【《玉米醇溶蛋白研究文献综述》3000字】

玉米醇溶蛋白研究文献综述1.1玉米醇溶蛋白的概述玉米醇溶蛋白（Zein）是玉米蛋白中的主要蛋白，大部分分布于玉米胚乳中，占玉米总蛋白的35%～60%，1981年被JohnGorham分离出来。与许多植物蛋白质相似，Zein中含有多种蛋白，是一种混合物。其含有丰富的亮氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸和脯氨酸，但缺乏极性氨基酸，尤其是赖氨酸，所以具有特殊的溶解性，即在纯水中的溶解度非常低，而溶于乙醇水溶液，因其特殊的溶解性阻碍了它在食品行业的应用ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>杨永杰</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>111</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[9]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>111</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">111</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>杨永杰</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>玉米醇溶蛋白的研究及应用</title><secondary-title>天津化工</secondary-title></titles><pages>47-50</pages><volume>20</volume><number>004</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[9]。表1.1普通玉米中Zein的氨基酸组成Table1.1AminoacidcompositionofZeinincommonmaize分类氨基酸组成（g/100g）非极性氨基酸甘氨酸0.98丙氨酸7.17缬氨酸1.80亮氨酸12.87异亮氨酸1.57苯丙氨酸4.48脯氨酸8.09酸性氨基酸天冬氨酸3.98谷氨酸20.99羟基氨基酸丝氨酸5.7苏氨酸1.73酪氨酸3.71含硫氨基酸蛋氨酸1.13半胱氨酸1.73碱性氨基酸精氨酸1.04组氨酸1.1赖氨酸0.03Zein是由不同多肽混合，以双硫键连接组成。其平均分子量为25～45KDa。根据分子量、溶解度及电荷的不同，Zein主要分为4种类型，即α、β、γ和δ四种。MALDI-MS分析得出，α-Zein的分子量为19和22kDa，β-Zein的分子量为14kDa，γ-Zein的分子量为16和27kDa，δ-Zein的分子量为10kDa。其中α-Zein含量最高，约占Zein总质量的80%，而β-Zein则占10-20%。α-Zein溶于70～95%乙醇，β-Zein溶于60%乙醇，但不溶于95%乙醇ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>C</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>110</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[10]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>110</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">110</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>C,ZhangYongAB</author><author>D,CuiLili</author><author>E,CheXiaoxia</author><author>F,ZhangHeng</author><author>G,ShiNianqiu</author><author>C,LiChunlei</author><author>B,ChenYanA</author><author>B,KongWeiA</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Zein-basedfilmsandtheirusageforcontrolleddelivery:Origin,classesandcurrentlandscape</title><secondary-title>JournalofControlledRelease</secondary-title></titles><pages>206-219</pages><volume>206</volume><dates><year>2015</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[10]。由于α和β-Zein在Zein总质量中含量较高，目前已有大量其结构方面研究。α-Zein和β-Zein的二级结构由大约35～60个α-螺旋和6%的β-折叠组成，随着温度、pH和溶剂的变化，其结构发生改变ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhang</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>109</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>109</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">109</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhang,Y.</author><author>Cui,L.</author><author>Li,F.</author><author>Shi,N.</author><author>Li,C.</author><author>Yu,X.</author><author>Chen,Y.</author><author>Kong,W.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Design,fabricationandbiomedicalapplicationsofzein-basednano/micro-carriersystems</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofPharmaceutics</secondary-title></titles><pages>191-210</pages><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[11]。关于Zein的三级结构目前有以下几种结构，如由9个反向平行螺旋结构构成的圆柱形结构ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Argos</Author><Year>1982</Year><RecNum>108</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[12]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>108</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">108</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Argos,P.</author><author>Pedersen,K.</author><author>MDMarks</author><author>Larkins,B.A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Astructuralmodelformaizezeinproteins</title><secondary-title>JournalofBiologicalChemistry</secondary-title></titles><volume>257</volume><dates><year>1982</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[12]，由9～10个相邻反向平行螺旋结构构成的带状结构ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Matsushima</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>378</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[13]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>378</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5rdt002pa52e9vedtx1vappgrxat5tr9wx5z"timestamp="1617353428">378</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Matsushima,N.</author><author>Danno,G.I.</author><author>Takezawa,H.</author><author>Izumi,Y.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Three-dimensionalstructureofmaizealpha-zeinproteinsstudiedbysmall-angleX-rayscattering</title><secondary-title>BiochimicaetBiophysicaActa</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>BiochimicaetBiophysicaActa</full-title></periodical><pages>14-22</pages><volume>1339</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>1997</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[13]，由一系列首尾相连的螺旋结构组成的发夹模型ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Forato</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>106</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[14]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>106</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">106</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Forato,L.A.</author><author>Doriguetto,A.C.</author><author>Fischer,H.</author><author>Mascarenhas,Y.P.</author><author>Craievich,A.F.