《土的工程分类标准》

Foreword

AccordingtotherequirementsofDocumentJIANBIAO[2004]No.67issuedbytheMinistryof

Construction-"NoticeonPrintingandDistributing'theDevelopmentandRevisionPlanofNational

EngineerConstructionStandardsin2(X)4'",thisstandardwasrevisedbyNanjingHydraulicResearch

InstitutebasedanGR1145-90StandardforClassificationofSnils.

Thisstandardincludesfivechapters.Itsmaintechnicalcontentsincludc:gcncralprovisions;tcrms,

symbolsanddesignations;basicrequirementsjsoilclassification;simplifiedsoilidentification,

classificationanddescription.Anappendixisalsoprovided.

Themainrevisionsmadeinthisstandardareasfollows:thecontextsrelevanttospecialsoilsare

removed.Terms,symbolsanddesignationsareadded.Appendixlforbasicdesignationsisremoved;one

subgroupfractionsareincreasedforgraveljwosubgroupfractionsareincreasedforsand;theplaslicitychart

withtheliquidlimitscorrespor.dingto10mmdepthoffall-conepenetrationisremoved,alongwithits

relatcdcontexts;andAppendixA:Systemblockdiagrainforengineeringclassificationofsoilsisadded.

TheMinistryofConstructionisinchargeoftheadministrationofthisstandard.GeneralInstituteof

WaterResourcesandHydropowerPlanningandDesignofMinislryofWaterResourcesisresponsiblefor

theroutinemanagementofthisstandard.ExplanationofthetechnicalcontentisundertakenbyNanjing

HydraulicResearchInstitute.Alltherelevantorganizationsareencouragedtoobtainexperienceinusing

thisstandard,andalsokindlyrequestedtosubmitcommentsandadvices,wheneveniecessaryjotheNanjing

HydraulicResearchInstitute(Address:223GuangzhouRoad,Nanjing,21(X)29,China)forfuturerevision.

ChiefDevelopmentOrganizations.Co-DevelopmentOrganizationsandChiefDraftersofthis

Stardand:

ChiefDevelopmentOrganizations:

NanjingHydraulicResearchInstitute

Co-DeyelopmentOrganizations:

ChinaAcademyofBuildingResearch

ComprehensiveInstituteofGeotechnicalInvestigationandSurveying

BeijingGeotechnicalInstitute

AcademyofRailwaySciences

ResearchInstituteofHighwayofMinistryofCommunications

GeneralBuildingResearchInstituteofChinaMetallurgyGroup

MechanicalIndustrySurveyandDesignInstitute

ChinaInstituteofWaterResourcesandHydropowerResearch

YangtzeRiverScientificResearchInstitute

XianUniversityofTechnology

JilinUniversity

ChiefDrafters:

FANMingqiaoTENGYanjingWUWeiLIUYanhuaLUOMeiyun

WANGYuanXINHongboZHANGWeiWENYanfcngGONGBiwci

HUZaiqiangWANGQingTIANXichur.andWANGFang

Contents

1Generalprovisions

2Termssymbolsanddesignations

2.1Terms

2.2Symbols

3Basicstipulations(q5

4Soilclassificationy

\

/J

5Simplifiedidentification,classification,anddescriptionofsoils(9

!\

5.1Simplifiedldentificationmethods(9/

n

5.2Identificationandclassificationvo①)

1

5.3Soildescription1

12⑷)

AppendixASystemblockdiagramforengineeringclassificationofsoils

Explanationofwordinginthisstandard

1Generalprovisions

1.0.1Thisstandardisformulatedtounifytheengineeringclassficationofsoilstofacilitatethequalitative

evaluationofsoilcharacteristics.

1.0.2Thisstandardisapplicabletobasicclassificationofsoils.Aspecializedstandardforsoilclassification

maybefomiulatedincompliancewiththisstandardtomeettheprofessionaldemandsofrelevant

industries.

1.0.3Inadditiontotherequirementsofthisstandard,theindextestingforsoilclassificationshallalso

complywiththesespecifiedintherelevantcurrentnationalstandards.

•1・

2Terms,symbolsanddesignations

2.1Terms

2.1.1grainsize

Theminimumdiameterofsieveopeningthroughwhichsoilgraincouldpass,orthediameterof

equivalentspherewhichhasthesamevelocityofsoilgrainsettleinstillwater.

2.1.2grainsizedistributioncurve

Acurverepresentsthemasspercentageofsoilgrainfinerthanaspecificgrainsize.

2.1.3constrainedgrainsize

Thegrainsizecorrespondingto60%fineronthecumulativegniin-sizedistributioncuneofsoil.

2.1.4effectivegrainsize

ThegrainsizecorrespondingtoIO%fineronthecumulativegrain-sizedistributioncurveofsoil.

2.1.5fraction

Agroupofsoilparticleswithacertainrangeofgrainsizedistribution.

2.1.6coefficientofuniformity

Thecoefficientindicatingthedegreeofuniformityofgrainsizes.

2.1.7coefficientofcurvature

Thecoefficientindicatingtheshapeofgrain-sizedistributioncurve.

2.1.8gradation

ThemassproportionofVeachspecialgrain-sizegrouptothewhole.

2.1.9liquidlimit

Thewatercontentboundarybetweenliquidandplasticstatesoffine-grainedsoil.

2.1.10plasticlimit

Thewatercontentboundarybetweenplasticandsemi-solidslatesofHne-grainedsoil.

2.1.11plasticityindex

Numericaldifferencebetweentheliquidandplasticlimitsoffine-grainedsoil.

2.1.12plasticitychart

Achartforclassifyingfine-grainedsoils,inwhichtheplasticityindexIp(ordinate)isplottedagainst

theliquidlimitwz(abscissa).

2.1.13organicsoil

ClaysorsiltswithcertainorganiccontentOm(5%<0.<1()%),specialodor(smells)andhigh

compressibility.

2.1.14organo-soil

ClaysorsiltswithhighorganiccontentOin(()m>10%),specialodor(smells)andhigh

compressibility.

2.2Symbols

Co-coefficientofcunature;

C.——coefficientofuniformity;

•2・

d—grainsize:

dso~constrainedgrainsize;

dio-grainsize;

effectiveIp-index;

elasticity

wL-liquidlimit;

Wp-plasticlimit;

Om-organiccontent.

2.3Designations

2.3.1Basicdesignations:

B一Boulder;

C—Clay;

Cb_Cobble;

F—Finesoil;

G—Gravel;

H—Highliquidlimit;

L-Lowliquidlimit;

M—Silt;

O-Organicsoil;

P—Poorly-graded:

S—Sand;

SI—Mixtureofverycoarsesoils;

W—Well-graded.

2.3.2Groupdesighations:

BSI—Boulderswithfinersoils;

CbSI-Cobbleswithfinersoils;

CH—Highliquidlimitciay(Fatclay);

CHG—Gravellyclaywithhighliquidlimit(Gravellyfatclay);

CHO―OrganicclaywithhighliquidIimi((Organic

CHS—Sandyclaywithhighliquidiimit(Sandyfatclay):

CL—Lowliquidlimitclay(Leanclay);

CLG―Gravellyclaywithlowliquidlimit(Gravcllyleanclay);

CLO-Organicclaywhhlowliquidlimii(Organicleanclay);

CLS—Sandyclaywithlowliquidlimit(Sandyleanclay);

GC―Clayeygravel;

GF—Gravelwithfines;

GM—Sillygravel;

GPPoorly-gradedgravel;

GW一Well-gradedgravel;

MH—Highliquidlimitsiit(Elasticsilt);

•3・

MHG―Gravellysiltwithhighliquidlimit(Gravcllyclasticsilt);

MHO—Organicsiltwithhighliquidlimit(Organicelasticsilt);

•3・

MHS—Sandysiltwithhighliquidlimit(Sandyelasticsilt);

ML—Lowliquidlimitsilt(Silt);

MLG一Gravellysiltwithlowliquidlimit(Gravellysilt);

MLO一Organicsillwithlowliquidlimit(Organicsill);

MLS—Sandysiltwithlowliquidlimit(Sandysilt);

SC—Clayeysand;

SF-Sandwithfines;

SIB—Mixtureofbouldersandfinersoils;

SICb—Mixtureofcobblesandfinersoils;

SM—Siltysand;

SP—Poorly-gradedsand;

SW—Well-gradedsand

•4・

3Basicstipulations

3.0.1Classificationofasoilshallbebasedonthefollowingindices:

IThegrain-sizedistributionandcharacteristicsofthesoil.

2Theconsistencysindicesofthesoil:liquidlimit(wL),plasticlimit(wp),andplasticityindex

即人

3Theorganiccontentofthesoil.

3.0.2ThefractionofasoilshallbedividedaccordingtoitsgrainsizerangeasspecifiedinTable3.0.2.

