新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程B3U4 Section A

Unit4WhenworkisapleasureEveryprofessionproducesitsownforemostexperts.—AChinesesaying三百六十行，行行出状元。——中国谚语读写教程3Preview新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Asyougrowupandbecomeadultsyoulearntowork.Itmaybeasimplejobhelpingyourparents,yourteachers,theneighbornextdoor,orajobyoutakeupasacareer.Whateverjobyoudo,justas“buildingahigh-risebeginswithmoundsofsoil”,youhavetotakeonestepatatimeandapproachyourworkwithafirmfooting.

Nowadays,mostpeopleworkhard,butsomemayenjoytheirworkwhileothersmayfindtheworkdifficultandtiring.TherePreview新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3arealsodifferencesinthewaypeopledealwiththeirwork.Whilesomejustworkforthesakeofmoney,others,alwayskeepingpeople’sneedsinmind,maytrytobuildtheirself-esteem,responsibility,andprideintotheirwork.Whatdoyoulookforinajob?Whatattitudestowardworkdoyouthinkareappropriate?Howareyougoingtodedicateyourselftoyourworkandhaveprideinit?SectionAPre-readingactivitiesDetailedstudyofthetextReading

comprehensionLanguagefocusStructureanalysisandwriting新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程31

Howwouldyouchooseyourjob?Rateeachstatementbelowandcirclethenumberthatrepresentsyouropinion.

1=Notatallimportant4=Veryimportant

2=Slightlyimportant5=Extremelyimportant3=Moderatelyimportant

Whendecidingonajob,itisimportantformetoknow...

新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionAPre-readingactivities新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionAPre-readingactivities1

Howwouldyouchooseyourjob?Rateeachstatementbelowandcirclethenumberthatrepresentsyouropinion.1thechanceofadvancingtoahigherposition.2howmuchthejobpays.12345123451

Howwouldyouchooseyourjob?Rateeachstatementbelowandcirclethenumberthatrepresentsyouropinion.

3howmuchresponsibilitythejobinvolves.4thestresslevelofthejob.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionAPre-readingactivities12345123451

Howwouldyouchooseyourjob?Rateeachstatementbelowandcirclethenumberthatrepresentsyouropinion.5thelocationoftheworkplace.6thecorporateculture.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionAPre-readingactivities12345123451

Howwouldyouchooseyourjob?Rateeachstatementbelowandcirclethenumberthatrepresentsyouropinion.7whetherthejobalignswithmyinterest.8whetherthejobiscompatiblewithmypersonality.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionAPre-readingactivities12345123451

Howwouldyouchooseyourjob?Rateeachstatementbelowandcirclethenumberthatrepresentsyouropinion.9whethertheindustryhasapromisingfuture.10thework’scontributiontosociety.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionAPre-readingactivities12345123452

Workinpairsanddiscussthefollowingquestions.1Whichfactor(s)inActivity1doyouvaluemostinyourjob?Why?新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionAPre-readingactivitiesIwouldvalueNo.7–whetherthejobalignswithmyinterest–asthemostimportantfactorinchoosingajob.First,ifIamdoingajobthatalignswithmyinterest,itgivesmemoremotivationandpassionforcompletingtasksassignedtome,andIwillputmoreeffortintodevelopingmyskills.Second,ithelpsmeutilizemystrengths.Ajobthatusesmybestskillsgivesme新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionAPre-readingactivitiesmoreconfidenceandpreventssituationswherehardworkleadstofrustration.Finally,itismorelikelytobringmejobsatisfactionandcareersuccess.Ifthejobalignswithmyinterest,Iwillfindmoreenjoymentincomingtoworkeachdayandfeelhappieraboutfulfillingmywork-relatedduties,which,inturn,willincreasemychancesofachievingsuccessinmycareer.2

Workinpairsanddiscussthefollowingquestions.1Whichfactor(s)inActivity1doyouvaluemostinyourjob?Why?新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionAPre-readingactivities2