</author><author>Colnago,L.A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>ConformationoftheZ19prolaminbyFTIR,NMR,andSAXS</title><secondary-title>JAgricFoodChem</secondary-title></titles><pages>2382-2385</pages><volume>52</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2004</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[14]和通过富含谷氨酰胺的三个反向平行结构形成的超螺旋模型ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Momany</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>420</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[15]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>420</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5rdt002pa52e9vedtx1vappgrxat5tr9wx5z"timestamp="1617354233">420</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Momany,F.A.</author><author>Sessa,D.J.</author><author>Lawton,J.W.</author><author>Selling,G.W.</author><author>Willett,J.L.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>StructuralCharacterizationofα-Zein</title><secondary-title>JournalofAgriculturalandFoodChemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JournalofAgriculturalandFoodChemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>543-547</pages><volume>54</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[15]。图1.3玉米醇溶蛋白的三级结构（a）圆柱模型（b）带状模型（c）发夹模型和（d）超螺旋结构模型ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhang</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>434</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>434</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5rdt002pa52e9vedtx1vappgrxat5tr9wx5z"timestamp="1617525946">434</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhang,Y.</author><author>Cui,L.</author><author>Li,F.</author><author>Shi,N.</author><author>Li,C.</author><author>Yu,X.</author><author>Chen,Y.</author><author>Kong,W.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Design,fabricationandbiomedicalapplicationsofzein-basednano/micro-carriersystems</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofPharmaceutics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalJournalofPharmaceutics</full-title></periodical><pages>191-210</pages><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[11]Fig.1.3TertiarystructureofZein(a)cylindricalmodel(b)ribbonmodel(c)hairpinmodeland(d)super-helicalstructuremodelADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhang</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>434</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[11]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>434</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="5rdt002pa52e9vedtx1vappgrxat5tr9wx5z"timestamp="1617525946">434</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhang,Y.</author><author>Cui,L.</author><author>Li,F.</author><author>Shi,N.</author><author>Li,C.</author><author>Yu,X.</author><author>Chen,Y.</author><author>Kong,W.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Design,fabricationandbiomedicalapplicationsofzein-basednano/micro-carriersystems</title><secondary-title>InternationalJournalofPharmaceutics</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>InternationalJournalofPharmaceutics</full-title></periodical><pages>191-210</pages><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[11]Zein是两亲性蛋白质，在其一级结构中同时存在极性和非极性氨基酸，因此它可以溶于水与甲醇，乙醇和异丙醇的二元混合物中，而不溶于纯水或有机溶剂。Zein在纯水中的溶解度可以通过调节碱性pH，添加尿素和离子型去污剂来改变ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Luo</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>105</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>105</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">105</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Luo,Y.</author><author>Wang,Q.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Zein‐basedmicro‐andnano‐particlesfordrugandnutrientdelivery:Areview</title><secondary-title>JournalofAppliedPolymerScience</secondary-title></titles><pages>1107-1117</pages><volume>131</volume><number>16</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[16]。像其他醇溶蛋白一样，Zein也因缺乏必需氨基酸和低水溶性而不被认为是膳食蛋白质的良好来源。然而，目前人们充分利用其在水中不溶的特点，将其结构化成微米/纳米粒，并且它的安全性和生物相容性进一步鼓励研究人员将其用来包埋生物活性物质，以用于制药，食品和生物医学领域的研究。1.2玉米醇溶蛋白的提取方法提取Zein的方法主要有：有机溶剂提取法、超声波辅助提取法、超临界CO2提取法等。（1）有机溶剂提取法Wu等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wu</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>104</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[17]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>104</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">104</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wu,S.</author><author>Myers,D.J.</author><author>Johnson,L.A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>FactorsAffectingYieldandCompositionofZeinExtractedfromCommercialCornGlutenMeal</title><secondary-title>CerealChemistry</secondary-title></titles><volume>74</volume><dates><year>1997</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[17]在pH=12.5的条件下，用88%异丙醇从玉米蛋白粉中提取Zein，然后冷冻沉淀获得蛋白。但是该方法异味较重且获得的Zein纯度不高。Takahashi等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Takahashi</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>103</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[18]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>103</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">103</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Takahashi,H.</author><author>Yanai,N.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Processforproducingzein</title></titles><dates><year>1996</year></dates><publisher>US</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[18]用95%乙醇，在按料液比1:8，70℃水浴的条件下搅拌15min，从玉米蛋白粉中提取Zein，然后在-10℃的条件下沉淀获得蛋白。