2026年专升本《英语》考试试题及答案

2026年专升本《英语》考试试题及答案PartIVocabularyandStructure(30points,1pointeach)Directions:Thereare30incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheONEthatbestcompletesthesentenceandwritethecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.1.Thecommitteeinsistedthateveryapplicant______adetailedresearchproposalbeforetheinterview.A.submitsB.submitC.submittedD.submitting2.Bythetimetherescueteamarrived,theclimbers______formorethansixtyhoursinthesnow.A.hadtrappedB.havebeentrappedC.hadbeentrappedD.weretrapped3.Thenewregulationwillcomeintoforceon1January,______allpreviousversionsoftheguideline.A.supersedingB.beingsupersededC.supersededD.tosupersede4.Notuntilthefinalwhistle______theextentofthehometeam’stacticalsuperiority.A.thespectatorsrealizedB.didthespectatorsrealizeC.thespectatorshadrealizedD.hadthespectatorsrealized5.Theprofessorrefusedtoacceptthemanuscript,______thatthestatisticalanalysiswasflawed.A.tocontendB.contendingC.havingcontendedD.contended6.______theexperimentthreetimes,thepostgraduatesstillobtainedinconsistentresults.A.HavingconductedB.ConductingC.ToconductD.Conducted7.Thelibrary’sdigitalarchiveisaccessibletoanyone______universitycredentialsarevalid.A.whoseB.ofwhomC.ofwhichD.whom8.TheCEOdemandedthatthemarketingcampaign______moreonGen-Zconsumers.A.focusB.focusesC.focusedD.willfocus9.Thephenomenon,______byintermittentsocialmediaexposure,isnowunderintensiveinvestigation.A.triggeredB.triggeringC.havingtriggeredD.totrigger10.Hardly______theauditoriumwhenthefirealarmwentoff.A.thespeakerhadenteredB.hadthespeakerenteredC.thespeakerenteredD.enteredthespeaker11.Thenegotiatorframedthecompromiseinsuchaway______bothpartiescouldinterpretitasavictory.A.asB.thatC.whichD.whereby12.Theboardagreedtoallocateextrafunds,______theprojectwouldmeetthegreen-buildingstandard.A.incaseB.lestC.sothatD.providedthat13.Themanuscriptwasreturnedtotheauthorbecauseseveralpages______.A.missedB.weremissingC.hadmissedD.wouldmiss14.Theeconomistemphasizedthatanabruptinterest-ratehike,if______,mighttriggercapitalflight.A.toimplementB.implementedC.implementingD.implement15.Themoremeticulouslytheinternsprepared,______confidenttheyfeltduringthepresentation.A.themostB.themoreC.mostD.more16.Thecourtruledthatthestartuphadinfringeduponthepatent,______ithadbeengrantedtwoyearsearlier.A.evenifB.whereasC.despiteD.nevertheless17.Thejournalistaskedthespokespersonwhetherthesummit______asscheduledamidthediplomaticrow.A.wouldproceedB.willproceedC.proceedsD.proceeded18.Theanthropologistarguedthatculturalnorms,ratherthangenetics,______humanmatingpreferences.A.shapeB.areshapedC.haveshapedD.shaped19.Thestudentsfoundthelecturehardtofollowbecausetheinstructorkeptjumpingfromonetopicto______.A.otherB.theotherC.anotherD.others20.Thecitycouncilvotedtobansingle-useplastics,______effectivefromnextfiscalyear.A.tobeB.beingC.beenD.be21.Theauditor’sreporthighlightedthatthediscrepancy______backtoaclericalerrorin2022.A.datedB.haddatedC.hadbeendatedD.dates22.Thephysicistpredictedthat,underextremepressure,thematerial______superconductivityatroomtemperature.A.exhibitsB.wouldexhibitC.exhibitD.willexhibit23.Thecommitteedeferredthedecision,______additionaldatafromthepilotstudy.A.toawaitB.awaitingC.havingawaitedD.awaited24.Thehistoriancautionedagainstinterpretingancienttexts______contemporarymoralstandards.A.intermsofB.onbehalfofC.withregardtoD.inviewof25.Theathlete’srefusaltowearthesponsoredshoes______speculationaboutacovertendorsementdeal.A.sparkedB.hassparkedC.hadsparkedD.sparks26.Thedeanrequestedthatthethesisdraft______totheadvisorypanelatleasttendayspriortothedefense.A.iscirculatedB.becirculatedC.circulatedD.willbecirculated27.Thelinguistnotedthatthedialect______graduallyundertheinfluenceofmainstreammedia.A.erodesB.iserodingC.haserodedD.eroded28.TheboardregardstheCFO’sforecastconservative,______actualrevenuemayexceedprojections.A.inthatB.sothatC.nowthatD.for29.Thenovelwaspraisedforitsintricateplotandfor______theplightofdisplacedcommunities.A.portrayingB.beingportrayedC.havingportrayedD.portray30.Themediatorurgedbothsidestoavoidwording______couldbeconstruedasaprovocation.