Table3.0.2Divis沁noffraction

FractionComponentGrain-sizerange(representedbydiameterd,mm)

Boulder(Blockstone)d>200

Verycoarsegrain

Cobb1e(Brokenstone)60<d<200

Ccw20<dW60

GravelMedium5<dW20

Fine2<dW5

Coarsegrain

Coarse0.5<d<2

SandMedium0.25<dW0.5

Fine0.075<dW0.25

Silt0.005<dC0.075

Finegrain

ClaydWO.005

3.0.3Thegradationcharacteristicsofsoilshallbedeterminedaccordingtothecoefficientof

uniformityC,andthecoefficientofcurvatureCeasfollows:

1ThecoefficientofuniformityC,shallbecalculatedbythefollowingequation:

C=T(3.0.3-1)

2ThecoefficientofcurvatureC.shallbecalculatedbythefollowingequation:

(3.0.3-2)

Xdi

whered3oisthegrainsizeconespondingto30%fineronthecumulativegrain-sizedistributioncurve

ofthesoil.

3.0.4Soilscanbeclassifiedintoverycoarse-grained,coarse-grained,andfine-grainedtypesbasedon

therelativecontentofdifferentfractionsandshallcomplywiththestipulationsasfollows:

1Verycoarse-grainedsoilsshallbeclassifiedbasedonfraction.

2Coarse-grainedsoilsshallbeclassifiedbasedonfraction,gradation,contentoffine-grainedsoil.

3Fine-grainedsoilsshallbeclassifiedbasedontheplasticitychartjypeofcoarse-grained

componentandorganiccontentcontained.

3.0.5Fine-grainedsoilsshallbeclassifiedwiththeplasticitychan(Figure3.0.5).

60

Figure3.0.5Plasticitychart

Note:ITheabscissaolPigure3.0.5denotcsiheliquidlimitGoi)andtheordinatedenotestheplasticityindcx(Ip)ofthesoil.

2TheliquidlimitinFigure3.0.5isthewaterconfentmeasuredwithCasagrandepercussion-cupapparatus.orthewalercontent

correspondingtoa17mmpenetrationofafallingconewithamassof76gandalipangleof300.

3Thearcabctwcnthedottcdlincsinrigurc3.O.5stheransiononefroninclaytosit.

•6,

4Soilclassification

4.0.1Classificationofverycoarse-grainedsoilsshallmeetthestipulationsspecifiedinTable4.0.1.

Table4.0.1Classificationofverycoarse-grainedsoils

SoilcategoryFractioncontentGroupdesignationName

Bouldercontent)

BBoulder(Blockstone)

Verycoarse-Verycoarsefractioncobblecontent

grainedsoilscontent>75%

Bouldercontent^

Cobble(Rubble)

cobbleextentCb

BouldercontentBoulder(Blockstone)

BSI

Verycoarsesoilscobblecontentwithfinersoils

50水Verycoarse

mixedwithfiner

fractionconten:W75%

Bouldercontent^Cobble(Rubble)with

soiIsCbSI

cobb1econtentfinersoiIs

Bouldercontent)Mixtureoffinersoilsand

SIB

Finersoilsmixedcobblecontentboulders(Blockstones)

15%<Verycoarse

withverycoarse

fractionconten】W50%

soiIsBouldercontentWMixtureoffin*soilsand

SICb

cobblecontentcobbles(Rubbles)

Notc:Fincrsoilsmixedwithycrycoarsesoilsmaybefurthersubdividedbasedonthecontentofcoarsegrainsorfines.

4.0.2Ifthecontentofverycoarse-grainedfractionis15%orless.thesoilsamplemaybeclassified

basedonthecorrespondingstipulationsforcoarsegrainsorfineswithoutconsiderationofverycoarse­

grainedfraction.Whenverycoarse-grainedfractionhasahinfluenceontheoverallpropertiesofsoil.it

shouldbetreatedasgravelfraction.

4.0.3Classifythesoilascoarse-grainedsoils,ifthecoarse-grainedfractioncontentisgreaterthan

50%,anditsclassificationshallmeetthefollowingstipulations:

1Classifythesoilasgravel,ifgravelfractioncontentisgreaterthansandcontent;

2Classifythesoilassand,ifgravelfractioncontentisequaltoorlessthansandcontent.

4.0.4TheclassificationofgravelsshallmeetthestipulationsspecifiedinTabic4.0.4.

