2026年雅思《阅读》考前冲刺卷

2026年雅思《阅读》考前冲刺卷

ReadingPassage1

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1below.

TheSpongeCityConcept:UrbanResilienceintheFaceofClimateChange

A.Asurbanizationacceleratesglobally,citiesareincreasinglyfacingthedualchallengesofrapidpopulationgrowthandclimatechange.Oneofthemostpressingissuesarisingfromthesetrendsisurbanflooding.Traditionalurbandevelopmenthasreliedheavilyon"greyinfrastructure"—concretedrains,pipes,andpumpsdesignedtochannelrainwaterawayfrompopulatedareasasquicklyaspossible.However,thisapproachisprovinginadequateinthefaceofmorefrequentandintenseextremeweatherevents.Inresponse,arevolutionaryurbandesignphilosophyknownasthe"SpongeCity"concepthasemerged,offeringasustainableandresilientalternative.

B.ThecoreprincipleoftheSpongeCityismetaphoricallysimple:thecityshouldfunctionlikeasponge.Insteadofrepellingwater,itshouldabsorb,store,purify,andreleaserainwaternaturally.Thisisachievedthroughacombinationofpermeablesurfaces,greenspaces,andwaterbodiesthatmimicthenaturalwatercycle.Byretainingrunoff,thesecitiescanreducetheriskofflooding,replenishgroundwatersupplies,andmitigatethe"urbanheatisland"effect,whereconcretestructuresabsorbandradiateheat,raisingcitytemperaturessignificantlyhigherthaninsurroundingruralareas.

C.Technically,theSpongeCityconceptreliesonvariouslow-impactdevelopment(LID)techniques.Theseincluderaingardens,whicharedepressionsplantedwithnativevegetationthatsoakuprunoff;greenroofs,whicharecoveredinvegetationtoabsorbrainfall;permeablepavementsthatallowwatertoinfiltratethegroundratherthanrunningoff;andrestoredwetlandsthatactasnaturalsponges.Thegoalistoretainatleast70%ofannualrainfallthroughthesenature-basedsolutions.Forexample,apermeablepavementsystemcanreducerunoffbyover50%comparedtotraditionalasphalt,significantlyeasingtheburdenonmunicipaldrainagesystemsduringstorms.

D.Chinahasbeenthemostaggressiveadopterofthisconcept.In2015,theChinesegovernmentlaunchedamajorinitiativetotransform30pilotcitiesintoSpongeCitiesby2030.ThedrivingforcebehindthispolicywasaseriesofdevastatingfloodsinBeijingandothermajormetropolises,whichexposedthevulnerabilitiesofpurelygreyinfrastructure.CitieslikeShanghaiandWuhanhavesinceintegratedthousandsofhectaresofgreenspaceandupgradedtheirdrainagenetworkstoincludesponge-likefeatures.Theprojectsofteninvolveretrofittingexistingurbanenvironments,whichpresentsuniqueengineeringchallengesbutofferssignificantlong-termeconomicbenefitsbyreducingflooddamagecosts.

E.However,thetransitionisnotwithoutobstacles.Theprimarychallengeisfinancial.WhileSpongeCitiespromiselong-termsavings,theinitialcapitalinvestmentforretrofittinginfrastructureissubstantial.Furthermore,thereisatechnicallimitationregardingsoilconditions.Theeffectivenessofabsorptiondependsheavilyonthesoil'sinfiltrationrate.Inareaswithdenseclayorhighgroundwatertables,thegroundmaynotabsorbwaterquicklyenough,requiringadditionalengineeringmodificationsorhybridsystemsthatcombinegreyandgreeninfrastructure.Maintenanceisanotherconcern;greenroofsandraingardensrequireregularupkeep,unlikestaticconcretepipes.

