2026年经济师考试公共课专项训练模拟卷

2026年经济师考试公共课专项训练模拟卷考试时间：______分钟总分：______分姓名：______一、单项选择题（每题1分，共70题）1.研究个别经济单位（如家庭、企业）的经济行为及其相互关系的经济学分支是（）。2.经济发展水平高的国家，其社会分工通常（）。3.商品的价值量是由生产该商品的社会必要劳动时间决定的，这体现了（）。4.“水能载舟，亦能覆舟”体现了经济学中的（）观点。5.在其他条件不变的情况下，某种商品的价格上升，其需求量通常会（）。6.市场机制的核心是（）。7.竞争程度最高的市场结构是（）。8.垄断竞争市场的主要特征是（）。9.外部性是指经济活动对第三方产生的影响，这种影响可能是（）。10.公共物品的核心特征是（）。11.政府通过增加税收或减少政府支出来抑制总需求，这种政策工具是（）。12.财政政策的主要目标不包括（）。13.衡量通货膨胀水平的重要指标是（）。14.货币政策的传导机制主要包括（）。15.中央银行提高法定存款准备金率，通常会导致（）。16.信用创造是指（）。17.在开放经济中，国际收支平衡表中的主要项目包括（）。18.国际金本位制下，汇率决定的基础是（）。19.经济增长的核心驱动力是（）。20.经济发展的内涵除了经济增长，还包括（）。21.社会主义市场经济的根本特征是（）。22.我国现阶段的基本经济制度是（）。23.我国现行的税收体系结构中，主要对商品销售额或营业额征税的是（）。24.税收的基本特征包括（）。25.政府采购是指各级政府及其部门使用财政性资金采购货物、工程和服务的活动，其基本原则不包括（）。26.我国的国家预算实行（）的原则。27.会计的基本职能包括（）。28.“资产=负债+所有者权益”是（）。29.某企业2023年利润总额为100万元，所得税税率为25%，则其应交所得税为（）万元。30.在财务报表分析中，常用的偿债能力指标包括（）。31.成本-pushinflationreferstoinflationcausedbyadecreaseinaggregatesupply,oftenduetoanincreaseinthepriceof()。32.Thecentralbank'sprimarygoalisusuallytomaintain()。33.Fiscalpolicytoolsincludechangesin()。34.Themainfunctionofmoneyistoserveasa()。35.Amarketstructureinwhichafewfirmsdominatethemarketisknownas()。36.Thelawofdiminishingreturnsappliestotheshort-runproductionof()。37.Theopportunitycostofattendinguniversityis()。38.Macroeconomicsfocusesontheeconomyasawhole,including()。39.Microeconomicsstudiesthebehaviorofindividualeconomicunitssuchas()。40.Inflationerodesthepurchasingpowerof()。41.Atradedeficitoccurswhenacountry'simportsexceedits()。42.Theexchangeratebetweentwocurrenciesisdeterminedbytherelativesupplyanddemandfor()。43.Economicdevelopmentofteninvolvesimprovementsin()。44.Theprincipal-agentproblemariseswhen()。45.Apublicgoodischaracterizedby()。46.Themultipliereffectreferstothechangeinequilibriumnationalincomearisingfromaninitialchangein()。47.Afiscalsurplusoccurswhengovernmentrevenueexceedsgovernmentexpenditure.48.Themoneysupplyistypicallycontrolledby()。49.Inacommandeconomy,resourceallocationisprimarilydeterminedby()。50.Themarketforusedtextbooksisanexampleof()。51.Whenthegovernmentimposesapriceceilingbelowtheequilibriumprice,itoftenleadsto()。52.Afirmoperatinginperfectcompetitionisaprice()。53.Theconceptof"comparativeadvantage"suggeststhatcountriesshouldspecializeinproducinggoodsforwhichtheyhavealower()。54.GDPmeasuresthetotalvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountry'sbordersduringaspecificperiod.55.NominalGDPcanincreaseduetochangesinboththe()andthequantityofgoodsproduced。56.Acountry'scurrentaccountrecordsitstransactionswiththerestoftheworldinthecategoryof()。57.TheBrettonWoodssystemestablishedfixedexchangeratesbasedonthevalueofthe()dollar.58.Technologicalprogresstypicallyleadstoanincreaseinthe()curve。59.Inflationcancreatea"menucost"forbusinesses.60.Thereserverequirementisthefractionofdepositsthatbanksarerequiredtoholdinreserve.61.TheFederalReserveSystemisthecentralbankof()。62.Ablackmarketisamarketwheregoodsandservicesaretradedillegally.63.TheLaffercurveillustratestherelationshipbetweentaxratesandgovernmentrevenue.64.Publicchoicetheoryappliestheprinciplesofeconomicstotheanalysisof()。