科技文体在语篇上的特征和体现(中英)说课讲解

科技文体在语篇上的特征和体现(中英)IntroductionTheDifferenceandSimilarity

inTextualOrganization

WhenwetranslateESTintoChinese,itisquiteimportanttofindoutthedifferencesintextualstructurebetweenSLandTL.Meanwhile,therearemanysimilaritiesintextualorganizationofbothEnglishandChinese.Thusitiscrucialtoreproducetheauthor’sthinkingpatternandinformationbykeepingthesimilartextualorganizationastheoriginalversions.WhatisTextualOrganization

篇章架构

?WhatisTextualOrganization篇章架构

?Asfarasweknow,theESTcanbebasicallycomposedby3parts:thepurposeandconclusionofthewholepassagevariousmethodstoillustrateallthesepointsthelogicalrelationshipthatcanputalltheinformationmentionedabovetogether.Theframeorsequenceshouldbeconsistent,theyarethebonestructureofthewholepassage.Wecancallthem

TextualOrganization.

.Difference

inTextualOrganizationDifference

inTextualOrganization

Thedecision

bytheChinaQualityControlAssociationtocompileandprintthisalbumwasmadeoutofthefollowingconsiderations:Theneedtogivewidepublicitytotheexploitsiftheawardees;Thedesirabilitytoenhancethereputationoftheprize-winningenterprisesandthefameoftheirproductsandservices;andThenecessitytoacquainttheexecutivesandemployeesofcariousenterprisesindifferentregionsandsectionswiththespecificsituationsofdistinguishedqualitymanagementinadvancedenterprises.Allthesewereexpectedtoboostthedriveforcreatingastillgreaternumberofadvancedunitsthroughemulationandrealizationofcommonprogressamongthem.译文：为了更广泛地对获奖单位的事迹进行宣传，扩大企业及其产品、服务的知名度和影响，是全国各地区、各部门企业管理干部和广大职工了解我国质量管理先进企业的情况，互相学习，共同提高，把国家质量管理工作推向一个新的阶段，中国质量管理协会决定编印这本画册。（《英语科技文体：范式与翻译》方梦之）C）AsopposedtoChinese,whichlistachainofreasonsorfactsfirst,thelogiccentreofEnglishisrightupfrontinthetext.Difference

inTextualOrganization

Ourbodiesarequitecapableofdealingwithharmfulbacteria,aslongastherearenottoomanyofthem.译文：只要有害细菌数量并不太大，我们的身体完全能够抵挡得住。（《英语科技文体：范式与翻译》方梦之）Similarity

inTextualOrganizationNaturalSequence自然顺序

TheFoodandDrugAdministrationapprovedhumanclinicaltrialsforsuchaprocedurejustlastmonth.Overthelastdecade,neuroscientistshaveusedtheproteintomakeneuronsreacttolighttohelpthemstudythebrain,atechniqueknownasoptogenetics.Now,theAnnArbor,Michigan–basedcompany,RetroSenseTherapeutics,hasrecruited15patientsrenderedblindbyageneticeyediseaseforitsclinicaltrialtofindoutwhetherchannelrhodopsin-2willworkineyecells,too.Ifitdoes,thequalityofvisionthepatientswillhaveremainsunknown,butmicethathavehadasimilartreatmentappeartoseebarsoflight,whichscientistssayispromising.(source:GreenalgaecouldholdacureforblindnessbySARAHZHANGSCIENCE

09.10.157:00AM)美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)今年8月批准将该疗法应用于临床治疗。过去十年来，神经科学家曾利用蛋白质使神经元对光产生感应，从而帮助了解大脑，这种技术叫作光基因技术。现在，密歇根州一家公司AnnArbor打算重塑视觉疗法，该公司招募了15名由于遗传性眼疾导致失明的患者进行临床试验，旨在了解紫红质通道蛋白-2是否同样适用于眼细胞。如果确实见效——尽管当前患者的视觉恢复效果尚不知晓，但是大鼠在接受同样治疗后已经可以辨别光源，科学家认为这一疗法前途光明。（source：Science:绿藻或可治疗失明）SpecificDate:e.g.inAugustandSeptember1977在1977年8月和9月1.Temporalsequence时间顺序

