小城镇水管理研究Town and Township Water Man

TownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage1华北水质研究项目汇报APresentationforNorthChinaWaterQualityStudyProgram小城镇水管理研究TownandTownshipWaterManagementStudy/sundae_meng研究背景Background研究目标Objective研究方法ResearchMethodology社会经济状况Socio-economicSituation环境状况EnvironmentalSituation供水WaterSupply污水处理WastewaterTreatment建议RecommendationsTownandTownshipWaterManagementStudy汇报提纲Contents/sundae_mengTownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage3NanjingUniversity经济发展Economicdevelopment城市化Urbanization城镇化过程Townandtownshipdevelopment环境退化Environmentaldegradation基础设施匮乏Lackofinfrastructure生活质量的提高Improvementofqualityoflife缺乏适宜的机制Lackofsuitablemechanism研究背景Background/sundae_meng总结所选择建制镇和集镇的水质管理、供水和污水处理现状。Summarizethestatusofwaterqualitymanagement,watersupplyandwastewatertreatmentinaselectedETs&TCs.为建设部、国家环保总局、水利部等制定小城市及城镇水质管理政策提供支持。ProvideinputstoMOC,SEPAandMWRintheirendeavorstoshapenewWQMpoliciesforsmallcities,ETsandTCs.为世界银行制订有效的有关中国城镇水质管理贷款计划提供支持。FunctionasguidancetotheBankindeterminingcosteffectiveinterventionsneededtosupportWQMinsmallcitiesandtownsinChina.TownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage4研究目标ResearchObjectives/sundae_meng实例研究Casestudyapproach比较分析Comparativeanalysis数据收集：以前的数据库（电子及非电子版本）、乡镇企业调查、统计数据、网络和当地文件。Datacollectionfrompreviousdatabaseinbothelectronicandpaperformats,formerTVIEsurvey,officialstatisticaldata,internet,andlocaldocuments.预调研：完善问卷和访谈提纲。Pilotstudywasconductedtorefinethequestionnairesandinterviewoutlines。TownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage5研究方法ResearchMethods/sundae_meng野外调查及问卷。包括50份问卷，每份问卷包含100~150个问题。Fieldsurveyandquestionnaires.50questionnaires,eachquestionnaireincludes100~150questions.面谈，包括企业经理，乡镇、县、城市、省等层次的官员，环保局领导和公众。200人左右。Interviewwithenterprisesmanagers,localgovernmentofficialsattownship,county,municipalandprovinciallevels,EPBdirectors,andthepublic.About200people.电话咨询。Phoneinterviews.TownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage6研究方法ResearchMethods/sundae_mengTownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage7调研包含了世界银行P081348项目——河南城镇供水和污水处理项目的11个县。它们是：(1)原阳，(2)尉氏，(3)兰考，(4)新安，(5)宜阳，(6)嵩县，(7)博爱，(8)武陟，(9)襄城，(10)遂平和(11)汝南。WorldBankprojectP081348-HenanTownsWaterSupply&Sanitationproject.Including:(i)Yuanyang;(ii)Weishi,(iii)Lankao,(iv)Xin’an,(v)Yiyang,(vi)Shong,(vii)Bo’ai,(viii)Wuzhi,(ix)Xiangcheng,(x)Shuipingand(xi)Runan.研究地区-河南Henan/sundae_mengTownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage8研究地区-江苏Jiangsu/sundae_mengTownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage9社会经济(2003)Socio-EconomicDevelopment当地财务状况仍然十分紧张，在河南调研地区之间以及与东部发达地区之间仍然存在地区差异。LocalgovernmentsfaceverytightfinancialbudgetsandregionaldifferentiationexistsamongsurveyedcountiesinHenanandthoseindevelopedareas/sundae_mengTownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage10环境状况(2003)由于经济发展和环境管理较差，水质正在严重恶化。WQhasbeenseriouslydegradedduetorapideconomicdevelopmentandweakenvironmentalmanagement.城镇和快速城镇化的农村可能成为未来重要的污染来源。Townsandrapidlyurbanizingtownshipsarelikelytobetheoriginatorsofextensiveenvironmentaldegradationsinthefuture这些河流域当地经济发展更为密切。Riverthatismorerelatedtolocaleconomy/sundae_mengTownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage11环境状况(2003)EnvironmentalSituation/sundae_mengTownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage12环境状况(2003)EnvironmentalSituation环境管理资金不足。Insufficientfundingallocatedtoenvironmentalmanagement./sundae_mengTownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage13环境状况(2003)EnvironmentalSituation地方环保局能力有待加强，对环保法规的实施能力很弱。LocalEPBcapacityisveryweakandenforcementofenvironmentalregulationsispoor./sundae_mengTownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage14供水WaterSupply管道供水的覆盖率还很低。Insurveyedareas,pipelinewatersupplycoverageislow.迫切需要提高安全饮用水的覆盖率。Thereisurgentneedforhighcoverageofsafedrinkingwater水费收取率太低。Feecollectionrateislow/sundae_mengTownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage15供水WaterSupplyWWTR–污水处理率;SPC–下水管道铺设;HWPW=家庭管道供水;TCC=城市基础设施投资.WWTR–WasteWaterTreatmentRate;SPC–SewagePipeCoverage;HWPW=HouseholdswithPipedWater;TCC=TotalCapitalConstruction(inurbaninfrastructure).数据来源:MOC,调研DataSources:MOC,FieldSurvey/sundae_mengTownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage16供水WaterSupply

