2025届广东省河源市高三毕业班调研模拟测试（二）英语试题（含答案）

第第页2025届广东省河源市高三毕业班调研模拟测试（二）英语试题一、AThankyouforyourinterestinTheUCLAHealthVolunteenSummerProgram.Onceyouareacceptedintotheprogram,youmaybeginyourvolunteeringinthefollowingcriticalareas:WayfindingWayfindersarestationedathospitalentrancesandgreeteachvisitor/patientalongwithprovidingwheelchairassistance.Wayfindersmustbefriendlyandhavegoodcommunicationskills2-hourshiftsareavailableMonday-Fridaybetween8:00a.m.-4:00p.m.Duetothestandingnatureofthisposition,4hourswillberewardedfor2hoursofWayfindingservice.FloatersFloatershelpdeliverpatientmailandnewspapers.Assignmentscanchangeeachshiftdependingonneedsofthedepartment,VolunteersareassignedtotheVolunteerOfficeforone4-hourshiftperweekMonday-Fridaybetween9:00a.m.-4:00p.m.PatientTransportPatientTransportvolunteersareresponsiblefordischargingpatientsandhelpingthepatienttransportstaff.Thisisagreatopportunityforstudentstoseeallareasofthehospitalandgetclinicalexposure.Shiftsareavailablesevendaysaweekanytimebetween8:00a.m.-8:00p.m.ApplyingtotheSummerVolunteenProgramStep1:SignupforanInformationSessiononzoom.Sign-upsareonafirstcome,firstservebasis.Step2:Submitallrequiredapplicationformsonlineforreviewandapproval.Step3:AttendoneIn-PersonOrientation(培训).Thereisonlyonesession,andwewillnothavemake-upsessions.step4:Complete50volunteerhoursbyAugust31,2025.1．WhatcanwelearnaboutWayfinding?A．Timebonuswillbegiven. B．Itisavailableonweekends.C．Assignmentschangewithneeds. D．Ittrainsvolunteerstofindways.2．WhatisanadvantageofPatientTransport?A．Itoffersclinicaltraining. B．Itassistsintreatingpatients.C．Itprovidesflexibleshifts. D．Ithelpsshowpatientsaround.3．Whatareapplicantsexpectedtodowhenapplyingfortheprogram?A．Signupassoonaspossible. B．Trackvolunteerhours.C．Attendamake-uporientation. D．Reviewapplicationforms.二、BGrowingupinCyprus,Elenafeltshewasdifferentfromothergirls—shewasinterestedinbiology.Butitwasafamilytragedythathelpedshapeherdeterminationtomajorinmedicine."MyparentslosttheirfirstchildbecausehehadDown'ssyndrome.HepassedawaywhenIwasaboutsevenyearsold,"shesays."AndIguessthat'salwaysbeenplayingonmymindandIgraduallyformedtheideaofstudyingmedicine."Atabout14,shesethersightsonstudyingmedicineintheUK."Despitebeingastudentfromaforeigncountry,IachievedA-levelsinallmysubjects,consideredsuitableformedicine,"shesays.Nowasaconsultantsurgeonatoneofthebusiestmajortrauma(创伤)unitsinEngland,Elenahasspokenofhersuccessfulcareerandthechallengesshehasencounteredasafemaledoctorincludingsometimeshavingtoremindpatientssuspiciousofherthat"Iamthesurgeon".Elena'smainjobisworkingwiththemajortraumateam,butisalsoinvolvedintheteamdealingwithpatientsthathaveseveresurgicalissues."WhenI'maconsultant,Ihaveapositionofresponsibilitynotonlytowardsmypatients,butalsotowardstheteamthatIcooperatewith,"shesays.Workinghard,shehasneverexperiencedprejudicefromothermalesurgeons,whoshowgreatrespectforher.Elenadoesnotshyawayfromthefactthatbeingawomanhassometimesfeltlikeadisadvantage."Findwhatyoulovedoingdayafterday,becauseyourprofessionalcareerisalongtime,andittakesalot—probablylike20or30yearsofyourlife.Therefore,it'sofgreatsignificancetodowhatyouarefondofandthenjustgoforit,"shesays.4．