F.Despitethesehurdles,theglobalinterestinSpongeCitiesisgrowing.Singapore,knownforitsbiophilicurbandesign,hasincorporatedsimilarprinciplesunderits"ABCWaters"(Active,Beautiful,CleanWaters)program.EuropeancitieslikeCopenhagenandBerlinarealsoinvestinginclimate-resilientinfrastructurethatprioritizeswatermanagement.Theshiftrepresentsafundamentalchangeinhowweconceiveofurbanenvironments:movingfromfightingagainstnaturetoworkingwithit.Asclimatemodelspredicta20-30%increaseinstormintensityinmanyregions,theabilitytoabsorbandmanagewaterwillbecomeadefiningcharacteristicoflivablecitiesinthe21stcentury.

G.Lookingahead,theintegrationofsmarttechnologywithSpongeCityinfrastructureholdsgreatpromise.Sensorscanmonitorsoilmoisturelevelsandwaterqualityinreal-time,allowingfordynamicmanagementofretentionbasinsandautomatedirrigationsystems.This"SmartSponge"approachcouldoptimizewaterusageandpredictfloodriskswithgreateraccuracy.Ultimately,theresilienceprovidedbySpongeCitieswillbecrucialnotonlyformanagingwaterbutforensuringthesocialandeconomicstabilityofurbancentersinanunpredictableclimatefuture.

Questions1-6

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?

Inboxes1-6onyouranswersheet,write

TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis

1.Traditionalgreyinfrastructureisdesignedtopreventrainwaterfromenteringthegroundinurbanareas.

2.TheSpongeCityconceptaimstocompletelyeliminatetheneedfordrainagepipes.

3.RaingardensareatypeofLowImpactDevelopmenttechniquethatutilizesvegetationtomanagewater.

4.TheChinesegovernment'sSpongeCityinitiativewaspromptedsolelybytheneedtocombattheurbanheatislandeffect.

5.Permeablepavementsystemsarelesseffectiveatmanagingrunoffthantraditionalasphaltsurfaces.

6.SoilcompositioncaninfluencethesuccessrateofwaterabsorptioninSpongeCityprojects.

Questions7-13

Completethesentencesbelow.

ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthetextforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes7-13onyouranswersheet.

7.TheSpongeCityconcepthelpstolowercitytemperaturesbycounteringthe__________effect.

8.Raingardensaredesignedasdepressionsfilledwith__________tosoakupwater.

9.TheChinesegovernmentaimstotransform30pilotcitiesbytheyear__________.

10.Retrofittingexistingcitiesinvolveshighinitialcosts,despiteofferinglong-termeconomic__________.

11.Inareaswithhighgroundwatertables,hybridsystemsmaybenecessarytoassist__________.

12.Singapore’sapproachtowatermanagementisknownasthe__________program.

13.Future"SmartSponge"systemsmayusesensorstomonitorsoilmoistureandwater__________.

ReadingPassage2

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2below.

TheHistoryandScienceofTimekeeping

A.Themeasurementoftimeisoneofhumanity'soldestendeavors,driveninitiallybythepracticalneedsofagricultureandtheregulationofsocialactivities.Theearliestdevicesweresimpleastronomicalobservations,suchastrackingthepositionofthesunorthephasesofthemoon.Sundials,whichdatebacktoancientEgyptandBabylon,providedaroughapproximationofdaytimehours.However,thesedeviceswerenotoriouslyunreliableoncloudydaysoratnight.Thequestforaconsistent,mechanicalmethodtoquantifythepassageoftimeledtocenturiesofinnovation,culminatingintheatomicprecisionwerelyontoday.

B.Asignificantleapforwardoccurredwiththeinventionofthewaterclock,orclepsydra,around1500BC.Bymeasuringtheregulatedflowofwaterfromonevesselintoanother,theseclockscouldfunctiondayandnight,regardlessofweather.TheGreeksandRomansfurtherrefinedthistechnology,addingcomplexgearingmechanismstodriveautomata.Whilemoreaccuratethansundials,waterclockssufferedfromcalibrationissues;changesintemperatureandviscosityofthewatercouldaltertheflowrate,leadingtoinaccuracies.Nevertheless,theyremainedthestandardfortimekeepinginEuropeuntiltheMiddleAges.

