功能对等理论视角下的字幕汉译研究-以闪耀的平凡字幕翻译为例

IntroductionWiththewidespreadofdocumentaries,subtitletranslationplaysanincreasinglyprominentrole.Thehigh-qualitytranslationofthesubtitleswillnotonlyhelptoenhancethecommunicationeffectofthedocumentary,butalsocanbetterconveytheculturalconnotationandemotionalcoloroftheoriginaltext,andenhancetheculturalidentityandculturalconfidence.FunctionalequivalencetheoryisanimportanttranslationtheoryputforwardbyEugeneA.Nida,afamousAmericanlinguist,in1969.Nida'stheoryoffunctionalequivalenceisintendedtoemphasizethefunctionalequivalencebetweenthetwolanguagesintheprocessoftranslation,ratherthansimplypursuingliteralcorrespondence.REF_Ref8386\r\h[9]ThispaperintendstostudyMundaneGlorysubtitlesundertheguidanceofNida's"functionalequivalence"theory.Throughthisstudy,Ihopetofindoutsomecommonproblemsinfilmandtelevisiontranslationatpresentandprovidereferenceforfilmandtelevisionsubtitletranslatorsinthefuture.Atthesametime,lettingmorefilmandtelevisiontranslatorscombinethefunctionalequivalencetheorytocheckandproofreadthetranslationpracticeandimprovethequalityoftranslation.Thespecificresearchpurposesincludethefollowingaspects:Analysisoftranslationstrategies:Asaspecialaudio-visualtext,thedocumentarysubtitlestranslationnotonlyconveyinformationaccurately,butalsoconsiderthespace-timelimitationofsubtitles,theacceptanceoftheaudienceandthedifferencesinculturalbackground.ThisstudyaimstoexplorehowtoanalyzethespecificstrategiesinthesubtitletranslationofMundaneGlory,suchasomission,Italiantranslation,culturalreplacement,etc.Byanalyzingthesetechniques,theresearchseekstooptimizesubtitlereadabilityandfluencywhilepreservingtheoriginaltext’sintent,therebyenhancingcross-culturalcommunicationeffectiveness.Evaluatethetranslationeffect:Basedonfunctionalequivalence,thequalityofsubtitletranslationisevaluatedfromtheperspectivesofinformationtransmission,culturalrestorationandaudienceacceptance.Bysystematicallyexaminingexistingtranslations,theresearchidentifiestheirstrengthsandweaknesses,offeringacriticalevaluationframework.Thefindingswillcontributetoadeeperunderstandingofhowfunctionalequivalencecanbeachievedinaudiovisualtranslation,ensuringthatsubtitlesmeetbothlinguisticandculturalexpectations.Guidetranslationpractice:Translationtheoryservesasacrucialfoundationforpractice,whilepracticalapplicationtestsandrefinestheoreticalprinciples.Asacoretheoryintranslationstudies,functionalequivalenceplaysasignificantroleinsubtitletranslation.Thisresearchcombinestheoreticalanalysiswithcasestudiestoexaminethetheory’sapplicability,challenges,andpotentialadaptationsinreal-worldscenarios.Bysummarizingpracticalstrategiesandsolutions,thestudyprovidesactionableinsightsfortranslators,helpingthembalancelinguisticaccuracywithaudienceengagement.Ultimately,itaimstobridgethegapbetweentheoryandpractice,improvingboththeefficiencyandqualityofdocumentarysubtitletranslation.Thispaperconsistsofthreechapters:Chapteroneistheoverviewofdocumentarysubtitletranslation,includingitsdefinitionandcharacteristics;InChaptertwo,thefocusisonthefunctionalequivalencetheory.ItprimarilypresentsNida'sdynamicequivalencetheoryaswellasthefunctionalequivalencetheory.Moreover,itconductsananalysisofthetheoreticalstrengthsandthepracticalfeasibilityofapplyingthefunctionalequivalencetheorytosubtitletranslation.ChapterthreeistheanalysisofdocumentarysubtitleE-CtranslationofMundaneGlory,mainlyintroducingtheMundaneGloryandmakingacaseanalysisofSubtitleE-CTranslationofMundaneGloryfromthreeaspects.Thispaperwillcomprehensivelyuseavarietyofresearchmethods,includingliteraturereview,caseanalysis,etc.Thespecificmethodsareasfollows:Literaturereview:First,throughextensivecollectionofdomesticandforeignliteratureonfunctionalequivalencetheory,documentarysubtitletranslation,andMundaneGlory,thispapersystematicallycombsandsummarizestheresearchbackground,theoreticalbasisandshortcomingsofexistingresearch,soastoprovideasolidtheoreticalsupportandresearchframeworkforthisstudy.Casestudy:TakingMundaneGloryasacasestudy,thispapermakesathoroughanddetailedanalysisofitssubtitletranslation.Thespecificstepsinclude:（1）Corpuscollection:CollecttheoriginalsubtitlesandChinesetranslationsubtitlesofthedocumentarycomprehensivelytoensurethecompletenessandaccuracyoftheanalysismaterials.（2）Contrastiveanalysis:Drawinguponthefunctionalequivalencetheory,thisacademicpaperundertakesacomparativeanalysisoftheoriginalsubtitlesandtheirtranslatedcounterparts.Theexaminationiscarriedoutfromthreekeyperspectives:thechoiceofvocabulary,thesyntacticconstruction,andthehandlingofculturalelements.Throughthisprocess,itpinpointsboththechallengesandtheoutstandingaspectsthatemergeduringthetranslationprocedure.（3）Functionalevaluation:Evaluatethefunctionalequivalenceoftranslatedsubtitlesintermsofinformationtransmission,emotionalexpressionandculturaladaptability,andexploretheeffectivenessoftranslationstrategies.3.Comprehensiveinductionandtheoreticalconstruction:Onthebasisoftheaboveresearch,thecoreelements,effectivestrategiesandpotentialchallengesoffunctionalequivalencetheoryindocumentarysubtitletranslationarecomprehensivelysummarized,whichlaysthefoundationforthesiswriting.ChapteroneOverviewofDocumentarySubtitleTranslation1.1DefinitionofDocumentarySubtitleTranslationSubtitletranslationistotransformthesourcelanguagetextintothetargetlanguagetext,whichiswidelyusedintheaudio-visualmediasuchasmoviesandTVprograms,andthepurposeistohelpthetargetlanguageaudienceunderstandthecontent.Gottliebdefinessubtitlesas"translatingtheoralorwrittensourcetextofanaudio-visualproductintowrittentargettextandaddingittotheoriginaltextimageatthebottomofthescreen".REF_Ref9898\r\h[2]Subtitletranslationrepresentsfarmorethanameretransformationoflanguages.Infact,itservesasasignificantcross-culturalcommunicationendeavor.Itscoreobjectiveistoguaranteethatviewersareabletocomprehensivelygraspthecontentofthevideo,unhinderedbyanylanguageobstaclesthatmightotherwiseimpedetheirunderstanding.Thistaskisparticularlyimportantinthesubtitletranslationofdocumentaries,becausedocumentariesoftencarryrichculturalinformation,historicalbackgroundandsocialreality,andtheaudienceneedstodeeplyunderstandtheinformationandsignificanceconveyedbydocumentariesthroughaccurateandsmoothsubtitletranslation.Subtitletranslationoriginatedinthewest,andEuropeanscholarshavemadethemostoutstandingcontributionstothisfield.InEurope,theboomingdevelopmentwitnessedinsubtitletranslationanditsassociatedresearchbearsastrongcorrelationwithmultiplefactors.Firstly,itisdeeplyentwinedwiththeuniquehistoricalprogressionthatEuropeancountrieshaveundergone.Secondly,therichlydiversetraitsoftheirlanguagesandculturesplayacrucialrole.Andlastly,theextensiveandcloseinteractionsamongtheseEuropeannationshavealsocontributedsignificantlytothisphenomenon.TheresearchconductedbyWesternscholarsonsubtitletranslationfromthetranslationalperspectivedatesbacktotheperiodspanningfromthelate1950stotheearly1960s.Backin1956,thejournaltitledLelinguiste/DetaalkundigereleasedanarticlenamedTraditionetCinéma.Subsequently,in1960,themagazineBabelcameoutwithaspecialnamedCinémaettraduction.TheeditioncanrightfullyberegardedasthepioneeringtheoreticalstudiesontelevisionsubtitletranslationinEurope.In1974,DolleruphadanarticletitledOnSubtitlesinTelevisionProgrammespublishedinBabel.Thismarkedtheveryfirstoccasionwheresubtitletranslationwasstudiedinisolation.ThepaperdelvedmeticulouslyintotheassortederrorsthatcroppedupwhenEnglishTVprogramsweretranslatedintoDanish.WhatsetDollerup'sworkapartandmadeittrulyremarkablewasthatitwastheinauguralattempttospotlightthecrucialsignificanceofsubtitleswithintheteachingrealm.Itwasclearlypointedoutthatfilmsubtitlescouldserveasavaluabletooltofacilitateforeignlanguagelearning.REF_Ref10032\r\h[1]Ontheflipside,IstvanFodorrepresentsasignificantmilestoneintheexplorationofdubbing.In1976,hepublishedFilmDubbing:Phonetic,Semiotic,AestheticandPsychologicalAspects,whichconstitutedthefirstall-encompassingstudyofdubbingfromthevantagepointsoflinguistics,semiotics,aesthetics,andpsychology.ThisworkstandsastheearliestsystematicmonographdedicatedtofilmdubbingandhaslaidthegroundworkforthetheoreticalexaminationofWesternfilmandtelevisiontranslation.Fodorputforwardthenotionthattranslatedfilmsoughttofulfillthedemandsof"synchronization"acrossthreefronts,namely"voicesynchronization","charactersynchronization",and"contentsynchronization".REF_Ref10156\r\h[5]Concurrently,healsodeliberatedonthediverseinterpretationsofsignlanguagewithindistinctlanguageandculturalsystems,aswellasthevaryingvisualimpactsengenderedbythecamerashootingangleontheperceptionofmoviecharacters’utterances.Giventhefactthateachcountry’slanguageandculturepossesstheirownuniquenessandareirreplaceable,itproveschallengingfortranslatedfilmstoattainflawlesssynchronizationineveryrespect.Consequently,"outofstep"occurrencesarealmostinevitable.Forinstance,hecontendsthatensuringahighdegreeofsynchronizationbetweensoundandpictureattheoutsetofafilmisofparamountimportance.Therationalebehindthisisthatastheaudiencebecomesprogressivelyengrossedinthefilm’splot,theywilltendnottopayparticularheedtowhetherthesoundandthecharacters’lipmovementsareinsync.Duringthe1990s,thankstothebackingprovidedbytheEuropeanUnion,alongwiththeadvancementsinscienceandtechnologyandthegrowingemphasisonlanguageinEuropeancountries,thisfieldenteredaprosperousgoldenera.Correspondingly,thevolumeofrelatedtheoreticalresearchsawaremarkableupsurge.In1991,incollaborationwithfourEuropeanfilmandtelevisiontranslationexperts,LuykenbroughtoutthebooktitledOvercomingLanguageBarriersinTelevision:DubbingandSubtitlingfortheEuropeanAudience.REF_Ref10244\r\h[7]Thisparticularvolumeapproachesthediversetranslationmodalitiesforlanguageconversioninfilmandtelevisioncreationsfromanexpertstance.Itincorporatescopiousamountsofdata,andundertakesamethodicalandin-depthexplorationofseveralaspectswithinEurope,suchasthequantityoftranslatedfilmandtelevisionworks,thecostsassociatedwithpersonnel,andthepreferencesoftheaudience.Backin1992,Ivarsson'swork,SubtitlefortheMedia:AHandbookofAnArt,emergedasthepioneerinsystematicallyexploringsubtitletranslationacrossEurope.REF_Ref10404\r\h[6]Thisparticularbookstrikesafinebalancebetweentheoryandpractice.Itnotonlydelvesintothetheoreticalunderpinningsbutalsopresentsthestrategiesapplicabletosubtitletranslationinthecontextofemergingtechnologieslikedigitaltechnology.Asaresult,ithasservedasaguidinglightfornumeroussubtitletranslators.Then,in1994,Gotliebintroducedtheconceptofdiagonaltranslation,therebyintegratinglinguisticsintothedomainoffilmandtelevisionsubtitletranslation.Inaddition,heformulatedrenownedsubtitletranslationstrategies,includingexhibitiontranslation,translation,interpretation,translationchange,copytranslationandimitationtranslation.REF_Ref10515\r\h[3]Comparedwiththewest,theresearchonsubtitletranslationinChinastartedlate,canbetracedbacktothebeginningofthe21stcentury,whenforeignfilmsbegantoentertheChinamarket.Somescholarsmaderelevantresearchonsubtitletranslation.Forexample,LiYifanmakesacontrastiveanalysisofthetraditionalandsimplifiedsubtitlesofthefilmTenetfromthelexicalandsyntacticlevels,pointsouttheirrespectiveadvantagesanddisadvantages,andprovidescorrespondingsuggestionsforimprovingthetranslationerrorsofthesimplifiedsubtitles,includinglexicalequivalenceandsyntacticequivalence;equivalenceandsyntacticequivalence;JiaLijuananalyzedtherestrictivefactorsofsubtitletranslationbyreferringtothesubtitletranslationofthefilmLittleWomen.REF_Ref10594\r\h[18]Theybelievethatsubtitletranslation,asamediumtoeliminatelanguagebarriersandpromoteculturalcommunication,playsaveryimportantroleinthepromotionofmovies,andtranslatorsshouldalsoconsiderculturalcommunication,playsaveryimportantroleinthepromotionofmovies,andtranslatorsshouldalsoconsiderculturaldifferencesinthetranslationprocess.1.2CharacteristicsofDocumentarySubtitleTranslationDocumentarysubtitletranslationisaspeciallanguagetype,whichconvertssoundintowrittenform,sothattheaudiencecanbetterfollowthedevelopmentofthefilmplot.Subtitletranslationaimstoenablethetargetaudiencetoattainanidenticalviewingexperienceasthatofthesourceaudience.Itfallsundertheumbrellaofliterarytranslation,sharingnumerouscommonalitieswithit.However,duetothelimitationofdocumentaryartisticeffectonsubtitletranslation,subtitletranslationalsohasmanyuniquefeatures.ChinatranslationscholarQianShaochangcomprehensivelysummedupthatfilmandtelevisionlanguagehasthecharacteristicsoflistening,synthesis,instantaneity,popularityandnon-annotationinhisworkFilmandTelevisionTranslation-anincreasinglyimportantfieldintranslationgarden.REF_Ref10672\r\h[20]Specificallyreflectedin:Oneofthecharacteristicsofsubtitletranslation,"listening",specificallymeansthattheaudiencecanbefamiliar,understand,andcomfortablewhenreceivinginformationthroughtheears.Specificallyreflectedin:（1）Maketheaudiencefamiliarwithit:Thelanguageinsubtitletranslationshouldlettheaudienceunderstanditsmeaning,avoidusingtoorareorcomplexwords,andensurethattheaudiencecaneasilyunderstandthecontentofthedialogue.Forexample,whenpronounssuchas"He","She"and"It"inEnglisharetranslatedintoChinese,theyneedtomaintaintheirhomonymcharacteristics,sothattheaudiencecanknowtheobjecttheyreferto.（2）Lettheaudienceunderstandimmediately:Giventhatthesubtitlesflashbyrapidlyintandemwiththefilm'sbroadcast,theviewersscarcelyhaveanytimetomulloverthemeaningofthesubtitles.Hence,subtitletranslationhastobesuccinctandlucidtoensurethattheaudiencecanreadilycomprehendit.