65.Externaleconomiesoccurwhenthecostsofproductionforanindustrydecreaseastheindustryexpands.66.Apositiveexternalityisassociatedwithamarketoutcomethatis()thanthesociallyoptimallevel。67.Theprincipleofdiminishingreturnsstatesthatasmoreofavariableinputisaddedtofixedinputs,themarginalproductwilleventually()。68.Amonopolymarketstructureischaracterizedby()barrierstoentry。69.Theaggregatedemandcurveshowstherelationshipbetweentheoverallpricelevelandthequantityof()demandedintheeconomy。70.Acountryexperienceshyperinflationwhenitsinflationrateisextremelyhighandvolatile。二、多项选择题（每题2分，共35题，请至少选择两个正确选项）1.以下属于微观经济学的范畴的是（）。2.影响需求量的因素包括（）。3.市场失灵的原因可能包括（）。4.政府干预经济的原因主要有（）。5.财政政策的目标通常包括（）。6.货币政策的工具主要包括（）。7.以下属于货币政策的传导机制的是（）。8.国际收支平衡表中的主要项目除了经常项目和资本项目外，还包括（）。9.影响经济增长的因素包括（）。10.经济发展的衡量指标除了GDP增长外，还包括（）。11.社会主义市场经济体制的特点有（）。12.我国现行的主要税种包括（）。13.税收的职能主要包括（）。14.会计信息的主要使用者包括（）。15.财务报表包括（）。16.以下属于流动资产的是（）。17.以下属于所有者权益的是（）。18.企业的财务比率分析可以用来衡量（）。19.以下属于信用风险的是（）。20.以下属于市场风险的是（）。21.影响汇率变动的因素包括（）。22.以下属于开放经济条件下的宏观经济学主要研究的问题的是（）。23.以下关于经济周期的描述正确的有（）。24.以下属于政府购买的是（）。25.以下属于转移支付的是（）。26.以下关于财政赤字的说法正确的有（）。27.以下关于货币供给的说法正确的有（）。28.以下关于中央银行的说法正确的有（）。29.以下属于外部经济效应的是（）。30.以下关于公共物品的说法正确的有（）。31.以下关于经济增长与发展的关系的说法正确的有（）。32.以下属于市场结构的有（）。33.以下关于规模经济的说法正确的有（）。34.以下关于GDP的说法正确的有（）。35.以下关于通货膨胀的说法正确的有（）。试卷答案一、单项选择题1.C2.A3.B4.C5.B6.B7.A8.C9.A10.C11.A12.D13.B14.D15.A16.C17.A,B,C18.A19.A20.B21.C22.C23.B24.A,B,C25.D26.B27.A,B28.B29.C30.A,B,C31.A32.A33.A,B,C34.A,B,C35.C36.A37.B38.A,B,C,D39.A,B,C40.A41.B42.A43.A,B,C,D44.A45.A,B46.A47.A48.A49.A50.D51.B52.A53.C54.A55.A,B56.A,B,C57.A58.B59.A60.A61.A62.A63.A64.A65.A66.A67.B68.A,B,C69.A70.A二、多项选择题1.A,E2.A,B,C,D,E3.A,B,C,D4.A,B,C,D5.A,B,C,D6.A,B,C,D7.A,B,C,D,E8.A,B,C9.A,B,C,D,E10.A,B,C,D,E11.A,B,C12.A,B,C,D,E,F,G13.A,B,C,D14.A,B,C,D,E15.A,B,C,D16.A,B,C,D,E17.A,C,D18.A,B,C,D,E,F19.A,B,C20.A,B,C,D21.A,B,C,D,E22.A,B,C,D,E23.A,B,C24.A,B,C,D25.B,D,E26.A,B,C,D27.A,B,C,D28.A,B,C,D,E29.A,B,C,D30.A,B,C31.A,B,C,D32.A,B,C,D33.A,B34.A,B,C,D,E35.A,B,C,D,E解析思路一、单项选择题1.C经济学分支分为微观经济学和宏观经济学。微观经济学研究个体经济单位的行为。2.A经济发展水平越高，社会分工越精细、越广泛。3.B商品的价值量由社会必要劳动时间决定是马克思劳动价值论的核心观点。4.C该谚语形象地说明了人民群众的力量和作用，与经济学中的“需求弹性”、“市场力量”等概念有一定关联，核心是强调基础的重要性，可引申为经济基础决定上层建筑，或民众是社会经济发展的基石。5.B根据需求定律，价格上升，需求量下降。6.B市场机制是通过供求关系、价格信号、竞争等方式调节资源配置和经济活动的系统，其核心是价格信号。7.A完全竞争市场结构特征包括：大量买家卖家、同质产品、自由进入退出、完全信息。8.C垄断竞争市场特征是：大量卖家、产品有差异、进入relativelyeasy、价格maker（一定程度上）。9.A外部性可以是正面的（如科技进步带来的普惠）或负面的（如污染）。10.C公共物品的核心特征是非竞争性（一个人的消费不影响他人消费）和非排他性（难以阻止不付费的人消费）。11.A抑制总需求的政策属于紧缩性财政政策。12.D财政政策目标通常包括促进经济增长、增加就业、稳定物价、国际收支平衡。选项D可能指其他政策目标，如维护政治稳定。13.B通货膨胀主要指物价普遍持续上涨，CPI（居民消费价格指数）是衡量通胀水平的主要指标。14.D货币政策的传导机制主要包括：利率渠道、信贷渠道、资产价格渠道、汇率渠道。15.A提高法定存款准备金率，商业银行可贷资金减少，货币乘数缩小，市场货币供应量减少，通常导致利率上升。16.C信用创造是指商业银行通过发放贷款等业务活动，能够在原始存款的基础上创造出数倍于原始存款的派生存款，增加货币供应量。17.A,B,C国际收支平衡表主要项目包括经常项目（贸易、服务、收入、转移）、资本项目（资本转移、非生产非金融资产交易）和金融项目（直接投资、证券投资、其他投资、储备资产）。18.A国际金本位制下，汇率以黄金平价为基础，通过外汇市场的供求关系波动。19.A经济增长的核心驱动力是技术进步。20.B经济发展的内涵包括经济增长，还包括收入分配、社会福利、生活质量、生态环境、制度进步等。21.C社会主义市场经济的根本特征是坚持公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展。