Workinpairsanddiscussthefollowingquestions.2Whatkindofjobwouldyouliketodointhefuture,whichmaymeetbothyourpersonalinterestandtheneedsofoursociety?Explainyourchoicetoyourpartner.Iwanttobeadoctor,whosejob,Ithink,canbestsatisfymypersonalinterestwhilefulfillingtheneedsofoursociety.ItismydreamtobeadoctorbecauseIaminterestedinmedicineandIthinkit’sagloriousjobtosavepeople’slives.IwillbeveryproudofmyselfifIhavetheabilitytohelppatients新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionAPre-readingactivitiesrecoverfromillness.Meanwhile,thejobofadoctorisreallyvaluabletosociety.Therearealotofpeopletorturedbyillnessesinthisworld.Iftheygettimelytreatment,theywillhavemorechancestoliveahappylife.2

Workinpairsanddiscussthefollowingquestions.2Whatkindofjobwouldyouliketodointhefuture,whichmaymeetbothyourpersonalinterestandtheneedsofoursociety?Explainyourchoicetoyourpartner.1Tobetrulyhappy,apersonmustfeelbothfreeandimportant.Peopleareneverhappyiftheyfeelcompelledtodoworktheydonotenjoy,orifwhattheydoenjoyisignoredashavingnovalueorimportance.Inasocietywhereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolished,thesocialindicationsaroundwork,thevalueofwork,andthesalary,havedegradedmanylaborersintomodernslaves–“wageslaves”.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionADetailedstudyofthetextWillyoubeaworkeroralaborer?2

Peopleareconsideredlaborersiftheirjobshaveanadverseeffectonthem,yettheyfeelcompelledtocontinueworkingbythenecessityofconformingtosocietalexpectationsandearningtherevenuetosupportthemselvesandtheirfamilies.Thepolaroppositeoflaborisplay.Whenweplayagame,weenjoywhatwearedoing,butitisapurelyprivatepastime;societydoesnotcarewhenorwhetherweplay.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionADetailedstudyofthetext3

Betweenlaborandplaystandswork.Peoplearelabeledasworkersiftheirpersonalinterestscoincidewiththejobssocietypaysthemtodo;whatisnecessarylaborfromthepointofviewofsocietyisvoluntaryplayfromtheindividual’spersonalpointofview.Whetherajobistobedesignatedaslabororworkdepends,notonthejobitself,butonthetastesoftheindividual新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionADetailedstudyofthetextwhoundertakesit.Thedifferencedoesnot,forexample,correlatewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandmentaljoborbetweenjobswithloworhighincome;agardenercoveredindirtinagreenhousemaybeaworkerwhileawell-dressedcitymayormayprovetobeanunhappylaborer!新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionADetailedstudyofthetext4

Whetherpeopleareworkersorlaborerscanbeseenfromtheirattitudetowardleisure.Toworkers,leisuremeanssimplythehourstheyneedtorelaxandrestinordertoworkefficiently.Workersarethereforemorelikelytodedicatemoretimetoworking,takingtoolittleleisureratherthantoomuch.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionADetailedstudyofthetextTolaborers,ontheotherhand,leisuremeansautonomyfromcompulsion,soitisnaturalforthemtoimaginethatthefewerhourstheyhavetospendlaboring,andthemorehourstheyhavefreeforplay,thebetter.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionADetailedstudyofthetext5

Besidesthehoursspentinleisure,workersandlaborersdifferintheamountofpersonalsatisfactiontheyderivefromtheirjobs.Workerswhoenjoytheirjobswillbehappier,lessstressed,andgenerallymoresatisfiedwiththeirlives.Theywillalsoworkwithmorediligenceandprecisionbecausetheyhavefosteredasenseofpersonalprideintheirjobs.Ontheotherhand,laborers,whosesoleincentiveisearningtheirlivelihood,feelthatthetime新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionADetailedstudyofthetexttheyspendonthedailygrindiswastedanddoesn’tcontributetotheirhappiness.Insteadofvaluingall24hoursoftheirdayasenjoyableandproductivehours,theygaugeonlythetimespentinleisureandplayasmeaningful.Laborersarecommonplaceinsociety,butstillmanypeopleareintheluckypositionofbeingworkers.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionADetailedstudyofthetext6