Table4.0.4Classificationofgravelsoils

SoilcategoryFractioncontentGroupdesignationNane

C25and1WCW3GWWell-gradedgrave

GravelFinesfraction<5%

C<5or(C<lorC.>3)GPPoorly-gradedgravel

Gravelwithfines5%WFinesfraction<15%GFGravelwithfines

Finesclassifiedasclay*GCClayeygrave

15%^Finesfraetion<

Finesgravel

5Si

Finesclassifiedassilt**GMSiltygravel

Note产Thesiligrainedcontenioffinegrainedfractionis5()%orle&s;

分比Thcsillgrainedcontentoffinegrainedfractionisgreaterthan50%.

•7・

4.0.5ClassificationofsandssliallmeetthestipulationsspecifiedinTable4.0.5.

Table4.0.5Classificationofsandsoils

Soi1categoryFractioncontentGroupsymbolMme

swWol1-gradedsand

05andlWCW3

SandFinesfraction<5%

C<5or(C<lorC.>2)

SPPoorly-gradedsand

Sandwiihrines5%^Finostraction<15%SI'Sandwithfines

Finesclassifiedasclaz*Clayeysand

15%WFincsSC

lunessand

fraction<50^Finesclassifiedassilt**SMSiltysand

Notc:*Thcsiltgrainedconlcntoffinegrainedfractionis50%orless;

**Thesiltgrainedconientoflinegrainedfractionisgrcatcrthan50%.

4.0.6Classifythesoilasfine-grainedsoils,ifthefinesfractioncontentisgreaterthan50%.

4.0.7Fine-grainedsoilshallbeclassifiedaccordingtothefollowingstipulations.

IClassifythesoilasfines,ifthecoarse-grainedfractioncontentis25%orless.

2Classifythesoilassardyorgravellyfines,ifthecoarse-grainedfractioncontentisgreaterthan

25%but50%orless.

3Classifythesoilasorganicsoil,iftheorganiccontentislessthan10%but5%ormore.

4.0.8TheclassificationoffinesshallmeeithestipulationsspecifiedinTable4.0.8.

Table4.0.8Classificationoffines

Posilionofplasticindicesofsoi1inplasticitychailFiguie3.0.fGroupdesignationName

w>50%CHHighIiquidIimitclay(Fatclay)

20.73(wz-20)

andIp^7Lowliquidlinitclay

w<50%CL

(Leanclay)

Highliquidlimitsih

MH

1X0.73(wL-20)(Elasticsilt)

6rI<4Lowliquidlimitsilt

wL<50%ML

(Slit)

Nolc:Soilsinthetransitionzonefromcaytosilt(CL-ML)maybefurthersubdividedinaccordancewiththetypesofadjacentsoilayers.

4.0.9Fineswithcoarsegrainsshallbeclassifiedaccordingtothepositionofplasticindicesofsoilin

plasticitychartandtypesofcoarsegrains,andtheirclassificationshallmeetthefollowingstipulations:

1ClassifythesoilasgravellyfinesandaddsymbolGattheendofthedesignationoffines,ifthe

contentofgravelincoarsegrainsisgreaterthanthatofsand.

2ClassifythesoilassandyfinesandaddsymbolSattheendofthedesignationoffinesjfthe

contentofgravelincoarsegrainsislessthanorequaltothatofcand.

4.0.10TheclassificationoforganicsoilsshallmeetthestipulationsspecifiedinTable4.08,andadd

symbolOattheendofthecorrespondingsoildesignation.

4.0.11Ifthesoilindexequalsthecorrespondinglimitvalueasdefined.thesoilmaybeclassifiedbased

onasafetyprincipleforpracticaluse.

4.0.12SoilsmaybeclassifiedaccordingtoAppendixA.

•8.

5Simplifiedidentification,classificationanddescriptionofsoils

5.1Simplifiedidentificationmethods

5.1.1Visualidentification:spreadadispersedair-driedsampleintoathinlayer,andclassify(hesoil

accordingtotheproportionofveiycoarse,coarse,andfinegrains.

5.1.2Drystrengthtest:pinchasmallpieceofsoilintoapat.Afterdryinginair,cruinb,breakoff,and

twistitwithfingers.Thefollowingdistinctionsshallbemadebasedonthefingerpressure:

1Highdrystrength:difficulttocrumborbreakoff.

2Mediumdrystrength:slightforcetocrumborbreakoff.

3Lowdrystrength:easytocrumbortwistintopowder.