1.1TheSequenceoftime

年代时间顺序1.2Thesequenceofprocess过程时间顺序1.2.1.description描写型Intheiranalysis,thescientistscompiledmapsonwhere132mammals,117birds,and249amphibiansliveinthecountry,fine-tuningthemusingelevationdataandremotesensingmappingthatrevealedwhereforestshaven’tbeenlogged.Next,theresearchersisolatedareaswherethenumberofspeciesineachgroupwashighest—thehotspots—and

comparedhowwellthoseareasoverlappedwithwherepandasoccur.Inanadditionalstep,theyalsooverlaidmapsofChina’ssystemofgiantpandanationalnaturalreservestoseehowwelltheareascovertheseotherspecies,whichincludethegoldensnub-nosedmonkey,theTibetanmacaque,andthetaking(ananimalsometimesreferredtoasagoat-antelope),amongothers.(source：Saveapanda,savetheforest?byEmilyDeMarco16September201512:15pm）在他们的分析报告中，科学家们收集了中国132种哺乳动物、117种鸟类、249种两栖动物的居住环境地图，然后利用海拔数据和遥感制图对地图进行了微调，标出了那些森林还没有被砍伐的区域。接下来，研究人员挑出了以上三种物种各自存在数目最多的热点地区，并比较了这些区域同大熊猫出现的地区的重叠程度。更进一步，他们还将中国大熊猫国家级自然保护区的地图与之重叠比较，以了解这些地区对以上其它物种的覆盖程度，其中包括川金丝猴、藏猕猴，以及羚牛(这种动物有时也被称为藏羚羊)等等。(source:Science:拯救熊猫就是拯救森林?)Wordstodescribeeachstep:e.g.first,then,finally首先、然后、最后锁定iPhone会使显示屏进入睡眠状态、节省电池电量并防止误操作。您仍可以接听电话和FaceTime呼叫、接收文本信息、闹钟和通知。您也可以:

听音乐

调整音量

用耳机上的控制按钮接电话或听音乐

（摘录来自:AppleInc.“iPhone使用手册(适用于iOS

8.4)”。iBooks.https://itun.es/cn/Lj4F3.l）WheniPhoneislocked,nothinghappensifyoutouchthescreen.iPhonecanstillreceivecalls,textmessages,andotherupdates.Youcanalso:

Listentomusic

Adjustthevolume

Usethecenterbuttononyourheadsettotakecallsorlistentomusic（source:iPhoneuserguideChapter1）1.2.2.command指令型Wordsstandforspace:General

e.g.inside,outside,above,below,left,totheright

Accurate

e.g.3mmbelow,5meterslong2.SpatialSequence空间顺序TheLogicalSequence逻辑顺序Thedatashowthatmalesarrivedatthenestingsiteapproximately6daysbeforetheirfemalecounterpartsandstayedabout6dayslonger.However,theshortmatingseasonmeansthepairsareonlyunitedforabout20to30daysayear.Andwhentheywereseparated,itwasusuallybyalargedistance:Duringthewintermonths,partnerswereseparatedbyanaveragedistanceofabout600km,andonepairwasobservedasfaras2500kmapart,theteamreportsonlinetodayinBiologyLetters.Despitethelargespatialsegregation,theirhabitatswerequitesimilar,rulingoutthepossibilitythatpartnersarespendingthewintermonthsapartbecauseofsex-baseddifferencesinhabitatorfoodpreference.Sowhydon’tthebirdsjuststicktogether?(DOI：10.1126/science.aad1726

作者：DavidShultz)研究团队今日在《生物学快报》的网站上报告说，当它们分居时，通常相距甚远：在冬季，企鹅伴侣们分别居住在平均相隔600公里的两地，观察到的分隔最远的一对达到了2500公里。尽管遥居两地，但它们的栖息环境却十分相似，从而排除了不同性别对栖息地或食物的偏好不同而需要在冬季分居的可能。那么这些鸟儿们为什么不粘在一起呢?这到目前为止仍然是一个谜。(Science：“一夫一妻制”企鹅聚少离多)1.CauseandEffect因果排序Wordsorphrases:e.g.because,as,since,dueto,intheconsequenceofImpliedlogicHumanvocaldevelopmentoccursthroughtwoparallelinteractiveprocessesthattransforminfantcriesintomorematurevocalizations,suchascooingsoundsandbabbling.First,naturalcategoriesofsoundschangeasthevocalapparatusmatures.Second,parentalvocalfeedbacksensitizesinfantstocertainfeaturesofthosesounds,andthesoundsaremodifiedaccordingly.