C.Themechanicalrevolutionintimekeepingbeganin14th-centuryEuropewiththeadventoftheescapementmechanism.Theescapementistheheartofamechanicalwatch;itcontrolsthereleaseofenergyfromaspringorweight,convertingitintomeasured,rhythmicimpulses.Earlymechanicalclockswerelarge,weight-drivendevicestypicallyinstalledinchurchtowers.Theywereprimarilyusedtosignalcanonicalhoursforprayersratherthantotelltimeinthemodernsense.Theseearlyclockshadasinglehandandcouldbeoffbyseveralminutesaday,buttheyintroducedtheconceptofdiscrete,equalunitsoftime,structuringdailylifemorerigidlythaneverbefore.

D.Precisionimproveddramaticallywiththeintroductionofthependulum.In1656,ChristiaanHuygens,inspiredbyGalileo'searlierobservationsontheisochronismofthependulum,createdthefirstpendulumclock.ThephysicsofthependulumisgovernedbytheformulaT=2π,whereTistheperiod,Listhelength,andgistheaccelerationduetogravity.Becausetheperioddependsprimarilyonlengthandgravity,apendulumofafixedlengthwillswingataconstantrate,largelyindependentofthedrivingmechanism'sforce.Thisinnovationreducedclockerrorsfromminutesperdaytomereseconds,makingthemviableforscientificexperimentationandeventually,maritimenavigation.

E.Themaritimeproblemwasthegreatesttechnologicalchallengeofthe18thcentury.Determininglongitudeatsearequiredknowingtheprecisetimeatareferencepoint(usuallyGreenwich)whilesimultaneouslyobservinglocalsolartime.Pendulumclockswereuselessontherockingdecksofships.TheBritishgovernmentofferedthe"LongitudePrize"of£20,000forasolution.JohnHarrison,aself-taughtcarpenter,dedicatedhislifetosolvingthis.Between1730and1761,heinventedaseriesofmarinechronometers(H1toH4).Theseclocksusedhigh-frequencybalancewheelsinsteadofpendulumsandemployedtemperature-compensatedmaterials(suchasagridofbrassandsteel)tocounteractexpansionandcontraction.HisH4chronometerlostonlyfivesecondsafterasix-weekvoyagetoJamaica,solvingthelongitudeproblemandrevolutionizingglobaltrade.

F.The20thcenturyshiftedthefocusfrommechanicstophysics.Thequartzclock,developedinthe1920s,exploitsthepiezoelectriceffect.Whenaquartzcrystalissubjectedtoanelectricfield,itvibratesatapreciseresonantfrequency(typically32,768Hz).Thesevibrationsarecountedtodrivetheclockmovement.Quartzwatchesareaccuratetowithinafewsecondspermonth,farsurpassingmechanicalwatches.However,theultimatestandardoftimewasestablishedwiththeatomicclock.Basedonthemicrowavefrequencyofthetransitionbetweentwoenergylevelsofthecesium-133atom,theatomicclockissoprecisethatitwouldneithergainnorloseasecondinmillionsofyears.

G.Today,timeisdefinedbytheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI)basedonthecesiumstandard.Thisprecisioniscriticalformoderninfrastructure,particularlytheGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS).GPSsatellitescarryatomicclocks.BecausethesatellitesmoveathighvelocityandareinaweakergravitationalfieldthanobserversonEarth,timedilationeffects—predictedbyEinstein'sTheoryofRelativity—mustbeaccountedfor.Iftheserelativisticeffectswereignored,GPSpositioningerrorswouldaccumulateatarateofroughly10kilometersperday.Thus,ourabilitytonavigatetheworlddependsdirectlyontheconvergenceofancientastronomy,mechanicalingenuity,andquantumphysics.

Questions14-18

ReadingPassage2hassevenparagraphs,A-G.

Choosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.

Writethecorrectnumber,i-viii,inboxes14-18onyouranswersheet.