水价改革在进行，但是还需要进一步深入。Waterpricereformisgoingonbutneedsfurtherstep/sundae_mengTownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage17供水

WaterSupply如果污水处理费（1元/立方米）也通过水费收取，对于居民来说支付就太高。假设2010收入增长20%。Ifwastewatertariff(1.0CNY/cum)iscollectedviawaterfee,itwillbetoohighforresidentsofsmalltowns.Supposeincomeincreasesby20%in2010.由于财务预算紧张，大多数地区都在期待着贷款或政府支持来完成新自来水厂的建设计划。来自政府方面的自来水厂建设资金比污水处理厂更可靠。Mostareasexpectloansorgovernmentalsupporttomakethosenewwatersupplyplantspossible.Financialsourcesforwatersupplyismoresecuredfromgovernmentsthanwastewatertreatment./sundae_mengTownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage18污水处理WWTP0-无计划;1-进行可行性研究;2-准备接受评估;3-工程计划已经通过;4-已经投入运行。OD-氧化沟。BR-生物反应池。0-Noplan,1-FeasibilityStudy,2-ProposalBeingEvaluated,3-ProjectProposalpassed,4-inoperation;OD-OxidationDitch;BR-Bio-reactionpool.这一地区还没有建立一家污水处理厂。NoWWTPhasbeenbuiltintheregionanditisurgentlyneeded.如果当地资金筹措机制得不到改变，小城镇就很难在不远的将来建立污水处理厂。Ifcurrentfinancingmechanismsarenotchanged,itisdoubtfulthatsmallcitiesandtownscanbuildWWTPsinthenearfuture./sundae_mengTownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage19污水处理WWTP排污费很难收集。Wastewatertariffishardtocollect.对于GDP较低的小城镇，由于财政支付能力低，银行及其他私营资本很难提供的所需资金。FinancingfrombanksandtheprivatesectorisnotavailabletolowGDPsmalltownsbecauseoftheirlimitedfinancialresources./sundae_meng县一级政府承诺保证环境保护和经济增长的协调。Countygovernmentsmakecommitmentstothebalancingenvironmentalprotectionandeconomicgrowth.把城市化作为机遇和要求来改善小城市和城镇的供水和污水处理设施。Improvewatersupplyandwastewatertreatmentservicebyusingtheurbanizationofsmallcitiesandtownsasbothopportunitiesanddemands.注意改善地方产业结构。Payattentionstolocalindustrialstructures.TownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage20有关地方发展的建议LocalDevelopment/sundae_meng依靠上一级更多的财政支持并采用由上级环保局直接任命官员的垂直管理系统。PartiallyverticalmanagementsystemviamorefinancialsupportanddirectappointmentbyupperlevelEPB.以充足的财政预算支持环保局，使环境保护规章制度如征收污染费的执行更加独立。SufficientfinancialbudgetforlocalEPBsoimplementationofenvironmentalregulationsuchaspollutionlevycanbemoreindependent.培训环保局职员以改进管理效率。TrainingforEPBstaffstoimprovetheefficiencyofmanagement.TownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage21有关环境管理的建议Environ.GovernanceNanjingUniversity/sundae_meng供水应该是最优先考虑的，最好的办法是将供水厂和污水处理厂以及相应的基础设施的规划和建设同时进行。WatersupplyisthefirstprioritybutthebestapproachistoplanandbuildWSP,WWTPandthesupportinginfrastructureatthesametime.城关镇和其毗邻小镇应该是供水的首要目标并,且其它镇也应该开发小规模管道供水系统。ChenguanTownsandadjacenttownshipsshouldbetheprimetargetforwatersupplyandothertownsshoulddevelopsmall-scalepipelinewatersupplysystem.私人投资应该得到鼓励，特别是在相对发达的县。Privateinvestmentshouldbeencouragedparticularlyintherelativelydevelopedcountiesandgovernmentsupportisnecessary.TownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage22有关供水的建议WaterSupply/sundae_meng政府应该提供财政支持和政策优惠来鼓励污水管理的发展。GovernmentatvariouslevelsshouldprovidemorefinancialsupportandpolicypackagetoencouragethedevelopmentofWWmanagement.分散式的污水处理厂和低成本技术应该被运用来促进减少污水的管理费用，把下水道系统纳入污水处理厂计划。DecentralizedWWTPsandlowcosttechnologiesshouldbepromotedtoreducecosts.SewagesystemshouldbeincludedintheWWTPplanning.TownandTownshipWaterManagementStudyPage23有关污水处理的建议RecommendationsonWWTP

/sundae_meng中央政府应该考虑在小城镇和欠发达地区设置更低的排放标准减少初始成本。Centralgovernmentshouldconsiderlowereffluentdischargestandardsforsmalltownsandtownshipsinlessdevelopedareastoreduceinitialcos