Inrecentdecades,technologicalinnovationandthedivisionoflaborhavecausedmajoreconomicchangesbyeliminatingtheneedforspecialstrengthsorskillsinmanyfieldsandhaveturnedmanypaidoccupationswithenjoyableworkintoboringlabor.Increasingproductivitywithautomatedmachines,suchasrobots,hasreducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itispossibletoimagineanupcomingsocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulationwillhavealmostasmuchleisure新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionADetailedstudyofthetexttimeasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythemedievalaristocracy.Themedievalaristocratshadanabundanceofleisuretimebutoftenwasteditintrivialpursuitofgamesandfashion.Likewise,moderndaylaborerswithtoomuchleisuretimemayfinditdifficulttorefrainfromtheaddictiveandtrivialpursuitsofcelebrity

gossip,extravagantfashion,andexcessivevideogamesandTV–similarbadhabitsthatwastevaluabletime.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionADetailedstudyofthetext7However,it’snotnecessarytotakesuchatoxicattitudetowardsuchapositivethingasleisuretime.Infact,inmanycountries,peoplenowusetheirleisuretimetoimprovetheirmindsandtheirworkingconditionstocreateahappier,morecontentedlife.Lifelonglearningcanmakethedifferencebetweenbeingbored,unhappylaborersandworkerswhofindmeaningandjoyintheir新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionADetailedstudyofthetextemploymentandlives.“Continuingeducation”or“experientiallearning”canofferanarrayofclassesfrompleasantdiversions

suchassports,art,ormusic,toleadershipdevelopmentoradvancedaccountingskills,tonamebutafew.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionADetailedstudyofthetext8Allinall,people’sattitudetowardtheirworkdetermineseverything.Whateverthejob,peoplewhoenjoytheirworkfindtimepassesquickly.Theyhurltheirpassionintotheirwork,beitphysicalliketheworkofasmith,ormorementallikethatofascientistoranartist.Evenpurelymentalworkcansufficeasanoutlet,asaptlyexpressedbythephrase“sinkingone’steethintoaproblem”.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionADetailedstudyofthetext9Eventually,everyonehastofindajobandearnaliving.Laborersareslavingawayatajobtheydon’tenjoyforamonetaryreward,waitingalldayuntiltheygohomeandplay.Butwhilelaborersarecountingdownthehours,workersareenergizedandfocused,takingoptimumpleasureinthetaskathand.Bychoosingajobthatisbothusefultosocietyandpersonally新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionADetailedstudyofthetextfulfilling,workersmaintainasimultaneoussenseofpurposeandenthusiasmthatimprovestheirwholelives.Sointheend,whateverjobyouchoose,youmustcontendwiththisessentialquestion:Willyoubealaboreroraworker?新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3SectionADetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Inasocietywhere,strictlyspeaking,thereisnomoreslavery,thesocialmeaningofwork,thevalueofwork,andthesalaryhavemademanylaborersbecomemodernslaves–“wageslaves”.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3DetailedstudyofthetextSectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3★abolish:vt.officiallyendalaw,system,etc.,esp.onethathasexistedforalongtime废除，废止（尤指已存在很久的法律、制度等）

Weshouldabolishtheold-fashionedpracticeasitisnolongeruseful.我们应该废除这种过时的做法，因为已经没什么用了。DetailedstudyofthetextSectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3★degrade:vt.showortreatsb.inawaythatmakesthemseemnotworthanyrespectornotworthtakingseriously降低···的身份；侮辱···的人格；使受屈辱

Ifyoudosomethingwrong,itcanbeveryeasytodegradeyourselfandmakeyoufeelevenworse–thisisnotconstructiveinanyway.如果你做了错事，很容易会自我贬低，让自己感觉更糟，这没有任何益处。DetailedstudyofthetextSectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3DetailedstudyofthetextNoteWageslaveshererefertothosepeoplewhoworkforthemerepurposeofearningawage.SectionAMeaning:

Peopleareconsideredlaborersiftheirjobshaveanegativeeffectonthem,buttheyareforcedtoworkbecausetheywanttomeettheexpectationsofsocietyandearnmoneytosupportthemselvesandtheirfamilies.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★adverse:a.notgoodorfavorable不利的；有害的；反面的Tocopewiththeadverseeffectsoftheglobalfinancialcrisis,theyhavetakenvariousmeasuresandachievedsomesuccess.为了应对国际金融危机带来的不利影响，他们已经采取了各种措施并取得了一些成绩。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★conform:vi.1)(~toapattern/model/ideal,etc.)besimilartowhatpeopleexpectorthinkisusual遵照某种模式/范例/理想等