WhatinspiredElenatopursueacareerinmedicine?A．Achildhoodincident. B．Herdesireforbeingdifferent.C．Herinterestinbiology. D．Encouragementfromherparents.5．WhatwasonechallengeElenafaced?A．Gainingacceptancefromherpatients.B．AchievingA-levelsinherEnglishstudies.C．Obtaininggoodscoresasaforeignstudent.D．Remindingherselfaboutherbeingadoctor.6．Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?A．Respectfromothersurgeons.B．Elena'smainresponsibilities.C．PrejudicefromElena'spatients.D．Medicalstaff'sdevotiontothejob.7．WhatisElena'sadviceonchoosingacareer?A．Makealong-termprofessionalplan.B．Knowyourstrengthsandweaknesses.C．Followyourpassionanddetermination.D．Understandyourcareerresponsibilities.三、CPlasticbottlesandbagscanbevaporizedintochemicalbuildingblocksandturnedintonewplasticswithallthepropertiesoforiginalmaterials.Therearehurdles(障碍)stilltoovercome,butthenewprocessisabigsteptowardatrulycirculareconomyforplastic.About5billiontonnesofplastichasgonetolandfillsincethe1950s,andrecyclingeffortshaveonlytackled9percentofwhatwehaveproduced.Withcurrenttechniques,plasticsdegradeineachrecyclingroundandendupinlandfillafteronlyafewcyclesoftheprocess.JohnHartwigattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,andhiscolleagueshadpreviouslydevelopedaprocessthatbrokedownwasteplasticintoitsconstituentparts,butitreliedontheexpensivemetalcatalysts(催化剂).Now,histeamhasdiscoveredanimprovedprocessthatworksonbothpolyethylene,fromwhichmostplasticbagsaremade,andpolypropylene,whichisusedtomakeharderobjects.Anditreliesonlyoncatalystsconsideredsocommonthattheyareessentially"dirt",saysHartwig.Inexperiments,theteamusedtwocatalyststoturnamixtureofpolyethyleneandpolypropyleneintooriginalchemicalsforplasticwiththeefficiencyofnearly90percent.However,Hartwigwarnsthattherearestillmanyhurdlestoovercome,andthattheprocesshasonlybeentestedinthepresenceofasmallnumberofcommonadditives(添加物)."Therewillbeadditivesthatwillaffectthecatalysts,"hesays.Thismaymeanhavingawaytoseparatethoseadditivesorfindingcatalyststhatareresistanttothem.CressidaBowyerattheUniversityofPortsmouth,U.K.,saysthatevenifwehaveaprocessthatcansplitwasteplasticintoconstituentpartsandwithstandadditives,otherissuesremain.Thedegreeofpoisonousnessanddisposalofthecatalystsandadditivesmustbeconsidered,shesays."Thesecouldoutweighanyperceivedbenefitsofrecyclingtechnologies.Recyclingshouldnotbeseenasanykindofsolutiontomaintainingorincreasingproductionofsingle-useandunnecessaryplasticsandcontinuingthecurrentprevailingtake-make-wasteculture,"sheadds.8．Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytalkabout?A．Theharmplasticwastesdotohumans.B．