（source：ThedevelopmentaldynamicsofmarmosetmonkeyvocalproductionbyD.Y.TakahashiDOI：10.1126/science.aab1058)人类发生过程产生于两种平行的互动过程。在此过程中，婴儿的哭声转为更为成熟的发声，比如咿咿呀呀和说话含糊不清。首先，声音的自然分类会随发声器官的成熟而改变。其次，父母的声音反馈能使婴儿意识到自身发声的某些特点，由此对发声作出相应改变。（source：Science：狨猴学习发声

）

2.PrimaryandSecondary主次排序Arrangetextualstructurebythelevelofimportance:e.g.first,second,most,secondmost,less,least3.ComparisonandContrast比较与对比compare:e.g.incomparison,similarly,like,likewise,inthesameway,resemble,asdoesXsodoesYcontrast:e.g.incontrast,ontheotherhand,however,nevertheless,although,differ4.Analogy类推

5.Illustration例证

e.g.forexample,forinstance,ascanbeseen6.Diagram图解

DOI:10.1038/ncomms9264NatureCommunicationCoherenceandCohesion

Theprocessoftranslationisactuallytorecognizeandreconstructthetextualcoherence，andtoalargeextent，thereestablishmentoftextualcoherenceandthesuccessofcommunicativefunctionoftranslationdirectlyinvolvethecorrespondingtranslationstrategy．

Thereare8commonly-usedlogicalcoherencemethodsandrelatedexamplesbelow:Coherence(连贯)

承接关联

ContinuationAssociation

并列关联

CoordinateAssociation

目的和结果关联

PurposeandResultAssociation递进关联

ForwardAssociation

条件和假设

关联

ConditionandAssumptionAssociation让步关联

ConcessionAssociation

因果关联

CauseandEffectAssociation

选择和转折关联

SelectionandTransitionAssociationCOisacolorless,odorless,tastelessgasthatfortunatelyisnotknowntohaveadverseeffectsonvegetation,visibility,ormaterialobjects.Itsdominantenvironmentalimpactappearstobetoxicitytomanandanimals,whicharisesfromitswell-knowncompetitionwithhemoglobininredbloodells,asinequation3.1.(Reference:科技语篇翻译中的连贯策略，余高峰，上海理工大学学报/RyJ4eVa)1.并列关联

CoordinateAssociation译文1一氧化碳是一种无色、无臭、无昧的气体，幸好尚未发现它对植物，对能见度，或者对物质材料有什么坏的影响，它最突出的环境问题是对人体和动物体有毒，其毒性在于它与红血球里的血红蛋白争夺氧，见反应式3．1。

译文2一氧化碳是一种无色、无臭、无味的气体，对植物、能见度和各种物品都没有害处，可是，由于它跟红血球里的血红蛋白争夺氧(见反应式3．1)对人体和动物体有毒，就会造成严重的环境问题。Coordinatedsentenceincludescoordinatedrelation,selectedrelation,transitionrelationandcauseandresultrelation.并列句包括联合关系，选择关系，转折关系和因果关系Guinca-pigsandmiceareverysusceptibletoanthraxwhiledogsaremuchlessso,and

ithasbeenshownthatforsomereasonthephagocytesfotheformeranimalsdonotattacktheanthraxbacillus,whilethoseofthelatterdoso(ZhouDubao,1999)(Reference:/Ryx1tLq

语篇分析在科技英语翻译中的应用广西大学陈金红20050601)

2.承接关联ContinuationAssociation

Continuationrelationrefersthecontinuation、consistenceanddevelopment

insentences.表示关联语句的连续、前后的一致和发展译文：豚鼠和小树非常容易患炭疽，而狗却比较困难。已经证实，由于某种原因，豚鼠和小鼠的吞噬细胞不能扑捉炭疽杆菌，而狗的吞噬小却具有这种能力。3.递进关联ForwardAssociation

ForwardRelation,astheimprovementofContinuationRelation,emphasesmoreonthegradualadvanceandprogressinthesentences.表示承接关联的发展，更加强调语句的渐进和累进关系。

Hisprediction,however,mayoftenbebasedonthemostfragmentarydata,someofwhichareobtainedbyspecialistsorexpertswhomayormaynothaveaworkingknowledgeofgeology,

or

bygeologistswhohaveworkedwithnothoughtofpetroleumpossibilitiesoftheregion.（Reference:科技翻译，傅涌林、唐跃勤，外语教学和研究出版社）4.选择和转折关联SelectionandTransitionAssociation

SelectionandTransitionRelationreferstheselectionorthecomparisonandtransitioninsentences.