Studentinterviewshelpstudentsandprofessorscometoseeeachotherasnotconformingtothestereotypethatbothhaveintheirminds.学生访谈有助于学生和教授看到对方不同于自己心目中刻板印象的形象。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext2)behaveinthewaythatmostotherpeopleinyourgrouporsocietybehave从众；顺应大多数人

Ittakesacertainefforttoovercometheinclinationtoconformtopeoplearoundyou.要克服对周围人的从众倾向需要付出一定的努力。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★societal:a.relatingtoaparticularsociety社会的

Intime,humansbegantodevelopsocietalorganizationsthateventuallywouldbecomewhatweknowastownsandcities.经过一段时间之后，人类开始发展社会组织，这些社会组织最终成为我们所知道的乡镇和城市。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★revenue:n.[U]income,esp.whenofacompanyororganizationandofasubstantialnature（尤指公司或组织数额庞大的）收入，收益

Thatbudgetseverelyoverestimatestherevenuefromticketsalesthisyear.该预算严重高估了今年的门票收入。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Playiscompletelyoppositetolabor.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★polar:a.1)(~opposite/extreme)sth.thatisthecompleteorexactoppositeofsth.else完全相反；正好相反

Whilemostwintertimevacationersrushsouthtowarmbeaches,Harbinprovidesthepolaroppositetypeofvacationdestination.大多数冬季度假者奔向南方温暖的海滩，而哈尔滨却是一个类型完全相反的度假目的地。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext2)closetoorrelatingtotheNorthPoleortheSouthPole近地极的；地极的；极地的

Themeltingofthepolaricecapsandtheriseinthesealevelarethemostcommonlycitedeffectsofclimatechange.极地冰盖融化以及海平面上升是最常被提及的气候变化带来的后果。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★pastime:n.[C]sth.thatyoudobecauseyouthinkitisenjoyableorinteresting消遣；娱乐

Torelievethestresscausedbyherjob,sheturnedtopainting,apastimeshehadlovedsincechildhood.为了缓解工作压力，她开始画画，这是她自儿时起就喜欢的消遣。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Workliessomewherebetweenlaborandplay.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3DetailedstudyofthetextNoteHereweareremindedofwhatismentionedintheprecedingparagraph“Thepolaroppositeoflaborisplay”.SectionAMeaning:

Peopleareregardedasworkersiftheirpersonalinterestsalignwiththejobssocietypaysthemtodo;toaworker,whatisnecessarylaborfromtheperspectiveofsocietyisvoluntaryplay.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext

NoteThelaborrequiredinajobisvoluntaryplaytoworkersbecausetheyshowinterestinit,enjoywhattheyaredoing,andfindpleasureinit,justasiftheywereplayingagame.SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext

★coincide:vi.1)(ofideas,opinions,etc.)bethesameorverysimilar（想法、意见等）相同，相符，极为类似

Theyhavebeentoldthreeversionsofthestoryandnoneofthemcoincidewitheachother.他们已经获知了该故事的三个版本，没有一个版本跟其他是一致的。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext2)(oftwoormoreevents)takeplaceatthesametime（两件或更多的事情）同时发生

Herarrivalcoincidedwithourdeparture.她到来时正逢我们离开。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★voluntary:a.donewillinglyandwithoutbeingforced自愿的；自动的

Infact,insomestudies,theamountoffreevoluntaryreadingdoneistheonlyfactorthatisassociatedwithbetterwriting.实际上，在一些研究中，自由自主的阅读量是跟较好写作能力相关的唯一因素。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★pointofview:n.[C]aparticularwayofthinkingaboutorjudgingasituation视角；角度Thepoemiswrittenfromathird-personpointofview.这首诗是以第三人称视角写的。SectionAMeaning:

Whetherajobistobeconsideredaslabororworkdepends,notonthejobitself,butonwhethertheverypersonwhodoesithasaninterestinitornot.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext

SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★designate:vt.(oftenpassive)1)sayofficiallythatsb.orsth.hasaparticularcharacterorname;describesb.orsth.inaparticularway命名；指定

ThehousewasrecentlydesignatedaNationalHistoricLandmarkbythegovernment.这栋房子最近被政府指定为国家历史地标。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext2)formallychoosesb.orsth.foraparticularpurpose任命；选定；选派

HeresignedfromthedepartmentabouttwomonthsagoandIwasdesignatedtosucceedhim.