所得产品纯度较高、分散性好、气味明显减小。另外，早前也有研究人员使用丙酮-乙醇做萃取剂提取ZeinADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>程谦伟</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>102</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[19]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>102</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">102</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>程谦伟</author><author>郭兴凤</author><author>熊拯</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>玉米的综合开发——醇溶蛋白的提取</title><secondary-title>粮食科技与经济</secondary-title></titles><pages>43-45</pages><volume>31</volume><number>006</number><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[19]，该方法产率较高，消耗有机试剂量减少，但是丙酮毒性较大，故已经很少使用该方法。（2）超声波辅助提取法超声波辅助提取法是利用超声波的空化作用，加快分子运动频率，使蛋白分子变得更加舒展，溶解度增加，从而萃取效率提高。黄等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>黄国平</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>101</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[20]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>101</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">101</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>黄国平</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>玉米醇溶蛋白的超声波提取、改性与释药性能的研究</title></titles><dates><year>2004</year></dates><publisher>华南理工大学</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[20]利用超声波使提取时间由原本的几个小时缩短到30min，生产效率大为提高，增大了生产能力。且不需加热溶剂，节约了生产成本。王等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>王缈</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>100</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[21]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>100</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">100</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>王缈</author><author>赵战利</author><author>李宁</author><author>杜巧娟</author><author>潘永胜</author><author>曹永兴</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>超声提取玉米黄色素与醇溶蛋白的工艺优化</title><secondary-title>食品工业</secondary-title></titles><pages>14-19</pages><volume>035</volume><number>008</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[21]使用81%乙醇为提取剂，在料液比为1∶9，超声温度55℃，功率455W条件下，通过稀释乙醇溶液使Zein沉淀。张等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>张秋荣</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>99</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[22]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>99</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">99</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>张秋荣</author><author>吴春丽</author><author>单丽红</author><author>刘艳凯</author><author>李良晨</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>玉米蛋白粉中醇溶蛋白超声萃取工艺改进</title><secondary-title>郑州大学学报(医学版)</secondary-title></titles><pages>913-915</pages><number>05</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[22]进一步改进，先通过乙醚对玉米蛋白粉进行脱脂，再超声波提取，使产品纯度提高。（3）超临界CO2提取法超临界CO2提取法是目前国内较先进的Zein提取方法。王等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>王大为</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>98</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[23]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>98</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">98</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>王大为</author><author>邵信儒</author><author>张艳荣</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>超临界CO2萃取对玉米醇溶蛋白提取率及水解度影响的研究</title><secondary-title>食品科学</secondary-title></titles><pages>166-170</pages><volume>26</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2005</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[23]对玉米蛋白粉进行超临界CO2提取，在45℃，25MPa，条件下萃取100min，CO2流量为30L/h。该方法具有良好的分离效果，且无污染，无萃取剂残留。但是超临界CO2提取需要设备特殊且昂贵，分离步骤繁杂，所以不利于工业化生产。1.3Zein纳米粒（1）Zein纳米粒的制备在所有的植物蛋白中，Zein安全性较高，且具有生物适应性、可生物降解和低毒性等特点，因此在食品及医药领域具有广泛的应用。Zein中含有大量的非极性氨基酸，可在非共价相互作用下组装形成规则的、平均粒径约为50～200nm的Zein纳米粒ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Reza</Author><Year>2018</Year><RecNum>97</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[24]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>97</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">97</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Reza,K.M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Zeinandzein-basednano-materialsforfoodandnutritionapplications:Areview</title><secondary-title>TrendsinFoodence&Technology</secondary-title></titles><pages>184-197</pages><volume>79</volume><dates><year>2018</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[24]。这种纳米粒消化速率慢，且与其他物质的复合方法简单，常作为生物活性物质的递送载体ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Luo</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>105</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[16]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>105</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">105</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Luo,Y.</author><author>Wang,Q.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Zein‐basedmicro‐andnano‐particlesfordrugandnutrientdelivery:Areview</title><secondary-title>JournalofAppliedPolymerScience</secondary-title></titles><pages>1107-1117</pages><volume>131</volume><number>16</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[16]。目前，主要通过反溶剂沉淀，pH偏移法制备Zein纳米粒。（a）反溶剂沉淀法反溶剂沉淀法（anti-solventprecipitation，ASP）是制备Zein纳米粒最常用和最有效的方法之一。反溶剂沉淀法又称相分离法或液-液分散法，是一种通过向溶质中加入另一种非溶剂的液体来减少溶剂量的技术。当溶液被引入到反溶剂中时，溶质溶解度降低，并达到一个导致粒子形成沉淀的过饱和点，进而析出。