Thealarmingspeedofmakingplasticwastes.C．Thelowefficiencyofcurrentplasticrecycling.D．Thepressingenvironmentalpollutionbyplasticwastes.9．Whichhastheclosestmeaningtotheunderlinedword"dirt"inparagraph3?A．Materialsquiteessential. B．Materialseasilyaccessible.C．Materialsabundantinplastics. D．Materialsbasictotheproducts.10．WhatdoesHartwigthinkoftheimprovedprocess?A．Itisnotfullypreparedforpracticaluse.B．Itreducestheneedforsingle-useplastics.C．Itneedsfurtherresearchtodevelopnewmaterials.D．Itcanbeappliedtoalimitednumberofcommonplastics.11．WhatcanbeinferredfromCressidaBowyer'swords?A．Recyclingdoesn'tproduceanyharmfulsubstancesandpoisons.B．Healthandenvironmentalpollutionshouldbethebiggestconcern.C．Recyclingcanberelieduponasasolutiontowidespreaduseofplastics.D．Theimprovedprocessisasbeneficialandsustainableasitisthought.四、DTop-downprocessingistheprocessofusingcontextorgeneralknowledgetounderstandwhatweperceive(感知).In1970,psychologistRichardGregoryintroducedtheconcept.Heclaimedthatperceptionisconstructive.Theprocessingplaysanimportantroleinourinteractionswithourenvironment.Ourfivesensesareconstantlytakingininformation.Atanygiventime,weareexperiencingdifferentsights,sounds,tastes,smells,andwaysthingsfeelwhenwetouchthem.Ifwepaidattentiontoeachoneofoursensesallthetime,we'dneverdoanythingelse.Itenablesustosimplifytheprocessbyrelyingoncontextandourpre-existingknowledgetounderstandwhatwenotice.Ifourbrainsdidn'temploytop-downprocessingoursenseswouldoverwhelmus.Top-downprocessinghelpsusunderstandwhatoursensesareperceivinginourdailylives.Forexample,supposeyoureceiveanimportantletterbutafewdropsofwaterhaveruinedpartofthetext.Afewlettersindifferentwordsarenowjustsmudges(污迹).Yet,you'restillabletoreadtheletterinitsentiretyusingtop-downprocessing.Youusethecontextofthewordsandsentencesinwhichthesmudgesappearandyourknowledgeofreadingtocomprehendthemeaningoftheletter'smessage.SeeawordLO*E,withoneletterknockeddown,yetyouarestillabletoquicklyrecognizethewordasLOVE.Ontheonehand,top-downprocessingservesapositivefunctionbysimplifyingthewaywecomprehendoursensoryperceptions.Itenablesustoshortcutthecognitivepathbetweenourperceptionsandtheirmeaning.Ontheotherhand,patternscanalsopreventusfromperceivingthingsinuniqueways.Sowemayunderstandthepatternofhowtouseamobilephone,butifthemanufacturercomesoutwithanewphonethatemployscompletelyuniqueinteractionpatterns,wemaynotbeabletofigureouthowtouseit.Besides,asourknowledgeislimitedandbiased(片面的)incertainways,itcanleadtoperceptualerrors.12．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingparagraph2?A．Toexplainmainreasons. B．Togivepracticalexamples.C．Todrawspecificconclusions. D．Toanalysetheoreticalframeworks.13．Whatmaybethekeytounderstandingatextwithmissingletters?A．Pre-existingknowledge. B．Activeinteractions.C．Fivephysicalsenses. D．Lessonsfrommistakes14．Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A．