大约两个月前他从部门辞职了，我被选派去接替他。SectionAMeaning:

Forinstance,thedifferencebetweenlaborandworkhasnoconnectionwiththedifferencebetweenamanualandmentaljoborbetweenjobswithloworhighincome;...新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext

SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★correlate:vi.haveamutualrelationshiporconnection,inwhichonethingaffectsordependsonanother相关；关联

Thelatestevidenceshowedthatthetraditionalmarkersusedtomeasuresuccessdidnotcorrelatewithhappiness.最新的证据表明，用来衡量成功的传统标志与幸福感无关。★manual:a.(ofwork,etc.)involvingusingthehandsorphysicalstrength（工作等）用手的，手工的，体力的

Howwillhumansocietychangeasmachinesandrobotstakeonmoremanualjobs?随着机器和机器人承担越来越多的体力劳动，人类社会将会发生怎样的变化呢？SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Tolaborers,ontheotherhand,leisuremeanscompletefreedomfromwhattheyareforcedtodoorwhattheyhavetodo;so,itisnaturalforthemtothinkthatitisbetteriftheyspendlesstimeonlaborandmoretimeonplay.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext

★autonomy:n.[U]1)theabilityoropportunitytomakeyourowndecisionswithoutbeingcontrolledbyanyoneelse自主能力；自主权

Universitiesshouldbegivenmoreautonomytomotivateteachersandresearcherstocultivateallkindsofinnovativetalentforthemodernizationofsociety.应该给予大学更多的自主权，以激励教师和研究人员为社会现代化培养各种各样的创新型人才。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext2)freedomthataplaceoranorganizationhastogovernorcontrolitself自治；自治权

RegionalethnicautonomyisafundamentalpoliticalsystemundersocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.民族区域自治是中国特色社会主义的一项基本政治制度。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★compulsion:n.[sing.,U]theactofforcingorinfluencingsb.todosth.theydonotwanttodo强迫；强制

Iunderstandthatthereisnocompulsiontoparticipateintheproject.据我所知，不存在强制参与该项目的情况。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Theywillalsoworkharderandmorecarefullybecausetheyhavedevelopedasenseofpersonalprideintheirwork.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext

SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★diligence:n.[U](fml.)carefulworkorgreateffort勤勉；勤奋；用功

Shebelievesthatdreamscouldonlybefulfilledthroughhardworkanddiligence.她相信梦想只有通过努力和勤奋才能实现。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★precision:n.[U]thequalityofbeingveryexactorcorrect精确（性）；准确（性）

Askingmorequestionscanincreasetheprecisionoftheestimate.多问些问题可以提高评估的精准性。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★foster:vt.helpaskill,feeling,idea,etc.developoveraperiodoftime促进；培养；助长

Theuniversityiscommittedtofosteringanenvironmentinwhicheachstudentcanachieveall-arounddevelopment.这所大学致力于营造一个让每位学生都能全面发展的环境。SectionAMeaning:

Ontheotherhand,laborers,whoseonlymotiveismakingaliving,feelthatthetimetheyspendonthetiringdailyworkiswastedanddoesn’tbringthemhappiness.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★livelihood:n.[C,U]thewayyouearnmoneyinordertolive生计

Thegovernmentwillintroduceandfurtherimprovepoliciestoensurepeople’slivelihood.

政府将会出台并进一步完善政策，以保障民生。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★grind:n.[sing.]sth.thatishardworkandphysicallyormentallytiring苦差事

Thecoachsaysallplayersneedthegrindofspringtrainingsothattheycanwellpreparefortheseason.这位教练说所有运动员都需要历经春训的艰苦才能为赛季做好准备。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetextvt.(ground,ground)(also~up)breaksth.suchascornorcoffeebeansintosmallpiecesorpowder,eitherinamachineorbetweentwohardsurfaces磨碎；碾碎；把···磨成粉

Someanimalsswallowrockswhichstayintheirstomachsandhelpgrindupfood.有些动物会吞下石块，这些石块留在它们胃里，有助于磨碎食物。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Insteadofregardingall24hoursoftheirdayasenjoyableandproductivehours,theybelievethatonlythetimethattheyspendinleisureandplayismeaningful.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext

★gauge:vt.makeajudgmentorguessaboutasituation,action,orpersonbasedontheinformationthatyouhave（根据所掌握的信息）估计，判断

Heredirectedhisattentiontothelivingroomsohecouldgaugehowmanyguestshadarrived.他把注意力转移回客厅，以便估计有多少客人已经到了。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetextn.[C]aninstrumentformeasuringthesizeoramountofsth.测量仪器；计量器；量规

Agasolinegaugeshowstheamountofgasolineleftinacar.油量表显示汽车剩余的油量。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Therearemanylaborersinsociety,butstillmanypeopleareluckytobecomeworkers.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★commonplace:a.happeningorexistinginmanyplaces,andthereforenotspecialorunusual常见的；屡见不鲜的

Paidvacationsareacommonplacebenefitincompanies.在公司中，带薪假期是一项常见的福利。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Inrecentdecades,technologicaladvancementsandthedivisionoflaborhaveremovedtheneedforspecialstrengthsorskillsinmanyfields,whichhascausedgreateconomicchanges.Consequently,manypaidjobswithenjoyableworkbecomeboringlaboringroutines.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Increasingproductivitybyusingmachineslikerobots,whichcanautomaticallydotheworkforpeople,hasreducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3DetailedstudyofthetextSectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★automate:vt.startusingcomputersandmachinestodoajob,ratherthanpeople使自动化

Theengineerusesacomputerprogramhehascreatedtoautomatethedownloadofprogramupdates.这位工程师用自己设计的电脑程序自动下载程序更新。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★automated:a.usingcomputersandmachinestodoajob,ratherthanpeople自动化的

Manymodernaircraftarealreadysohighlyautomatedthat,oncesetbythepilots,theycanperformalmostallcontroltasksautonomously.许多现代飞机已经高度自动化，一旦飞行员完成设置，它们几乎可以自动执行所有的控制任务。SectionAMeaning:

Itispossibletoimaginethatinasocietyofthenearfuture,mostpeoplewillhaveleisuretimecomparabletowhatthenobilityinmedievaltimesenjoyed.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★upcoming:a.(onlybeforenoun)happeningsoon即将发生的；即将来临的

IfeelveryconfidentabouttheupcomingdebatebecauseIbelievethatIcandefeatmyopponent’sargumenteasily.我对即将到来的辩论充满信心，因为我相信我能轻松驳倒对手的观点。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★medieval:a.connectedwiththeMiddleAges中世纪的；中古时期的

Ihaveseenmedievalmanuscriptsinwhichonewordisspelledfourdifferentwaysonasinglepage.我曾看过中世纪的手稿，那些手稿中同一页上的一个单词有四种不同的拼写方法。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3DetailedstudyofthetextSectionAMeaning:

Themedievalnobilityhadalargeamountofleisuretimebutoftenwasteditoninsignificantthings–playinggamesandfollowingfashion.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3DetailedstudyofthetextSectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★pursuit:n.1)[U]theactoflookingforortryingtofindsth.追求；寻找

Theworkshowsourcontinuouspursuitofknowledgeandexplorationoftheunknowninthehistoricalcourseofhumandevelopment.这部作品彰显了我们在人类发展的历史进程中对知识的不断追求和对未知事物的探索。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext2)[C,usu.pl.](fml.)anactivitysuchasasportorhobby,whichyouspendalotoftimedoing消遣；嗜好；爱好

Thepublicisencouragedtodevelopoutdoorpursuitssuchascycling,rockclimbing,andsurfing.公众被鼓励去培养户外爱好，如骑行、攀岩和冲浪。SectionAMeaning:

Similarly,laborersofmodernday,whohavetoomuchleisuretime,mayfindithardtostopdoingsuchenjoyableandinsignificantthingsastalkingabouttheprivateaffairsoffamouspeople,spendingalotofmoneyonfashion,andtakingtoomuchtimeonvideogamesandTVshows.Thesebadhabitswhichwastevaluabletimearesimilartothoseofmedievalaristocrats.新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3DetailedstudyofthetextSectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthetext★refrain:vi.(fml.)(~from)notdosth.thatyouwanttodo克制；抑制；忍住

I’vebeenwonderingwhatmadeyourefrainfromcarryingoutyourplan.我一直在想是什么阻止了你执行自己的计划。SectionA新视野大学英语（第四版）读写教程3Detailedstudyofthe