ListofHeadings

i.Thelimitationsofearlywater-basedsystems

ii.Therelianceonatomicprecisionfornavigation

iii.ThemaritimechallengeandHarrison’ssolution

iv.Theearliestastronomicaltimekeepingmethods

v.Themechanicalrevolutionandtheescapement

vi.Thephysicsofthependulum

vii.Thetransitiontoquartzandatomicstandards

viii.TheimpactofEinstein’stheoryondailylife

14.ParagraphA

15.ParagraphB

16.ParagraphC

17.ParagraphD

18.ParagraphE

Questions19-23

Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions19-23)andthelistofpeoplebelow.

Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectperson,A,B,C,orD.

Writethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD,inboxes19-23onyouranswersheet.

ListofPeople

A.Galileo

B.ChristiaanHuygens

C.JohnHarrison

D.AncientEgyptians/Babylonians

19.Observedthattheswingofapendulumisisochronous.

20.Inventedthefirstpracticalpendulumclock.

21.Createdtheearliestknowndevicesfortrackingdaytimehours.

22.Developedaseriesofchronometersusingtemperature-compensatedmaterials.

23.Proposedaformulagoverningtheperiodofapendulumswing.

Questions24-26

Completethesummarybelow.

ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthetextforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes24-26onyouranswersheet.

Quartzclocksoperateusingthepiezoelectriceffect.Whenanelectricfieldisappliedtoaquartzcrystal,itvibratesataspecificresonant__________.Thistechnologyoffersgreateraccuracythanmechanicalwatches,butthemostprecisetimekeepersareatomicclocks.Theseclocksrelyontheenergytransitionsofthe__________atom.TheaccuracyofatomicclocksisvitalforGPSsatellites,asengineersmustadjustfortimedilationeffectscausedbyvelocityand__________fields.

ReadingPassage3

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions27-40,whicharebasedonReadingPassage3below.

ThePsychologyofProcrastination:ATemporalMismatch

A.Procrastinationisoftentrivializedasamerelackofwillpowerorpoortimemanagement,butpsychologicalresearchsuggestsitisafarmorecomplexphenomenoninvolvingself-regulationfailureandemotionalmismanagement.Itaffectsasignificantportionofthepopulation,withestimatessuggestingthat80-95%ofcollegestudentsengageinprocrastination,androughly20%ofadultsarechronicprocrastinators.Theconsequencesextendbeyondmisseddeadlines;chronicprocrastinationislinkedtohigherstresslevels,lowerincome,andincreasedhealthissues,includinginsomniaandimmunesystemsuppression.

B.Attheheartofprocrastinationliesaconflictbetweenthe"PresentSelf"andthe"FutureSelf."Thehumanbrainisnotdesignedtovaluefuturerewardsashighlyasimmediateones,aconceptknownastemporaldiscounting.ThePresentSelfseeksimmediaterelieffromtheanxietyorboredomassociatedwithatask(e.g.,writingareport),whiletheFutureSelfbearstheburdenoftheconsequences.Neurologically,thelimbicsystem,whichgovernsemotionsandimmediategratification,oftenoverridestheprefrontalcortex,thearearesponsibleforlong-termplanningandexecutivefunction.Thisinternalbattleexplainswhyweoftenchoosetoscrollthroughsocialmedianow,despiteknowingitwillharmourproductivitylater.