Seeingisbelieving. B．Practicemakesperfect.C．Everycoinhastwosides. D．Experienceisthebestteacher.15．Whatdoestheauthorintendtodoaccordingtothetext?A．Introduceareadingmethod. B．Deepenunderlyingmeanings.C．Illustrateacognitivestrategy. D．Clarifyaproducingprocess.五、阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。It'swellknownthatkidsbenefitfromeatingdinnerwiththeirfamilies.Infact,childrenwhospendthisqualitytimewiththeirparentsdobetterinschoolandhavelargervocabularies.16．Butwhatyoumaynotknowisthateatingtogetherasafamilyhasbenefitsinotheraspectstoo.Healthyeatingcanbepromoted.Whenfamilieseattogether,theyusuallyhavehealthierhome-cookedmealsandconsumemorefruitsandvegetables.17．Sotheytendtogiveupdestructivebehaviorandeatmoremindfullywhentheirchildrenarewatching.18．Ithasbeenfoundthatfamilymealsmayleadtosocialbenefitsforparentsincludingthosewhohavelowerlevelsofthesymptoms(症状)ofdepressionandstress.Parentswhoeatwiththeirchildrenalsosaythattheyaremorelikelytobeinagoodmood.Whenparentsandkidseattogether,theyaredevelopinglinks.Inotherwords,theycanbuildstrongerconnections.TheywillturnofftheTV,putawaytheircellphonesandjusthaveface-to-faceconversations.Keeptheconversationspositiveandencouragekidstodiscusstheirday.19．Eatingtogetherhelpspassonfamilytradition.20．Whenteensgrowupinhomesthathaveregularfamilymeals,theyarefarmorelikelytocopythatpracticeintheirhomes.AstudypublishedintheJournalofFamilyPsychologyshowsthemorefrequentlyachildeatsfamilymealswithhisparents,themorebeeatswithhisownchildren.A.Socialskillscanalsobeakeyfactor.B.Eatingtogetherprofitsparents'mentalhealth.C.Plus,parentsshouldkeeplisteningmoreoften.D.Parentswanttobeamodelofgoodeatinghabits.E.Eatingasafamilyhandsdowngoodparentingskills.F.Themorethefamilycommunicate,thebettertheirrelationship.G.Theyalsohavelowerratesofanxietyandmanageemotionsmoresensibly.六、阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。I'venevermetMrs.Poddar,theownerofthehousewhereIamlivinginthisforeigncountry.Ifinishedmy21．throughapropertyagent.Mrs.Poddarisacomplete22．forme.Yet,afewmonthslater,Mrs.Poddarinstructedmyagentto23．myrent,andthenewrentisonlyhalfoftheoriginal!Feeling24．,Iaskedmyagentaboutthereason.HetoldmethatMrs.Poddar25．Iwasfromabroadstudyingherealoneandwasstill26．thenewenvironment.Shedidthisjusttooffermesome27．.Beingawayfrommyfamilyto28．mycollegedegree,Ihavefoundthelifehere29．inthepastfewmonths:nofriends,nofamiliarfood….Butthe30．Mrs.Poddarshowedmeopenedanewworldtome,31．menottoindulge(沉湎)innegativefeelingsandtoestablishnewrelationships.SoIdecidedto32．withpeopleinmylocalareabyfirstlendingahandtoothers.Ononeoccasion,Ishoppedforgroceriesforanoldcouple,who33．metoaheavymealtheymade.Actually,abouthalfofmysparetimeis34．withofferinghelptopeopleinmyneighborhood.Weareindeedfromdifferent35．,butthatdoesn'tloosenthetiesbetweenus.21．A．moving B．purchasing C．selling D．renting22．A．newcomer B．stranger C．friend D．helper23．