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.itPartIIClozeTest(20points,1pointeach)Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandchoosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblank.WritethecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.Thenotionthatlanguageinfluencesthought,commonlyassociatedwiththeWhorfianhypothesis,hasbeenbothinfluentialandcontroversial.Recentempiricalstudies,however,suggestthattherelationshipismore31thanpreviouslyassumed.Researchershavefoundthatgrammaticalgender,forinstance,can32howspeakerscategorizeobjects.Inoneexperiment,GermanandSpanishspeakerswereaskedto33adjectivestovariousitems.Germanspeakers,forwhom“bridge”isfeminine,tendedtodescribebridgesas“elegant”or“slender,”34Spanishspeakers,whosewordforbridgeismasculine,preferreddescriptorssuchas“strong”or“sturdy.”Yetsucheffectsappeartobe35,emergingmainlywhenparticipantsareforcedtorelyonmemoryratherthanperception.Whenallowedtoinspectobjectsvisually,cross-linguisticdifferences36dramatically.Thisindicatesthatlanguagemayactasa37ratherthanaprisonofthought.Moreover,bilingualscan38betweendifferentconceptualframeworkswithrelativeease,suggestingcognitiveflexibilityratherthandeterminism.Neuroimagingdataaddanotherlayerofcomplexity.Whenbilingualsswitchlanguages,activityinthedorsolateralprefrontalcortexincreases,39thecognitivecontrolrequiredto40competinglexicalrepresentations.Suchfindingsimplythatanycomprehensiveaccountoflanguage-thoughtinteractionmustincorporateneuralplasticityandexecutivefunction.31.A.staticB.nuancedC.obsoleteD.trivial32.A.distortB.facilitateC.constrainD.amplify33.A.assignB.extractC.deduceD.recall34.A.whileB.sinceC.unlessD.once35.A.robustB.transientC.universalD.cumulative36.A.magnifyB.vanishC.escalateD.stabilize37.A.catalystB.filterC.substituteD.prototype38.A.oscillateB.regressC.convergeD.deteriorate39.A.reflectingB.underminingC.precedingD.inhibiting40.A.suppressB.retrieveC.simulateD.encodePartIIIReadingComprehension(40points,2pointseach)Directions:Readthefollowingpassagesandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestion.WritethecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.PassageATheglobalpushfordecarbonizationhasrevivedinterestinanunlikelycandidate:ammonia.Unlikehydrogen,ammoniacanbeliquefiedatmodestpressure,makingiteasiertostoreandtransport.Whencrackedbackintohydrogenandnitrogen,itoffersacarbon-freefuelforshipsandpowerplants.YettheconventionalHaber-Boschprocessusedtosynthesizeammoniaisitselfenergy-intensive,accountingforroughly2%ofworldwideCO₂emissions.Green-ammoniaproponentsarguethatrenewable-poweredelectrolysiscouldreplacefossil-derivedhydrogenfeedstock,therebyclosingthecarbonloop.Skepticscounterthattheround-tripefficiency—fromelectricitytoammoniaandbacktousableenergy—remainsbelow30%,renderingtheapproacheconomicallydubious.Whatbothcampsoverlookisthepotentialtouseammoniadirectlyinhigh-temperaturesolid-oxidefuelcells,bypassingthecrackingstageentirely.Recentlaboratory-scaledemonstrationshaveachievedefficienciesexceeding60%,hintingatafutureinwhichammoniaservesnotmerelyasahydrogencarrierbutasaprimaryenergyvector.41.TheprimarypurposeofthepassageistoA.dismissskepticismtowardhydrogen-derivedfuelsB.advocateforimmediatedeploymentofammoniaenginesC.highlightanunderexploredutilizationpathwayforammoniaD.comparetheenergydensitiesofhydrogenandammonia42.Accordingtothepassage,theHaber-BoschprocessisproblematicbecauseitA.reliesonscarceplatinumcatalystsB.emitssignificantquantitiesofCO₂C.cannotbeintegratedwithrenewablepowerD.producesimpureammonia43.Theauthorimpliesthatround-tripefficiencyconcernscouldbealleviatedbyA.importingammoniafromsun-richregionsB.usingammoniadirectlyinfuelcellsC.increasingpressurestoragecapacityD.subsidizingelectrolytichydrogen44.Thetoneofthepassagetowardgreen-ammoniaproponentsisbestdescribedasA.laudatoryB.neutralC.satiricalD.hostilePassageBIn2024theEuropeanCourtofJustice(ECJ)deliveredalandmarkrulingonthe“righttobeforgotten”inthecontextofartificialintelligence.ThecaseinvolvedamedicaldoctorwhorequestedthataU.S.-basedlanguagemodelnolongerassociatehernamewithadecades-oldmalpracticesettlement.Thecourtheldthat,wherepersonaldataareprocessedbyAIsystemsoperatinginsidetheEU,erasuremustbeeffectednotonlyinmodeloutputsbutalso,wheretechnicallyfeasible,intrainedparameters.Criticswarnedthatforcedunlearningcoulddegrademodelperformanceacrossunrelatedtasks,imposinga“memorytax”oninnovation.TheECJcounteredthatsuchexternalitiesareoutweighedbythefundamentalrighttodataprotection.Thejudgmentleavesunresolvedtwopressingissues:first,howtoverifyunlearningwhenproprietarymodelsareopaque,andsecond,whichparty—developer,deployer,oruser—bearsliabilityforresidualassociations.45.Thecourt’srulingrequiresthatpersonaldatabeerasedA.frompublicsearchindicesonlyB.frombothoutputsandmodelweightsifpossibleC.withinsixmonthsofacomplaintD.onlywhenthedatasubjectpaysanadministrativefee46.Theterm“memorytax”mostnearlyreferstoA.financialpenaltiesimposedondatacontrollersB.performancedegradationcausedbyselectiveforgettingC.storagecostsincurredbybackupserversD.regulatorytariffsoncloudproviders47.ThepassagesuggeststhatthejudgmenthasA.settledallcontroversiessurroundingAIandprivacyB.shiftedliabilityentirelytoendusersC.createdoperationalchallengesformodeldevelopersD.exemptednon-EUmodelsfromcompliance48.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasanunresolvedissue?A.technicalauditabilityofunlearningB.allocationofresidualliabilityC.extraterritorialenforcementagainstnon-EUfirmsD.economicimpactonsmallstart-upsPassageCTheresurgenceofartisanalbreadhasbeenhailedasacounterculturalbacklashagainstindustrialfoodsystems.Yetthenarrativeobscuresaparadox:many“local”bakeriesrelyonglobalcommoditychainsforhigh-proteinwheat.Heritagegrains,onceadaptedtoregionalsoils,weregraduallyreplacedbystandardizedvarietiesthatrespondpredictablytofertilizersandirrigation.Asmallbutgrowingnetworkofbreedersisattemptingtoreversethistrendbyselectingforflavor,droughttolerance,andlow-inputagriculture.Theireffortscoincidewithconsumerwillingnesstopaypremiumpricesforsourdoughloaveswhoseterroircanbenarratedlikethatofwine.PreliminaryagronomictrialsindicatethatlandracessuchasRedFifeandEinkornyield30%lessgrainthanmoderncultivarsunderoptimalconditions,butoutperformthemundermoisturestress.Theobstacleisscaling:artisanalmillslacktheblendinginfrastructuretoguaranteeconsistentproteinlevels,forcingbakerstoadjusthydrationratiosbatchbybatch.Untillogisticalbottlenecksareresolved,there-localizationofwheatremainsaspirational.49.TheparadoxhighlightedinthepassagecentersonA.thenutritionalsuperiorityofwhiteflourB.thedependenceoflocalbrandingondistantsupplychainsC.thedeclineofsourdoughfermentationD.theoversupplyofheritageseeds50.HeritagegrainsareattractivetobreedersprimarilybecausetheyA.requireminimalmarketingB.offersuperioryieldsunderdroughtC.areprotectedbyinternationalpatentsD.maturefasterthanmodernwheat51.TheauthorsuggeststhatconsumernarrativizationofterroirfunctionsasA.asubstitutefortraceabilityregulationB.ajustificationforpremiumpricingC.amarketinggimmickdevoidofsubstanceD.animpedimenttogeneticresearch52.Whichofthefollowingwouldmostdirectlyadvancethere-localizationofwheat?A.developmentofdrought-resistantGMOwheatB.investmentinsmall-scaleproteinstandardizationC.eliminationofsourdoughlabelingrequirementsD.consolidationofartisanalbakeriesintochainsPassageDQuantumkeydistribution(QKD)promisestheoreticallyunbreakableencryptionbyexploitingtheno-cloningtheorem.Yetearlycommercialsystemsoperatedonlyoverfiberlinksshorterthan100kmbecausephotonlossscalesexponentiallywithdistance.Aproposedworkaroundisthequantumrepeater,whichusesentanglementswappingtoextendrangewithoutmeasuringthephotonscarryingthekey.Implementingsuchrepeatersdemandsquantummemoriescapableofstoringentangledstatesforsecondswhileawaitingneighboringnodes.Rare-earthdopedcrystalshaveemergedaspromisingcandidates,exhibitingcoherencetimesexceedingsixhoursatcryogenictemperatures.However,theread-outefficiencyremainsbelow70%,introducinglatencythatunderminesreal-timecommunication.Analternativearchitecturebypassesrepeatersentirelybyusinglow-orbitsatellitesastrustednodes.In2025China’sQuantumScienceSatellitesuccessfullydemonstratedintercontinentalQKDbetweengroundstationsinBeijingandVienna.Atmosphericturbulencecauseda20%dropinkeyrate,stillsufficientforone-time-padencryptionofdiplomaticcables.Theremaininghurdleisnottechnologicalbutgeopolitical:nationsremainreluctanttodependonforeign-ownedsatellitesforstrategiccommunications.53.Theno-cloningtheoremiscentraltoQKDbecauseitA.reducesphotonlossinopticalfibersB.preventsunauthorizedduplicationofquantumkeysC.increasesthekeygenerationrateD.eliminatestheneedforcryogeniccooling54.ThechieflimitationofterrestrialQKDpriortorepeaterresearchwasA.exponentialphotonlossoverdistanceB.susceptibilitytoelectromagneticinterferenceC.highfinancialcostofsingle-photondetectorsD.regulatorybansonstrongencryption55.Rare-earthdopedcrystalsarevaluedinquantumrepeatersfortheirA.longcoherencetimesB.room-temperatureoperationC.immunitytohackingD.satellitecompatibility56.Thepassageimpliesthatsatellite-basedQKDresolvesA.geopoliticalmistrustamongnationsB.thetechnicalchallengeoflong-distancekeyexchangeC.theread-outefficiencyproblemofquantummemoriesD.theexponentialscalingoffiberlossPartIVTranslation(20points)Directions:TranslatethefollowingtwoparagraphsintoEnglishorChineseasindicated.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheet.57.将下列中文段落译成英文：数字经济时代，数据已成为继土地、资本、劳动力之后的第四大生产要素。然而，数据要素的市场化配置仍面临产权界定模糊、定价机制缺位、隐私泄露风险突出等掣肘。立法层面亟需建立“数据使用权”与“数据所有权”分置的框架，通过引入可信执行环境与区块链审计追踪，实现流通全流程可记录、可验证、可追责，从而在激活数据价值的同时守住安全底线。58.TranslatethefollowingEnglishparagraphintoChinese:Theemergenceofgenerativeartificialintelligencehasupendedtraditionalnotionsofauthorship.Whenalanguagemodelproducestextthatcloselyresemblesthestyleofalivingwriter,itblurstheboundarybetweenhomageandinfringement.Legalsystemsmustnowgrapplewithwhetherstatisticalassociationatscaleconstitutesderivativework,andifso,howtoallocateroyaltiesamongthecountlessauthorswhosetextswereingestedduringtraining.Aplausiblemiddlegroundistotreatmodeloutputsasjointauthorshipbetweentheuserwhocraftedthepromptandthecollectiveofpre-existingwriters,withcompensationflowingthroughanopt-outcollectivelicensingschemeanalogoustothatusedinmusicsampling.PartVWriting(30points)Directions:Writeanessayofnolessthan250wordsonthefollowingtopic.Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,languageandappropriateness.Topic:Shoulduniversitiesadopta“credit-for-competency”systemthatallowsstudentstoearndegreesthroughproject-basedassessmentsinsteadoftraditionalcoursehours?【卷后答案与解析】PartI1–301Binsist后接虚拟语气，动词原形。2C过去完成被动，强调“被困”发生在arrived之前。3Asuperseding现在分词作伴随状语。4BNotuntil置于句首需倒装。5Bcontending现在分词作伴随状语，表示“声称”。6AHavingconducted完成体分词，强调先于主句动作。7Awhose指代anyone，表示“那些凭证有效的人”。8Ademand后接虚拟语气，动词原形focus。9Atriggered过去分词作后置定语，表被动。10BHardly…when固定倒装结构。11Bsuch…that固定搭配。12Csothat引导目的状语从句。13Bweremissing系表结构，表示“缺失”。14Bimplemented过去分词作条件状语，省略if。15Bthemore…themore固定比较结构。16Bwhere