C.Thisbehavioriscloselytiedtotheconceptof"emotionalregulation."Procrastinationisnotanavoidanceoftheworkitself,butanavoidanceofthenegativeemotionsassociatedwiththework—fearoffailure,perfectionism,orboredom.Whenapersonprocrastinates,theyexperienceatemporarymoodrepair.Theyfeelbetterrightnowbecausetheyhavepushedthestressoraway.However,thisreliefisshort-livedandcreatesacycleofguiltandincreasedanxietyasthedeadlineapproaches.Researchindicatesthatprocrastinatorsoftenhavehigherlevelsofstressandillnessevenbeforethedeadlineisdue,simplybecauseoftheloomingpsychologicalthreat.C.Thisbehavioriscloselytiedtotheconceptof"emotionalregulation."Procrastinationisnotanavoidanceoftheworkitself,butanavoidanceofthenegativeemotionsassociatedwiththework—fearoffailure,perfectionism,orboredom.Whenapersonprocrastinates,theyexperienceatemporarymoodrepair.Theyfeelbetterrightnowbecausetheyhavepushedthestressoraway.However,thisreliefisshort-livedandcreatesacycleofguiltandincreasedanxietyasthedeadlineapproaches.Researchindicatesthatprocrastinatorsoftenhavehigherlevelsofstressandillnessevenbeforethedeadlineisdue,simplybecauseoftheloomingpsychologicalthreat.

D.Perfectionismisamajordriverofthisanxiety.Manyprocrastinatorsholdamaladaptivebeliefthattheirworthistiedtotheirperformance.Theyfearthatiftheytryandfail,itconfirmstheirinadequacy.Therefore,theyprocrastinatetocreateabuffer;iftheyfail,theycanattributeittoalackoftimeratherthanalackofability.Thisself-handicappingstrategyprotectstheegobutpreventspersonalgrowth.Paradoxically,procrastinationoftenleadstolowerqualityworkbecausetasksarerushedatthelastminute,confirmingtheprocrastinator'sfearsofincompetence.

E.Theriseofthedigitalagehasexacerbatedthisissue.Moderntechnologyprovidesanendlesssupplyof"instantgratificationtools"—videogames,socialmediafeeds,andstreamingservices—thatarespecificallyengineeredtohijackthebrain'sdopaminerewardsystem.Theseplatformsoffervariablerewardschedules(similartoslotmachines),whichmakethemhighlyaddictiveanddifficulttoresist.Theconstantconnectivityalsocreatesacultureof"fearofmissingout"(FOMO),makingitevenhardertodisconnectandfocusondeep,cognitivelydemandingtasks.

F.However,understandingthepsychologicalrootsofprocrastinationofferspathwaystoovercomingit.Traditionaladvicelike"justdoit"or"makeaschedule"oftenfailsbecauseitaddressesthelogisticalsymptomsratherthantheemotionalcause.Effectivestrategiesinvolve"forgiveness"and"self-compassion."Studieshaveshownthatstudentswhoforgivethemselvesforprocrastinatingonapreviousexamarelesslikelytoprocrastinateonthenextone.Forgivenessreducestheguiltandnegativeemotionsthattriggerfurtheravoidancebehaviors.

G.Anotherpowerfultechniqueis"implementationintentions"or"if-thenplanning."Insteadofrelyingonvaguegoals,onecreatesspecificplans:"Ifitis2PM,thenIwillopenmylaptopandwritefor30minutes."Thisreducesthecognitiveloadrequiredtomakeadecisioninthemoment.Additionally,breakingtasksintosmaller,manageablechunksreducestheperceivedthreatofthetask.Byfocusingontheprocessratherthantheoverwhelmingoutcome,individualscanbypassthelimbicsystem'sresistanceandengagetheprefrontalcortex'sexecutivefunctions.

H.Ultimately,conqueringprocrastinationrequiresashiftinmindsetfromrelyingonmotivationtorelyingonhabitandsystems.Motivationisfleeting;itisunreliable.Byacknowledgingthebiologicalandemotionaldriversofprocrastination,individualscanstructuretheirenvironmenttominimizefrictionfordesiredbehaviorsandmaximizefrictionfordistractions.Itisnotaboutfixingacharacterflaw,butaboutrewiringthebrain'sresponsetotasksandunderstandingthattheFutureSelfisjustasrealanddeservingofcareasthePresentSelf.

Questions27-31

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.

Writethecorrectletterinboxes27-31onyouranswersheet.

27.Accordingtothepassage,whatistheprimarypsychologicalcauseofprocrastination?

A.Alackoforganizationalskillsandplanning.