（3）Maketheaudiencecomfortable:Apartfromenablingtheaudiencetocomprehendthedialogue,subtitletranslationoughttoalsoplaceemphasisonthefluencyandauthenticityofthelanguageused.Thetranslatorneedstograsptheprincipleofcharacterizationandemotionofthecharacters'languagetoensurethatthedialoguecanfullyshowthecharactercharacteristicsandemotionalcolorofthecharacters.Inthisway,whenlisteningtothedialogue,theaudiencecannotonlyunderstandthemeaning,butalsofeeltheemotionsandpersonalitiesofthecharacters,soastoimprovethewatchingexperience.2.Thesynthesisofsubtitletranslationmeansthatwhiletheaudiencereceivessubtitleinformation,theyalsoreceivesimages,sounds(includingdialogue,musicandothersoundeffects).Thischaracteristic,tosomeextent,makesupfortheregretthatthesubtitlesthemselvescannotbeexpressedorarenotfullyexpressed.Whentranslating,subtitletranslatorsneedtocomprehensivelyconsidervariousfactors,suchaspictures,soundeffectsandactors'performance,toensuretheharmonyofsubtitleswiththesefactors,soastoenhancetheoverallviewingofthefilm.3.Instantaneity:Thenotablefeatureofsubtitletranslationisinstantaneity,thatis,thetimeforsubtitlestoflashonthescreenisveryshort,usuallyonlyafewsecondsorevenless.Theaudiencemustreadandunderstandthesubtitleinformationinaveryshorttime,otherwisetheinformationwillflashbyandcannotbereviewedagain.Thisinstantaneityrequiresthatsubtitletranslationshouldbeconciseandclear,andavoidlengthyandcomplicatedsentencestructures.InMundaneGlory,thetranslatormustconveythemostimportantinformationinalimitedtimebecauseofthefastnarrativerhythmandfrequentsubtitles.4.Popularity：Asapopularartform,documentaryhasawiderangeofaudiences,includingaudiencesofdifferentages,educationalbackgroundsandlanguagelevel.Therefore,subtitletranslationmustbeeasytounderstandandinlinewiththeeducationallevelandunderstandingabilityofthegeneralaudience.InMundaneGlory,thetranslatorneedstousesimple,straightforwardlanguageandavoidusingoverlycomplexorprofessionalvocabularyandsentencestructures.Forexample,indescribingacharactertrait,thetranslatorcanusecommonadjectivesandphrasesratherthantoo-esotericpsychologicalterms.Inaddition,sincethedocumentarymaycontainsomedialectororalexpressions,thetranslatoralsoneedstomakeappropriateconversionandinterpretationinthetranslationtoensurethattheaudiencecanaccuratelyunderstandthesubtitlecontent.5.Non-annotationinsubtitletranslationreferstothereductionoravoidanceofadditionalcommentsorexplanationsduringthetranslationprocess.Becausesubtitletranslationisstrictlylimitedbytimeandspace,itisusuallyimpossibletohelpreadersunderstandbyaddingnotesasinliterature.Therefore,translatorsneedtoretainthemeaningoftheoriginaltextinawaymoreconsistentwiththeexpressionhabitsofthetargetlanguageaudience,andavoidtheuseoftoocomplexorobscurewordsandexpressions.Also,too,sincethesubtitletranslationispresentedinrealtimeasthedocumentaryplays,theaudiencedoesnothaveenoughtimetoreadtheadditionalnotesorexplanations.Therefore,non-annotationhasbecomeanimportantfeatureofsubtitletranslation.ChaptertwoFunctionalEquivalenceTheory2.1NidaandtheFunctionalEquivalenceTheory2.1.1Nida'sTheoryofDynamicEquivalenceNidaoriginallyusedtheconceptof"dynamicequivalence"todescribefunctionalequivalence.Hebelievesthatequivalencein"dynamicequivalence"includeslexicalequivalence,syntacticequivalence,discourseequivalenceandstylisticequivalence.Inthesefouraspects,Nidabelievesthat"meaningisthemostimportant,followedbyform".REF_Ref10842\r\h[12]Afterthetheoryofdynamicequivalencewasputforward,itwashighlysoughtafterbytranslatorsathomeandabroad.Inordertopreventpeoplefrommisunderstandingtheword"dynamic",Nidareplaced"dynamicequivalence"with"functionalequivalence"inlaterstudies,andemphasizedthecommunicativefunctionoftranslation.2.1.2FunctionalEquivalenceTheoryandResearchIn1969,therenownedAmericanlinguistEugeneA.NidaputforwardanimportanttranslationtheoryknownastheFunctionalEquivalenceTheory.Nida'stheoryoffunctionalequivalence,isintendedtoemphasizethefunctionalequivalencebetweenthetwolanguagesintheprocessoftranslation,ratherthansimplypursuingliteralcorrespondence.Nidaholdstheviewthatintheprocessoftranslation,wheneveraconflictarisesbetweenformandcontent,itisnecessaryforformtoyieldtocontent.Accordingly,translationshouldbebasedonfourcriteria:first,expressingmeaning;Thesecondistoconveythespirit;Third,wordsshouldbefluentandnatural;Thefourthistogetsimilarresponsesfromreaders.REF_Ref10940\r\h[13]Nidabelievesthattheinformationconveyedbytranslationshouldhavebothsuperficiallexicalinformationanddeepculturalinformation,sothefunctionalequivalencetheoryrequiresthattheequivalencebetweenthetranslationandtheoriginalshouldbebetweentwolevels:thelowestlevelofequivalenceandthehighestlevelofequivalence.REF_Ref8425\r\h[10]Inordertoachievefunctionalequivalence,translatorsneedtomakecomprehensiveconsiderationatlexical,syntactic,discourseandstylisticlevels,andpayattentiontotheinfluenceofculturalbackgroundandcontext.Lexicalequivalence:Lexicalequivalenceentailsmorethanjustabasicone-to-onematchinthemeaningsofwords.Instead,itdemandsthat,duringtranslation,wordswithcomparableculturalundertonesbeidentifiedinboththetargetlanguageandthesourcelanguagetosubstituteforthevocabularyofthesourcelanguage.Thisway,thereadersofthetargetlanguagewillrespondinamannersimilartothatofthesourcelanguagereaders.Syntacticequivalence:Syntacticequivalencerequiresthatthesentencecomponents(suchassubject,predicateandobject)ofthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguagebasicallycorrespondtotheorderofwords.However,duetothedifferencesinsyntacticstructuresofdifferentlanguages,completeequivalenceisoftendifficulttoachieve.Consequently,translatorshavetomakeadaptationsinlinewiththegrammaticalregulationsandexpressioncustomsofthetargetlanguage,soastoguaranteethesmoothnessandnaturalnessofthesentences.Discourseequivalence:Discourseequivalenceinvolvestheequivalenceofparagraphs,discoursestructureandoverallmeaning.Intheprocessoftranslation,translatorsneedtopayattentiontothediscoursestructureandlogicalrelationshipoftheoriginaltextandmakecorrespondingadjustmentsinthetranslationtoensurethatthetargetreaderscanaccuratelyunderstandtheintentionandinformationoftheoriginaltext.Stylisticequivalence:Stylisticequivalencereferstotheequivalenceoflanguagestyle,registerandrhetoricaldevices.Intheprocessoftranslation,thetranslatorneedstochoosetheappropriatelanguagestyleandrhetoricaldevicesaccordingtothestylisticcharacteristicsoftheoriginaltext,soastoachievestylisticequivalenceofthetranslatedtext.Thetheoryoffunctionalequivalenceparticularlyemphasizestheconsiderationofculturalfactors.InNida'sview,translationrepresentsmorethanjustatransformationoflanguages;itisequallyaprocessofculturalexchange.Intheprocessoftranslation,thetranslatorneedstofullyunderstandtheculturalbackgroundofthesourcelanguageandthedestinationlanguagetoensurethatthetranslationcanaccuratelyconveytheculturalconnotationoftheoriginaltext.Forexample,intheEnglishidiom"springuplikemushroom","mushroom"originallymeans“蘑菇”,butwhentranslatedintoChinese,thetranslatorchooses“雨后春笋”ratherthan“雨后蘑菇”,becauseinChineseculture,theidiom"bambooshootsafterrain"ismorecommonandeasiertobeunderstoodandacceptedbythetargetlanguagereaders.REF_Ref11309\r\h[19]Whendealingwithculturaldifferences,translatorscanadoptavarietyoftranslationstrategies,suchasannotation,additionaltranslationandsubtraction,alienationandnaturalization,etc.Noteistoaddexplanatorywordstothetranslationtohelpreadersunderstandtheculturalinformationintheoriginaltext.Additionaltranslationreferstotheadditionofsomenecessaryinformationtothetranslationtocompensateforthelackoftheoriginaltextinthedestinationlanguageculture.Subtractedtranslationreferstotheomittedunnecessaryinformationinthetargetlanguageculture.Alienationmeanstomaintaintheexoticcharacteristicsoftheoriginaltextandmakethetranslationfeelexotic.Naturalizationmeansconvertingtheforeignorexoticelementswithintheoriginaltextintoculturalelementsthatarerecognizableandfamiliartothereadersofthetargetlanguage.Bydoingso,thetranslationbecomesmoreattunedtotheculturalbackdropofthosetargetlanguagereaders.Nida'spointofviewhascausedextensivedebateanddiscussionintheinternationaltranslationfield.GermanscholarHansJ.Vermerstudiedandexpandedthetheoryoffunctionalequivalencefromtheperspectiveofpracticalapplication.Heputforwardtheconceptof"SkoposEquivalence",andemphasizedthattranslationshouldbeguidedbySkopos.Moreover,inaccordancewithvaryingtranslationassignments,suitabletranslationstrategiesaswellasmethodsoughttobepicked.Hebelievesthattranslationisapurposefulbehavior,andtheultimategoaloftranslationistorealizetheexpectedfunctionofthetranslationproject.REF_Ref11433\r\h[4]MonaBake,aBritishscholar,criticallyevaluatedthefunctionalequivalencetheoryandputforwardanalternativetranslationtheory.Shebelievesthatfunctionalequivalencetheoryoveremphasizesthemeaningandunderstandingofthetargetlanguagereaders,ignoringtheimportanceoftheculturalandhistoricalbackgroundofthesourcelanguage.Sheputforwardtheconceptof"culturaltransformation",emphasizingtheculturalmediumoftranslationandtheroleofculturalchange.Sheholdstheopinionthattranslationentailsmorethanjustthetransformationfromonelanguagetoanother;italsoinvolvesthedisseminationandinteractionofdifferentcultures.REF_Ref11508\r\h[8]Withtheemergenceoffunctionalequivalencetheory,domesticscholarsbegantopayattentiontothistheoryandlaunchedaseriesofstudies.SunXiaoxiawasthefirsttointroducethistheorytoChinesescholars.Additionally,sheputforwardresearchperspectivesregardingtheapplicationandimplementationofthefunctionalequivalencetheoryintranslationteachingwithinChina.REF_Ref11573\r\h[21]ZhangWenjiangholdstheviewthatthefunctionalequivalencetheoryiscapableofmoreeffectivelyregulatingandmodifyingtherelationshipbetweenthesourcetextandthetargettext,anditshowsgreatpromiseintranslationteachinginChina.REF_Ref11652\r\h[23]LuLiangbelievesthatfunctionalequivalencetheoryiswidelyusedinappliedtranslation,anditcanbewellus