22.C我国现阶段的基本经济制度是公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，社会主义市场经济体制。23.B营业税（已并入增值税）主要对商品销售额或营业额征税。选项中增值税（VAT）是更主要的流转税。24.A,B,C税收特征：强制性、无偿性、固定性。25.D政府采购原则：公开、公平、公正、诚实信用。选项D可能指“效率优先”。26.B我国国家预算实行一级政府一级预算，预算收支划分明确，预算编制、执行、监督依法进行的原则。27.A,B会计职能：核算（记账、算账、报账）、监督。28.B“资产=负债+所有者权益”是会计基本等式，是复式记账法的理论基础。29.C应交所得税=利润总额×所得税税率=100×25%=25万元。30.A,B,C偿债能力指标：流动比率、速动比率、资产负债率。31.ACost-pushinflationiscausedbyanincreaseinthecostofinputs(likewagesorrawmaterials),leadingtoadecreaseinaggregatesupplyandhigherprices."Cost-pushinflationreferstoinflationcausedbyadecreaseinaggregatesupply,oftenduetoanincreaseinthepriceof______."Thissuggeststheblankshouldbefilledwithsomethingthatcancauseanincreaseininputcosts,suchas'wages'or'rawmaterials'.However,thequestionasksforthe*answerkey*.Giventhetypicalstructureofsuchquestionsinexams,andthestandardcauseofcost-pushinflationbeinghigherinputprices,themostfittingsinglewordoftenusedis'costs'.Let'sassume'costs'istheintendedanswerfortheblank,makingthefullsentence"Cost-pushinflationreferstoinflationcausedbyadecreaseinaggregatesupply,oftenduetoanincreaseinthepriceofcosts."Thismakes'A'theanswerasitrepresentsincreasedinputcosts.32.A中央银行（FederalReserve）的主要目标是通常维持物价稳定（pricestability）和充分就业（fullemployment）。33.A,B,C财政政策工具：改变税收（tariffs）、政府支出（governmentspending）、政府转移支付（transferpayments）、公债（governmentbonds）。34.A,B,CMoneyfunctionsasamediumofexchange,unitofaccount,andstoreofvalue.35.CAmarketstructuredominatedbyafewfirmsisknownasanoligopoly.36.AThelawofdiminishingreturnsappliestotheshort-runproductionofaspecificinput(likelabor)whenotherinputsarefixed.37.BTheopportunitycostofattendinguniversityisthevalueofthenextbestalternativeforegone,usuallytheincomethatcouldhavebeenearnedbyworking.38.A,B,C,DMacroeconomicsfocusesontheeconomyasawhole,includingnationalincome,totaloutput(GDP),unemployment,inflation,economicgrowth,andmonetaryandfiscalpolicy.39.A,B,CMicroeconomicsstudiesthebehaviorofindividualeconomicunitssuchashouseholds(consumers),firms(producers),andmarkets.40.AInflationerodesthepurchasingpowerofmoney.41.BAtradedeficitoccurswhenacountry'simportsexceeditsexports.42.ATheexchangeratebetweentwocurrenciesisdeterminedbytherelativesupplyanddemandforthosecurrenciesintheforeignexchangemarket.43.A,B,C,DEconomicdevelopmentofteninvolvesimprovementsinincomelevels,livingstandards,humancapital(education,health),infrastructure,andinstitutionalquality.44.ATheprincipal-agentproblemariseswhenoneparty(theprincipal)delegatesdecision-makingauthoritytoanotherparty(theagent)whomayhaveconflictinginterests.45.A,BApublicgoodischaracterizedbynon-excludability(it'sdifficultorimpossibletopreventpeoplefromusingit)andnon-rivalry(oneperson'susedoesn'tdiminishanother'sabilitytouseit).46.AThemultipliereffectreferstothechangeinequilibriumnationalincomearisingfromaninitialchangeinautonomousspending(likeinvestmentorgovernmentspending).47.AAfiscalsurplusoccurswhengovernmentrevenueexceedsgovernmentexpenditure.Thisstatementistruebydefinition.48.AThemoneysupplyistypicallycontrolledbythecentralbankthroughmonetarypolicytoolslikeopenmarketoperations,reserverequirements,anddiscountratesetting.49.AInacommandeconomy,resourceallocationisprimarilydeterminedbyacentralplanningauthority.50.DThemarketforusedtextbooksisanexampleofasecondarymarketoramarketforusedgoods,whichfitsthedefinitionofimperfectcompetitionoraspecifictypeofmarketstructurenotperfectlycompetitive.51.BWhenthegovernmentimposesapriceceilingbelowtheequilibriumprice,itoftenleadstoashortage(supply<demand)andpotentialmarketinefficiency.52.AAfirmoperatinginperfectcompetitionisapricetaker,meaningitmustacceptthemarketpricedeterminedbyoverallsupplyanddemand.53.CTheconceptof"comparativeadvantage"suggeststhatcountriesshouldspecializeinproducinggoodsforwhichtheyhavealoweropportunitycost.54.AGDPmeasuresthetotalvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountry'sbordersduringaspecificperiod.ThisstatementisthedefinitionofGDP.55.A,BNominalGDPcanincreaseduetochangesinboththepricelevel(inflation)andthequantityofgoodsproduced(realoutput).56.A,B,CAcountry'scurrentaccountrecordsitstransactionswiththerestoftheworldinthecategoryoftradeingoods,tradeinservices,primaryincome(incomefrominvestmentsabroad/earnedfromabroad),andsecondaryincome(transfers).57.ATheBrettonWoodssystemestablishedfixedexchangeratesbasedonthevalueoftheUSdollar,whichwaspeggedtogold.58.BTechnologicalprogresstypicallyleadstoanincreaseintheaggregatesupplycurve(AScurve)bymakingproductionmoreefficient.59.AInflationcancreatea"menucost"forbusinesses,whichisthecostofchangingprices(e.g.,printingnewmenus,updatingpricetags).60.AThereserverequirementisthefractionofdepositsthatbanksarerequiredtoholdinreserveandcannotlendout.61.ATheFederalReserveSystemisthecentralbankoftheUnitedStates.62.AAblackmarketisamarketwheregoodsandservicesaretradedillegally,outsidetheformallegaleconomy.63.ATheLaffercurveillustratestherelationshipbetweentaxratesandgovernmentrevenue,suggestingthatbeyondacertainpoint,highertaxratescanleadtolowerrevenue.64.APublicchoicetheoryappliestheprinciplesofeconomicstotheanalysisofnon-marketdecision-making,particularlygovernmentbehaviorandthepoliticalprocess.65.AExternaleconomiesoccurwhenthecostsofproductionforanindustrydecreaseastheindustryexpands,duetofactorslikeimprovedinfrastructureoraskilledlaborpoolsharedbyfirmsintheindustry.66.AApositiveexternalityisassociatedwithamarketoutcomethatis*less*thanthesociallyoptimallevel(becausetheprivatebenefitexceedsthesocialbenefit,leadingtooverproductionfromasocietalperspective).67.BTheprincipleofdiminishingreturnsstatesthatasmoreofavariableinputisaddedtofixedinputs,themarginalproductwilleventually*decrease*.68.A,B,CAmonopolymarketstructureischaracterizedbyhighbarrierstoentry(whichpreventcompetition),significantmarketpowerforthesingleseller,andoftenpricesabovemarginalcost.69.ATheaggregatedemandcurveshowstherelationshipbetweentheoverallpricelevelandthequantityof*real*output(realGDP)demandedintheeconomy.70.AAcountryexperienceshyperinflationwhenitsinflationrateisextremelyhighandvolatile,oftenexceeding50%permonth.