B.Aninabilitytoestimatehowlongataskwilltake.

C.Afailuretoregulateemotionsassociatedwithatask.

D.Adesiretochallengeauthorityandestablishedrules.

28.Whatis"temporaldiscounting"?

A.Theprocessofnegotiatingmoretimeforadeadline.

B.Thetendencytovalueimmediaterewardsmorethanfutureones.

C.Afinancialstrategyforsavingmoneyovertime.

D.Theneurologicaldeclineoftheprefrontalcortexwithage.

29.Whydosomeprocrastinatorsengageinself-handicapping?

A.Toensuretheyhaveenoughtimetocompletetheworkperfectly.

B.Totestthelimitsoftheirphysicalendurance.

C.Toprotecttheiregobyhavinganexcuseforpotentialfailure.

D.Todemonstratetheirabilitytoworkunderpressure.

30.Howdoesthedigitalageimpactprocrastination?

A.Itprovidestoolsthatimprovetimemanagementefficiency.

B.Itcreatesadistraction-freeenvironmentfordeepwork.

C.Itoffersvariablerewardsthatstimulatethebrain'sdopaminesystem.

D.Itreducesthefearoffailurethroughonlinesupportgroups.

31.Whatisthebenefitof"self-compassion"inovercomingprocrastination?

A.Itallowsindividualstolowertheirstandardsandacceptmediocrity.

B.Itreducestheguiltthatoftenleadstofurtheravoidance.

C.Itencouragesthelimbicsystemtotakecontrolofplanning.

D.Iteliminatestheneedforimplementationintentions.

Questions32-35

DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage3?

Inboxes32-35onyouranswersheet,write

YESifthestatementagreeswiththeclaims

NOifthestatementcontradictstheclaims

NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinks

32.Chronicprocrastinationisexclusivelyaproblemfoundinacademicsettings.

33.Thelimbicsystemisresponsibleforlong-termplanningandexecutivefunction.

34.Procrastinationcanleadtoacyclewhereguiltcausesfurtherprocrastination.

35.Motivationisconsideredareliablefoundationforlong-termproductivity.

Questions36-40

Completethesummaryusingthelistofwords,A-H,below.

Writethecorrectletter,A-H,inboxes36-40onyouranswersheet.

TheMechanismofProcrastination

Procrastinationoccurswhenthereisaconflictbetweenthedesireforimmediatecomfortandtheneedtocompletefuturetasks.Thebrain's(36)__________,whichhandlesemotions,oftenoverridesthe(37)__________,whichisresponsibleforplanning.Peopleoftenprocrastinatetoavoidfeelingsof(38)__________orboredom.Tocombatthis,expertssuggest(39)__________,whichinvolvescreatingspecific"if-then"plans.Thishelpsreducethecognitiveloadneededtostartatask.Finally,relyingonsystemsratherthan(40)__________isrecommendedforsustainedproductivity.

ListofWords

A.motivation

B.anxiety

C.prefrontalcortex

D.limbicsystem

E.happiness

F.implementationintentions

G.temporaldiscounting

H.forgiveness

AnswersandExplanations

ReadingPassage1:TheSpongeCityConcept

1.TRUE

Explanation:ParagraphAmentionsthattraditional"greyinfrastructure"(concretedrains,pipes)isdesignedto"channelrainwateraway,"whichimpliespreventingitfromenteringthegroundimmediatelyinthatspecificarea.Explanation:ParagraphAmentionsthattraditional"greyinfrastructure"(concretedrains,pipes)isdesignedto"channelrainwateraway,"whichimpliespreventingitfromenteringthegroundimmediatelyinthatspecificarea.

2.FALSE

Explanation:ParagraphEmentionsthatinareaswithdifficultsoilconditions,"hybridsystemsthatcombinegreyandgreeninfrastructure"maybenecessary.Itdoesnotaimtoeliminatepipesentirely.Explanation:ParagraphEmentionsthatinareaswithdifficultsoilconditions,"hybridsystemsthatcombinegreyandgreeninfrastructure"maybenecessary.Itdoesnotaimtoeliminatepipesentirely.