A．lower B．cancel C．collect D．raise24．A．motivated B．confused C．excited D．annoyed25．A．anticipated B．suspected C．discovered D．argued26．A．wonderingat B．adjustingto C．lookinginto D．workingon27．A．convenience B．advice C．comfort D．freedom28．A．pursue B．change C．polish D．support29．A．boring B．adventurous C．tough D．eventful30．A．trust B．wisdom C．respect D．kindness31．A．forcing B．expecting C．encouraging D．commanding32．A．negotiate B．live C．correspond D．connect33．A．treated B．entitled C．guided D．welcomed34．A．ready B．occupied C．stuck D．consistent35．A．neighborhoods B．families C．generations D．backgrounds七、第二节（共10小题，每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Liuisathird-yearstudentatXi'anInternationalStudiesUniversitymajoringintourismmanagement.She36．(draw)tothecountrysideaftercoming37．anadvertisementfor"NewPeasants",agovernmentinitiativethatconnectsstudents,andcontentcreatorswithinternship(实习)opportunitiesatruralbusinesses.Theadwasforapositionatavillagehotel,whichLiuthought38．(offer)anidealopportunitytogainfirsthand,39．(practice)knowledgewhileexperiencinglifeintheChinesecountryside,Foping.Meanwhile,XuWen,anarchival(档案的)sciencestudentatNorthwestUniversityinXi'an,alsoarrivedinFoping.Shehadbeenlookingforasummerinternshipfar40．(remove)fromhercollegemajor,believingonlybyhavingnewexperiencescouldshefurther41．(her).Xunowbelievesthat42．(address)theissueof"homogeneity(同质化)"inChina'sruraltourismrequirestappingintolocalculture,whichnecessitatestheeffectiveuseofbothphysicalandonlinearchives,43．thattheinternshiphasawakenedherimaginationregardingthepotentialofarchivalscience.Nowinitsthirdyear,the"NewPeasants"programhasreceivedapplicationsfromthousandsofuniversitystudents,accordingtotheonlinetravelagencyT."The44．(eager)ofyoungpeopleforthecountrysideismorethan45．wecouldhaveimagined,"thecompanysaidinastatement.八、第一节（满分15分）46．假定你是学生会主席，为推动两岸互动和心灵沟通，你校将于5月18日举办一次"两岸一家亲"英文演讲比赛，请你以学生会名义发布一则通知，具体内容如下：1.演讲的目的；2.演讲的具体安排；3.演讲的主要内容及注意事项。注意：1.词数80左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。NoticeDearschoolmates,_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________StudentUnion九、第二节47．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。Mychildhoodismagicalandfullofadventure.Ihavesomanychildhoodmemories,andIwouldliketoshareonethatstillstimulatesme.ThisunforgettablechildhoodeventwasaboutthefirstdaywhenIlearnedhowtoswim.IthappenedsounexpectedlyandquicklythatnotonlyIbutmyparentsweresurprised.Ofcourse,wewereproudaswell.Iwasbarelysevenyearsoldbackthen,andmyparentsthoughtthatitwastimeformetolearnhowtoswim.Onesummermorning,theytookmetoaswimmingpoolintheCitySwimmingComplexwhichwasjusta35-minutedrivefromourhouse.Itwasaweekendandbothmyparentsaccompaniedme.AfterwereachedtheSwimmingComplex,wefoundmanypeoplewerelearninghowtoswim.Mymothersaidshewouldwatchmelearnthisimportantskillwiththehelpofmyfather.Thenshecheeredmeonandtookaseat.IhadnoideahowtoswimbutIwasexcitedtotrythisnewadventure.However,whenmyfathergotintotheswimmingpoolwithme,Ibecameabitnervous.Itseemedthatthingswerenotquiteaseasyforme.Lookingaround,Inoticedthatmanyotherchildrenofallageswerealsotryingtograspthisskillandsomeofthemhadprettymuchlearnedtheartandscienceofthisskill.Influencedbyothers,Iwasdeterminedtofocusonmytrainingandswimaswellasthem.Undertheguidanceofmyfather,Ilearnedwithallmyeffortanddevotion,andImaderapidprogress.Afterteachingmefor30minutesorso,myfatherwenttobuysomesnacksforusandmymothercametotalktomeforawhilenearthepool.SheaskedmeifIhadlearnedanythingatall.Toprovemyprogress,Ijumpedintothewaterandstartedswimming.注意：1.续写词数应为150左右；2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。Mymotherwasfrightenedbymyactionatfirst.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Eatingthesnacksboughtbymyfather,wewereallthrilledandexcited.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

答案解析部分【答案】1．A2．C3．A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍加州大学洛杉矶分校医疗中心（TheUCLAHealth）的青少年志愿者暑期项目，包括被项目录取后可参与的几个关键志愿服务领域（如引路员、流动服务人员、患者转运志愿者及其相应的工作职责和时间安排），以及申请该暑期青少年志愿者项目的具体步骤（包括参加线上信息会议、在线提交申请表、参加线下培训、在2025年8月31日前完成50小时志愿服务）。

【点评】考查阅读理解，包含细节理解题，是一篇介绍类阅读，注意先略读文章，掌握文章大意，再分析题干及选项，到文中找到相关内容并进行理解。1．细节理解题。根据Wayfinding部分中"Duetothestandingnatureofthisposition,4hourswillberewardedfor2hoursofWayfindingservice."由于该职位的站立性质，提供2小时寻路服务可获得4小时奖励。可知，寻路志愿者可以获得时间奖励。故选A。2．细节理解题。根据PatientTransport部分中"Shiftsareavailablesevendaysaweekanytimebetween8:00a.m.-8:00p.m."每周7天，从早上8点到晚上8点的任何时间都可以轮班。可知，病人转运岗位的优势是上班时间非常灵活。故选C。3．细节理解题。根据ApplyingtotheSummerVolunteenProgram部分中"SignupforanInformationSessiononzoom.Sign-upsareonafirstcome,firstservebasis."报名参加一个关于zoom的信息会议。报名是先到先得的。可知，申请该项目时，申请人需要尽快报名。故选A。【答案】4．A5．A6．B7．C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了Elena的成长经历与职业成就。她成长于塞浦路斯，因家庭悲剧（父母首个患有唐氏综合征的孩子离世）坚定了学医的决心。14岁时她立志赴英学医，凭借努力取得适合学医的A-level成绩。如今作为英国一家繁忙创伤中心的外科顾问医生，她谈及成功职业生涯以及作为女医生面临的挑战，比如有时需提醒怀疑她的患者自己的外科医生身份。她主要负责创伤团队工作，也参与处理严重外科问题的患者团队工作，虽未遭男外科医生歧视且获尊重，但也承认女性身份有时是劣势。她鼓励人们找到热爱之事并为之奋斗，因为职业生涯漫长，做喜欢的事意义重大。

【点评】考查阅读理解，本题考点涉及细节理解和段落大意两个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。4．细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Butitwasafamilytragedythathelpedshapeherdeterminationtomajorinmedicine.‘MyparentslosttheirfirstchildbecausehehadDown'ssyndrome.HepassedawaywhenIwasaboutsevenyearsold,'shesays.‘AndIguessthat'salwaysbeenplayingonmymindandIgraduallyformedtheideaofstudyingmedicine.'"但正是一场家庭悲剧帮助她下定决心主修医学。"我父母失去了他们的第一个孩子，因为他患有唐氏综合症。我七岁左右的时候，他就去世了，"她说。"我想这件事一直萦绕在我的脑海中，我逐渐形成了学医的想法。"可知，是童年时期的一场家庭悲剧激发了Elena追求医学事业的决心。故选A。5．细节理解题。根据第二段中的"Elenahasspokenofhersuccessfulcareerandthechallengesshehasencounteredasafemaledoctorincludingsometimeshavingtoremindpatientssuspiciousofherthat‘Iamthesurgeon'."Elena谈到了她成功的职业生涯以及她作为一名女医生所遇到的挑战，包括有时不得不提醒对她表示怀疑的病人"我是外科医生"。可知，Elena面临的一个挑战是获得病人的接受。故选A。6．段落大意题。