中"一个...另一个....”

theothers:指在一定范围中的“其余的”。

e.g.Inourclasssomestudentsaregoodatmaths,somearegoodatChinese,theothersare

goodatphysics.

another:是形容词，“另一个、在一个“，一般作定语，既可以修饰单数名词，又可以修

饰复数名词，还可以修饰数词。

e.g.WestayedinNewYorkforanotherthreeweeks./Pleasehaveanotherapple.

当another修饰单数名词时，在上下文意思明确的情况下，可以把名词省略，

这时another起代词作用。

e.g.Aftereatinganapple,Ihadanother(one).

6、ailbotheacheveryeither

all：指三者或三者以上的所有，可以作形容词修饰名词复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语

或同位语；后可接of介词短语。

both：指"两者都“，可以作形容词修饰名词复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；

后可接of介词短语。

each：“每一个”，一般指两者中的每一个，也可指许多中的每一个；可以作形容词修饰

名词单数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。

e.g.Therearetreesoneachside/bothsidesoftheriver.

Eachofushasachancetogotouniversity.

Weeachhaveadictionary.

every：指三者或三者以上中的每一个，是形容词，只能作定语，后面不能接of介词短

语。

either：指“两者