Note:Whenthesoilcontainsciubonates.ironoxides.andothercomponentsthatmayincreasesoildrystrength.wetsamplesshouldbeused

f:)rhand-twisttesttoassessandcheckitsd7sircngth

5.1.3Hand-twisttest:pinchasmallpieceofslightly-wetorhard-plasticsoilinhand,andpinchitinto

sliceswiththumbandindexfingers.Thc(blowingdistinctionsshallbemadebasedonhandfeelingand

smoothnessofsoilslices:

1Highplasticity:creamyfeeling,nosandyfeeling,andsmoothsurface.

2Mediumplasticity:slightlycreamyfeeling,sandyfeeling,andslightlysmoothsurface.

3Lowplasticity:sligh(lyviscousfeeling,strongsandyfeeling,androughsurface.

5.1.4Thread-rollingtest:evenlykneadapieceofsoilwithwatercontentslightlyhigherthanthe

plasticlimitinhands,thenrollitintoathreadonpalm.Thefollowingdistinctionsshallbemadebased

ontheminimumdiameterthatthesoilthreadcouldbeformedwithoutcrumbling:

1Highplasticity:thediameterlessthan1mm.

2Mediumplasticity:thediameterbetween1mmand3mm.

3Lowplasticity:thediametergreaterthan3mm.

5.1.5Toughnesstest:cvcnlykneadapieceofsoilwithawatercontentslightlyhigherthantheplastic

limitinhandsevenly,thenrollitintoathreadwithadiameterof3mmonpalm.Thefollowing

distinctionsshallbemadebasedonwhetherthethreadcanberefoldedandrerolled:

iHightoughness:beingshapedintoapat,rolledintoa(hread,andrefoldedintoapatwithout

crumblingp沁ces.

2Mediumtoughness:beingshapedintoapatandnoteasilycrumbled.

3Lowtoughness:beinghardlyornottobeshapedintoapat.andpronetocrumblingbyslightor

nopinching.

5.1.6DilatancytesCmoldthesoilinsoftorliquidplasticstateintoaball,shakeitrepeatedlyonthe

palm,andstrikethesideof(hepalmagainstby(heotherpalmseverallimes.Freewaterseepsoutfrom

thesoil,andtheballsurfaceshowsiustcr.Pinchthesoilballwithtwofingers.Afterreleasing,thewater

isreabsorbedandthelusterdisappears.Thefollowingdistinctionsshallbemadebasedonthereaction

speedsofwalerseepageandabsorption:

1Rapidreaction:quickwaterseepageandabsorption.

2Mediumrcaction:mcdium-spccdwaterseepageandabsorption.

•9.

3Slowreaction:slowwaterseepageandabsorption.

4Noreaction:nowaterseepageandabsorption.

5.2Identificationandclassification

5.2.1Verycoarsc-graincdandcoarse-grainedsoilsmaybeclassifiedandnamedaccordingto

stipulationssetoutin4.0.1(o40.6basedonvisualresults.

5.2.2Fine-grainedsoilsmaybeclassifiedandnamedbasedonresultsofdrystrength,hand-twist,

tliread-rolling,toughness,anddilatancytestsaccordingtostipulationssetoutinTable'5.2.2.

Table5.2.2Simplifiedclassificationoffine-grainedsoils

Thread-rollingtes

Minimum

DrystrengthHand-twisttestDilatancytestDesignation

diameterofsoilTooghnes

thread(mm)

Mainlysilt,sand)feeling,

Low-mediumsiightlyviscous,medium3-2【小一mediumQuick-mediumML

roughsurface,andnoluster

Containingsandgraing;

viscous.slightl>creamy

Medium-high2-1MediumSlow-noCL

feeling;mediumsmooth

surface,slightlylustrous

Richsilt,viscous,slightly

creamyfeeling,medium

Medium-hi曲2-1Medijm-highSlow-noMil

sn»oothsurface,slightly

lustrous

Nosandyfeelings,highly

viscous,strong!)creamy

High-veryhigh<1HighNoCH

feeling,smoothsurface,

lustrous

Note:Foralltypesofsoilslistedinthetablethataregrayordarkincolorandhaseaspecialsinell.thesymbol。shallbeaddedat(heend

ofcorrespondingsoildesignation,e.g.,MI.O,CI.O,MHO,andCHO.

5.2.3Organicmattersinsoilsareincompletelydecomposedanimalorplantremainsandamorphous

substance.Theymaybeidentifiedbyvisualobservation,handtouchingorsmelling.Generally,organic

mattersaregreyordark,withspecialodor,el