表示语句的挑选和取舍或者语句之间的对比、转折关系。然而，他的预测可能常常是以一些非常零散的资料为基础的。这些资料中有些是由非地质学的专家获得的，他们或许有或许没有足够的地质学知识；或是由地质学家获得的，但他们没有考虑该的确是否有存在石油的可能性。5.条件和假设关联ConditionandAssumptionAssociation

Commonly-usedChineseassociatedwordsinclude:既然…..就,一旦…..就,假设…..就,除非…..才,如果…..就Subjunctiveandinvertedstructure虚拟倒装结构：Were(had,should)+Subject+…With+TheNominativeAbsoluteWith独立主格结构TheImperativeSentenceimpliesassumption祈使句隐含假设Fastandaccuratelyastheelectroniccomputerswork,theycannotdoallthatmandoes.（Reference:/RyJwSaU

科技英语翻译浅说黄荣恩）

6.让步关联ConcessionAssociation

Concessionrelationreferstheconcession(退让)andreversion（反转）.

Commonly-usedChineseassociatedwordsare“虽然…但是”“即使…也”尽管电子计算机运算的又快又准确，但它们做不了人所做的一切工作Adverbial-While状语-WhileAttributiveclause定语从句Theboilingpointsofhydrocarbonsaredifferent．Theycanberemovedfrompetroliumbycontrollingtheirtemperature．

(Reference:科技英语隐含的因果关系及汉译尹汝昭/RyxrWTS)各种碳氢化合物的沸点不同，(因此)可以通过控制温度把它们从石油里分馏出来。(前因后果)

With

theintroductionoftheelectroniccomputer,thereisnocomplicatedproblembutcanbesolvedinafewhours.有了电子计算机就没有几小时算不完的复杂算题（Reference:/RyJwSaU

科技英语翻译浅说黄荣恩）7.因果关联CauseandEffectAssociationWeshouldunderstandtheimplicatedlogicalcauseandeffectrelationtokeeptextcoherenceevenwithout“since,because,sothat…”Supposethatstressesdevelopwithinthelithospherethattendtomoveoneblockofthecrustnorthwardandtheneighboringblocktowardthesouth；ortodepressoneblockandelevatetheadjacentone．Afracturemaythenformbetweenthetwoblocks，alongwhichmovementwilltakeplaceSOastorelievethestress．（Reference:/RyJVIss

科技英语翻译单位及其译语等值物的对应,李晓彬，2009）8.目的和结果关联PurposeandResultAssociation

PurposeandResultAssociationrefersthepurposeandresultofthosedevelopingorcontinuingsentences.表示语句推进或者延续的目的、结果假定应力在岩石圈内聚积致使一个地块向北移动而相邻的地块向南移动，或者一个地块下降而相邻的地块抬升，那么，在两个地块之间便会出现一条断裂，沿此断裂产生位移从而使应力得到释放。Cohesion(衔接)Definition:Cohesionreferstoakindofsemanticconnectionandarelationshipbetweentheinternalstructuresofasentence.Likeavisibletextualweb,cohesioncanberealizedbysurfacestructureslikewordsandgrammar.Itisrelatedtothebroaderconceptof

coherence(连贯).Types：

M.A.K.Hallidayand

RuqaiyHasanidentifyfivegeneralcategoriesofcohesivedevicesthatcreate.Itisrelatedtothebroaderconceptof

coherence(连贯).coherenceintexts:reference(指示),

ellipsis（省略）,substitution（替代）,lexicalcohesion（词汇衔接）andconjunction（连接）.VisibleWebofTextForexample:

1.Becauseoftheimprovedshuntingofcodedtrackcircuitandtheefficiencyofthecode-responsivetrackrelay,itispossibletoincreasethelengthofacodedtrackcircuitwellbeyondthelengththatwouldoperatesatisfactorywithasteady-energytrackcircuit,assumingsimilarconditionsforeach.由于电码化轨道电路提高了分路灵敏度，同时（conjunction）电码化轨道继电器性能优良，所以增加电码化轨道电路的传输长度是有可能的。这个长度(reference)会远远超过同等条件下恒源轨道电路(ellipsis)正常工作的传输长度。选自<铁路运输与信号专业英语>P1222.Manylightrailsystems—evenfairyoldones—haveacombinationwithon-roadandoff-roadsections.许多轻轨系统，甚至相当老的那种（substitution），将专有路段和并用路段结合起来。

《铁路运输与信号专业英语》P283.ThebasicvehicletrainsetarrangementoftheShanghaiMetroconsistsoftwounitscombinedtoforma6-cartrain.A3-cartraincomprisestwomotorcarsandonetrailercar.上海地铁的基本列车编组是有两个单位组合而成的一列6辆车编组列车。组成6辆车的列车的每一个三辆车单位包括两辆动车和一辆拖车。

consistof和comprise为近义词，实现了上下句之间的衔接，使用了词汇衔接的衔接手段。

《铁路科技英语》P52DifferencesBetween

ChineselanguageandEnglishLanguageContrastedwi