3.TRUE

Explanation:ParagraphCexplicitlystatesthatraingardensare"depressionsplantedwithnativevegetationthatsoakuprunoff"andliststhemasaLowImpactDevelopment(LID)technique.Explanation:ParagraphCexplicitlystatesthatraingardensare"depressionsplantedwithnativevegetationthatsoakuprunoff"andliststhemasaLowImpactDevelopment(LID)technique.

4.FALSE

Explanation:ParagraphDstatesthedrivingforcewas"aseriesofdevastatingfloods...whichexposedthevulnerabilitiesofpurelygreyinfrastructure."TheurbanheatislandeffectismentionedinParagraphBasabenefitofSpongeCities,nottheprimarydriveroftheChinesepolicy.Explanation:ParagraphDstatesthedrivingforcewas"aseriesofdevastatingfloods...whichexposedthevulnerabilitiesofpurelygreyinfrastructure."TheurbanheatislandeffectismentionedinParagraphBasabenefitofSpongeCities,nottheprimarydriveroftheChinesepolicy.

5.FALSE

Explanation:ParagraphCstatesthatpermeablepavementcan"reducerunoffbyover50%comparedtotraditionalasphalt,"makingitmoreeffectiveatmanagingrunoff(i.e.,retainingit)ratherthanlesseffective.Explanation:ParagraphCstatesthatpermeablepavementcan"reducerunoffbyover50%comparedtotraditionalasphalt,"makingitmoreeffectiveatmanagingrunoff(i.e.,retainingit)ratherthanlesseffective.

6.TRUE

Explanation:ParagraphEdiscussestechnicallimitations,notingthat"effectivenessofabsorptiondependsheavilyonthesoil'sinfiltrationrate."Explanation:ParagraphEdiscussestechnicallimitations,notingthat"effectivenessofabsorptiondependsheavilyonthesoil'sinfiltrationrate."

7.urbanheatisland

Explanation:ParagraphBmentionsmitigatingthe"urbanheatisland"effectasabenefit.Explanation:ParagraphBmentionsmitigatingthe"urbanheatisland"effectasabenefit.

8.nativevegetation

Explanation:ParagraphCdescribesraingardensas"depressionsplantedwithnativevegetation."Explanation:ParagraphCdescribesraingardensas"depressionsplantedwithnativevegetation."

9.2030

Explanation:ParagraphDmentionsthetargetyear"2030."Explanation:ParagraphDmentionsthetargetyear"2030."

10.benefits

Explanation:ParagraphEnotesthatretrofittingoffers"significantlong-termeconomicbenefits."Explanation:ParagraphEnotesthatretrofittingoffers"significantlong-termeconomicbenefits."

11.infiltration

Explanation:ParagraphEimpliesthatindifficultsoils,hybridsystemsareneededbecausethegroundmaynotabsorbwaterquicklyenough(infiltrationissues).Thetextsays"requiringadditionalengineeringmodifications...toassist[thenaturalprocess]."Whilethetextdoesn'texplicitlyusetheverb"assistinfiltration"inthatexactsentencestructure,thecontextofabsorption/infiltrationisthekey.Self-correction:Lookingcloselyatthetext,itsays"requiringadditionalengineeringmodifications...toassist."Themissingwordislikelycontextuallyinferred,butlet'slookforadirectfit.Thetextsays"helpingabsorption."However,basedonthesentencestructureinthequestion,"assist[noun]",thetextmentions"infiltrationrate".Let'slookforabetterfit.Actually,thetextsays"requiringadditionalengineeringmodificationsorhybridsystemsthatcombinegreyandgreeninfrastructure."Thequestionaskswhathybridsystemsassist.Theyassisttheabsorptionprocess.Let'sre-readcarefully."Inareaswithdenseclay...thegroundmaynotabsorbwaterquicklyenough,req