二、多项选择题1.A,EMicroeconomicsincludes:a.Theoryofconsumerbehaviorb.Theoryofproductionc.Marketstructures(perfectcompetition,monopoly,etc.)d.Distributiontheorye.Gametheory(insomecontexts).Optionslikemacroeconomics,internationaltrade,economichistoryarenotstrictlymicro.2.A,B,C,D,EFactorsaffectingdemand:a.Priceofthegood(negativerelationship)b.Incomeofthebuyer(positivefornormalgoods,negativeforinferiorgoods)c.Pricesofrelatedgoods(substitutes,complements)d.Tastesandpreferencese.Expectations(futureprice,income)f.Numberofbuyers.Thequestionasksforatleasttwo,allarerelevant.3.A,B,C,DMarketfailuresinclude:a.Externalities(positiveornegative)b.Publicgoodsc.Monopolypower(imperfectcompetition)d.Informationasymmetrye.Factorimmobility.Alllistedarecommonreasons.4.A,B,C,DGovernmentinterventionreasons:a.Tocorrectmarketfailuresb.Topromoteequityandincomedistributionc.Tostabilizetheeconomy(e.g.,counter-cyclicalpolicy)d.Toachievespecificsocialorpoliticalgoalse.Toincreasegovernmentrevenue(thoughoftenaconsequence).Alllistedarevalidreasons.5.A,B,C,DFiscalpolicygoals:a.Economicgrowthb.Fullemploymentc.Pricestability(controllinginflation)d.Equitableincomedistributione.Increasinggovernmentspending(oftenatool,notagoalitself).Alllistedaretypicalgoals.6.A,B,C,DMonetarypolicytools:a.Openmarketoperations(buying/sellinggovernmentbonds)b.Changingthediscountrate(interestratechargedtocommercialbanks)c.Changingtherequiredreserveratiod.Moralsuasion/creditcontrolse.Changingthemoneysupplydirectly.Themaintoolsarelisted.7.A,B,C,D,EMonetarypolicytransmissionmechanisms:a.Interestratechannel(changesaffectborrowingcosts,investment,consumption)b.Creditchannel(changesaffectavailabilityofcredit)c.Assetpricechannel(changesaffectstock/bondprices,influencingwealthandinvestment)d.Exchangeratechannel(changesaffecttrade)e.Expectationschannel(changesinfluencefutureexpectations).Allareconsideredmechanisms.8.A,B,CMainIBPitems:a.CurrentAccountb.CapitalAccountc.FinancialAccount.Thesearetheprimarycomponents.9.A,B,C,D,EFactorsinfluencingeconomicgrowth:a.Laborforcegrowthb.Capitalaccumulation(investment)c.Technologicalprogressd.Humancapital(education,health)e.Institutionalquality(propertyrights,politicalstability)f.Naturalresources.Allarecitedfactors.10.A,B,C,D,EDevelopmentindicators:a.GDPpercapitab.Incomedistributionc.Healthindicators(lifeexpectancy,infantmortality)d.Educationlevelse.Environmentalqualityf.Politicalfreedom.Alllistedareaspectsofdevelopment.11.A,B,CSocialistmarketeconomyfeatures:a.Socialownership(public/stateownership)asthemainformofownershipb.Marketmechanismplayingadecisiverolein资源配置c.Thestateplayingamacroeconomic调控role.Alsoinvolvesmultipleeconomicsectors.12.A,B,C,D,E,F,GMainChinesetaxes:a.ValueAddedTax(VAT)b.ConsumptionTaxc.IncomeTax(personalandcorporate)d.PropertyTaxe.VehicleandVehiclePurchaseTaxf.ResourcesTaxg.Urban-RuralConstructionTax.Manytypesexist.13.A,B,C,DTaxfunctions:a.Revenuegeneration(primary)b.Economicregulation(influencingbehavior)c.Socialequity(redistribution)d.Macro-control(stabilizingtheeconomy)e.Marketallocation(shouldideallynotdistort).14.A,B,C,D,EUsersofaccountinginfo:a.Investorsb.Creditors(lenders)c.Government(taxauthorities)d.Management(internaldecisionmaking)e.Employeesf.Customers.Themainusersarelisted.15.A,B,C,DFinancialstatements:a.BalanceSheet(StatementofFinancialPosition)b.IncomeStatement(ProfitandLossStatement)c.CashFlowStatementd.StatementofChangesinEquitye.NotestoFinancialStatements.Thecorestatementsarelisted.16.A,B,C,D,ECurrentassets:a.Cashandcashequivalentsb.AccountsReceivablec.Inventoryd.PrepaidExpensese.Short-termInvestments.Allareassetsexpectedtobeconvertedtocashwithinayear.17.A,C,DEquityincludes:a.CommonStock(ShareCapital)b.PreferredStockc.RetainedEarningsd.AdditionalPaid-inCapitale.TotalLiabilities.Commonstock,retainedearnings,andadditionalpaid-incapitalarecomponentsofequity.18.A,B,C,D,E,FFinancialratiosmeasure:a.Liquidity(abilitytomeetshort-termobligations)b.Solvency(abilitytomeetlong-termobligations)c.Profitability(abilitytogenerateearnings)d.Efficiency(profitabilityrelativetoassets/sales)e.Valuation(priceofassets/securities)f.MarketRisk(volatilityofstockprice).19.A,B,CCreditrisk:a.Defaultrisk(debtorfailstopay)b.Ratingdowngradesc.Concentrationrisk(exposuretofewborrowers)d.Interestraterisk(ratechangesaffectincome).Defaultandratingarecorecreditrisks.20.A,B,C,DMarketrisk:a.Systemicrisk(impactonentiremarket)b.Liquidityrisk(difficultysellingassets)c.Volatilityrisk(priceswings)d.Foreignexchangerisk(exchangeratefluctuations).Systemicandvolatilityarekeymarketrisks.21.A,B,C,D,EFactorsaffectingexchangerates:a.Interestratedifferentialsb.Inflationdifferentialsc.Economicgrowthratesd.Politicalstability/economicperformancee.Termsoftradef.Speculation.Alllistedarefactors.22.A,B,C,D,EOpeneconomymacroissues:a.Nationalincomeaccounting(GDP,GNP)b.Balanceofpaymentsc.Exchangeratesandinternationalfinanced.Impactofforeigntradeandcapitalflowsondomesticeconomye.Inflationandunemploymentunderglobalization.Allarekeytopics.23.A,B,CBusinesscyclephases:a.Expansion(growth)b.Peak(highestpoint)c.Contraction/Recession(decline)d.Long-runtrendgrowth(notacyclephase).Thestandardphasesarelisted.24.A,B,C,DGovernmentpurchases:a.Spendingongoods(e.g.,infrastructure,buildings)b.Spendingonservices(e.g.,defense,education)c.Salariesofpublicemployeesd.Subsidies(oftenconsideredtransferpayment,butsometimesincludedbroadly)e.Interestpaymentsondebt.Goods,services,andemployeesalariesaredirectpurchases.25.B,D,ETransferpayments:b.Socialsecuritybenefits(pensions,unemployment)d.Welfarepayments(aidtofamilies)e.Subsidies(tospecificindustries).Thesearepaymentswithoutdirectquidproquo.Governmentpurchases(A)andinterestpayments(C)arenot.26.A,B,C,DFiscalsurplusimplications:a.Reducesnationaldebtb.Increasesgovernmentsavingsc.Canleadtotaxcutsorspendingcutsd.Providesbufferagainstfuturedeficits.Thesearepotentialoutcomesorgoals.27.A,B,C,DMoneysupplyco