根据第三段"Elena'smainjobisworkingwiththemajortraumateam,butisalsoinvolvedintheteamdealingwithpatientsthathaveseveresurgicalissues.‘WhenI'maconsultant,Ihaveapositionofresponsibilitynotonlytowardsmypatients,butalsotowardstheteamthatIcooperatewith,'shesays.Workinghard,shehasneverexperiencedprejudicefromothermalesurgeons,whoshowgreatrespectforher."Elena的主要工作是与主要创伤小组合作，但也参与了处理有严重手术问题的病人的小组。"当我是一名顾问时，我不仅要对我的病人负责，还要对我合作的团队负责，"她说。由于努力工作，她从未受到其他男外科医生的偏见，他们对她非常尊重。可知，本段介绍了Elena的主要职责。故选B。7．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"‘Findwhatyoulovedoingdayafterday,becauseyourprofessionalcareerisalongtime,andittakesalot—probablylike20or30yearsofyourlife.Therefore,it'sofgreatsignificancetodowhatyouarefondofandthenjustgoforit,'shesays."她说："找到你每天都喜欢做的事情，因为你的职业生涯很长，需要花费很多时间——可能像你生命中的20或30年。因此，做你喜欢的事情，然后放手去做，这是非常有意义的。"可知，Elena建议选择职业时要追随自己的热情和决心。故选C。【答案】8．C9．B10．A11．B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种将塑料瓶和塑料袋转化为化学基础构件并制成具有原始材料特性的新塑料的新工艺，这是迈向真正塑料循环经济的重要一步。当前塑料回收面临诸多问题，如回收率低、多次回收后降解只能填埋等。此前有依赖昂贵金属催化剂分解废塑料的工艺，如今约翰·哈特维格团队发现改进工艺，仅用常见催化剂就能处理聚乙烯和聚丙烯，实验效率近90%，但该工艺仍面临诸多障碍，如仅在小范围常见添加物中测试过，且还要考虑催化剂和添加物的毒性与处理问题。此外，有专家指出即便有能分解废塑料并耐受添加物的工艺，也还有其他问题，回收不应成为维持或增加一次性塑料生产和延续"取用-制造-废弃"文化的解决方案。

【点评】考查阅读理解，本题考点涉及推理判断，词义猜测和段落大意三个题型的考查，是一篇科技类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。8．段落大意题。根据第二段中的"About5billiontonnesofplastichasgonetolandfillsincethe1950s,andrecyclingeffortshaveonlytackled9percentofwhatwehaveproduced"自20世纪50年代以来，约有50亿吨塑料被送往垃圾填埋场，而回收工作仅处理了我们所生产塑料的9%。可知，这段主要讲的是当前塑料回收效率很低，故选C。9．词义猜测题。根据第三段中的"Now,histeamhasdiscoveredanimprovedprocessthatworksonbothpolyethylene,fromwhichmostplasticbagsaremade,andpolypropylene,whichisusedtomakeharderobjects.Anditreliesonlyoncatalystsconsideredsocommonthattheyareessentially‘dirt',saysHartwig."现在，他的团队发现了一种改进的工艺，该工艺既适用于制造大多数塑料袋的聚乙烯，也适用于制造较硬物体的聚丙烯。哈特维格说，它只依赖于被认为非常常见的催化剂，这些催化剂本质上就是"dirt"。可知，此处说的催化剂很常见，也就是容易获取的材料，所以划线词dirt在这里的意思接近"易于获取的材料"，故选B。10．推理判断题。根据第四段中的"However,Hartwigwarnsthattherearestillmanyhurdlestoovercome,andthattheprocesshasonlybeentestedinthepresenceofasmallnumberofcommonadditives(添加物).‘Therewillbeadditivesthatwillaffectthecatalysts,'hesays.Thismaymeanhavingawaytoseparatethoseadditivesorfindingcatalyststhatareresistanttothem."然而，Hartwig警告说，仍有许多障碍需要克服，而且该工艺只在少量常见添加剂存在的情况下进行了测试。他说："会有添加剂影响催化剂。"这可能意味着要有一种方法来分离这些添加剂，或者找到对它们有抵抗力的催化剂。可知，Hartwig认为改进后的工艺还没有完全为实际应用做好准备，还有很多问题需要解决，故选A。11．推理判断题。根据最后一段"CressidaBowyerattheUniversityofPortsmouth,U.K.,saysthatevenifwehaveaprocessthatcansplitwasteplasticintoconstituentpartsandwithstandadditives,otherissuesremain.Thedegreeofpoisonousnessanddisposalofthecatalystsandadditivesmustbeconsidered,shesays.‘Thesecouldoutweighanyperceivedbenefitsofrecyclingtechnologies.Recyclingshouldnotbeseenasanykindofsolutiontomaintainingorincreasingproductionofsingle-useandunnecessaryplasticsandcontinuingthecurrentprevailingtake-make-wasteculture,'sheadds."