在玉米醇溶蛋白纳米粒的制备中，Zhong等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhong</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>96</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[25]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>96</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">96</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhong,Q.</author><author>Jin,M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Zeinnanoparticlesproducedbyliquid–liquiddispersion</title><secondary-title>FoodHydrocolloids</secondary-title></titles><pages>2380-2387</pages><volume>23</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[25]用该法制备出粒径在100～200nm的纳米粒。醇溶蛋白纳米粒形成的驱动力是液-液分散过程中随着环境极性增加而产生的疏水相互作用，其三级结构随着β-折叠的增加而发生变化，并以反平行的方式紧凑重排。图1.4反溶剂沉淀法制备Zein纳米粒图示ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhong</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>96</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[25]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>96</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">96</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhong,Q.</author><author>Jin,M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Zeinnanoparticlesproducedbyliquid–liquiddispersion</title><secondary-title>FoodHydrocolloids</secondary-title></titles><pages>2380-2387</pages><volume>23</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[25]Fig.1.4Principleoftheliquid-liquiddispersionprocesstoproduceZeinnanoparticlesADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Zhong</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>96</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[25]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>96</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">96</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Zhong,Q.</author><author>Jin,M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Zeinnanoparticlesproducedbyliquid–liquiddispersion</title><secondary-title>FoodHydrocolloids</secondary-title></titles><pages>2380-2387</pages><volume>23</volume><number>8</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[25]（b）pH偏移法pH偏移法又称pH循环法。该方法利用Zein溶于pH11.3～12.7的碱性溶液，而难溶于中性或酸性溶液的特点，通过调节盐酸使溶液由碱性向酸性变化，Zein因溶解度降低而析出并自组装成纳米粒。Sun等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Dai</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>90</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[26]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>90</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">90</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dai,L.</author><author>Sun,C.</author><author>Wang,D.</author><author>Gao,Y.</author><author>Leonardo,F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>TheInteractionbetweenZeinandLecithininEthanol-WaterSolutionandCharacterizationofZein–LecithinCompositeColloidalNanoparticles</title><secondary-title>PlosOne</secondary-title></titles><pages>e0167172</pages><volume>11</volume><number>11</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[26]利用该方法制备了玉米醇溶蛋白-藻酸丙二醇酯-酪蛋白酸钠三元纳米复合物，可用作制备稳定的Pickering乳液。（2）改性Zein纳米粒的研究进展尽管Zein纳米粒制备方法简单，但是经过冷冻干燥或喷雾干燥后，颗粒发生聚集，再分散性差，不能复溶。这一现象制约了其发展。于是，研究人员通过对Zein进行改性修饰，来提高其复溶效果，扩展应用场景ADDINEN.CITEADDINEN.CITE.DATA[27-29]。目前，国内外报道文献中，Zein的改性大致可分为物理改性和化学改性两大类。物理改性主要是将Zein与多糖、多酚及表面活性剂等复合从而改善其再分散性。例如，Dai等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Luo</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>91</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[29]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>91</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">91</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Luo,Y.</author><author>Wang,Tty</author><author>Zi,T.</author><author>Pei,C.</author><author>Sun,J.</author><author>Wang,Ojn</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Encapsulationofindole-3-carbinoland3,3′-diindolylmethaneinzein/carboxymethylchitosannanoparticleswithcontrolledreleasepropertyandimprovedstability</title><secondary-title>FoodChemistry</secondary-title></titles><pages>224-230</pages><volume>139</volume><number>1-4</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[29]合成了具有更好的热稳定性和储藏稳定性的卵磷脂/Zein纳米粒，其中高浓度卵磷脂的囊泡状结构可抑制Zein纳米粒的聚集。Hu等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>A</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>89</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[30]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>89</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">89</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>A,KunHu</author><author>C,McClementsB</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fabricationofsurfactant-stabilizedzeinnanoparticles:ApHmodulatedantisolventprecipitationmethod</title><secondary-title>FoodResearchInternational</secondary-title></titles><pages>329-335</pages><volume>64</volume><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>[30]通过使用表面活性剂Tween80涂层合成稳定的Zein纳米粒。化学改性主要通过糖基化，磷酸化，去酰胺化等改善其再分散性。Qu等ADDINEN.CITE<EndNote><Cite><Author>Wang</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>88</RecNum><DisplayText><styleface="superscript">[31]</style></DisplayText><record><rec-number>88</rec-number><foreign-keys><keyapp="EN"db-id="sw90ss2sb0edabee2e8p9swhvwr9rd9app5z"timestamp="1617353425">88</key><keyapp="ENWeb"db-id="">0</key></foreign-keys><ref-typename="JournalArticle">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wang,X.J.</author><author>Yue,Q.U.</author><author>Liu,X.L.</author><author>Cong,W.S.</author></authors></contribu