英国朴茨茅斯大学的CressidaBowyer说，即使我们有了一种可以将废塑料分解成组成部分并能耐受添加剂的工艺，其他问题仍然存在。她说，必须考虑催化剂和添加剂的毒性程度以及处置问题。"这些可能会超过回收技术带来的任何可感知的好处。回收不应被视为维持或增加一次性和不必要塑料生产以及延续当前盛行的"取—造—废"文化的任何解决方案。"可知CressidaBowyer说即使我们有了一种可以将废塑料分解成组成部分并能耐受添加剂的工艺，其他问题仍然存在，必须考虑催化剂和添加剂的毒性程度以及处置问题，可推断出，CressidaBowyer认为健康和环境污染应该是最大的关注点，不能只看到回收工艺的好处而忽视了其他方面带来的不良影响，故选B。【答案】12．A13．A14．C15．C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍自上而下加工（top-downprocessing）这一概念，即利用语境或一般知识来理解我们所感知的事物。该过程由心理学家RichardGregory于1970年提出，强调感知是具有建构性的。自上而下加工在我们与环境的互动中扮演重要角色，它使我们能够依靠语境和已有知识简化感知过程，避免感官信息过载。文章通过举例说明其在日常生活中的作用，如阅读受损文字时仍能理解其意。同时，文章也指出该过程的局限性，包括可能阻碍对新模式的感知以及因知识局限和偏见导致感知错误。

【点评】考查阅读理解，本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇科普类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。12．推理判断题。根据第二段"Theprocessingplaysanimportantroleinourinteractionswithourenvironment.Ourfivesensesareconstantlytakingininformation.Atanygiventime,weareexperiencingdifferentsights,sounds,tastes,smells,andwaysthingsfeelwhenwetouchthem.Ifwepaidattentiontoeachoneofoursensesallthetime,we'dneverdoanythingelse.Itenablesustosimplifytheprocessbyrelyingoncontextandourpre-existingknowledgetounderstandwhatwenotice.Ifourbrainsdidn'temploytop-downprocessingoursenseswouldoverwhelmus"这个过程在我们与环境的互动中起着重要的作用。我们的五种感官不断地接收信息。在任何给定的时间，我们都在体验不同的视觉、声音、味道、气味，以及触摸事物时的感觉。如果我们一直关注我们的每一种感官，我们就永远不会做其他事情。它使我们能够通过依赖上下文和我们已有的知识来理解我们注意到的东西，从而简化这个过程。如果我们的大脑不采用自上而下的处理方式，我们的感官就会压倒我们。可知，作者写第二段的目的是分析自上而下的处理是至关重要的主要原因。故选A。13．细节理解题。根据第三段中的"Youusethecontextofthewordsandsentencesinwhichthesmudgesappearandyourknowledgeofreadingtocomprehendthemeaningoftheletter'smessage.SeeawordLO*E,withoneletterknockeddown,yetyouarestillabletoquicklyrecognizethewordasLOVE."你可以利用出现污迹的单词和句子的上下文以及你的阅读知识来理解信件的意思。看到一个单词"LO*E"，一个字母被敲掉了，但你仍然能很快认出这个单词是"LOVE"。可知，理解一篇缺少字母的文章的关键是已有的信息。故选A。14．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的"Ontheonehand,top-downprocessingservesapositivefunctionbysimplifyingthewaywecomprehendoursensoryperceptions.Itenablesustoshortcutthecognitivepathbetweenourperceptionsandtheirmeaning.Ontheotherhand,patternscanalsopreventusfromperceivingthingsinuniqueways."一方面，自上而下的处理通过简化我们理解感官知觉的方式起到了积极的作用。它使我们能够缩短我们的感知和它们的意义之间的认知路径。另一方面，模式也可以阻止我们以独特的方式感知事物。可知，自上而下的处理通常是有益的，但它也有局限性，有时会阻碍我们以新颖的方式感知事物或适应不熟悉的情况的能力。因此，事物都有两面性。故选C。15．推理判断题。根据第一段"Top-downprocessingistheprocessofusingcontextorgeneralknowledgetounderstandwhatweperceive(感知).In1970,psychologistRichardGregoryintroducedtheconcept.Heclaimedthatperceptionisconstructive."自上而下的处理是使用上下文或一般知识来理解我们所感知的东西的过程。1970年，心理学家理查德·格雷戈里提出了这个概念。他声称感知是建设性的；再结合文章主要说明了自上而下的处理信息帮助我们理解感知到的事物，文章主要解释了这一认知过程。可知，作者想要说明一个认知策略。故选C。【答案】16．G；17．D；18．B；19．F；20．E【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，阐述与家人共进晚餐除了有助于孩子学业发展和丰富词汇量外，还有其他多方面益处，包括促进健康饮食、给父母带来社交益处、增进亲子间的联系以及传承家庭传统。

【点评】考查七选五，本文是一篇生活类阅读，要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。16．根据空前"It'swellknownthatkidsbenefitfromeatingdinnerwiththeirfamilies.Infact,childr