2026年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一考试题库

2026年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一考试题库SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Theconceptof"digitalminimalism"hasgainedconsiderabletractioninrecentyears,emergingasanecessarycounterweighttothepervasiveinfluenceoftechnologyinourdailylives.Itisnotmerelyalifestylechoicebutadeliberatephilosophyaimedatreclaimingourattention,time,andcognitiveautonomyfromtheclutchesofalgorithmicmanipulation.Atitscore,digitalminimalismadvocatesforamethodofengagingwithtechnologywhereyoufocusyouronlinetimeonasmallnumberofcarefullyselectedandoptimizedactivitiesthat1supportthingsyouvalue.Thisphilosophystandsinstark2tothecurrentstateofdigitalmaximalism,whereusersfeelcompelledtoconsume,share,andinteractwithanendlessstreamofcontent.Themoderndigitaleconomyisdesignedtoexploitourpsychologicalvulnerabilities,utilizingvariablerewardschedulestokeepus3.However,thisconstantconnectivityoftenleadstoasenseof4andanxiety,asthefragmentednatureofdigitalinteractionpreventsdeepworkandmeaningfulrelationships.Topracticedigitalminimalism,onemustfirstdefinetheprinciplesthatwill5theirtechnologyuse.Thisinvolvesa30-dayperiodofdetachment,a"digitaldeclutter,"duringwhichoptionaltechnologiesareremovedfromyourlife.Thisstepiscrucialbecauseitbreaksthecycleofaddictionandallowsthebraintoresetitsdopaminebaselines.Afterthisperiod,youcanslowlyreintroducetechnologies,butonlyiftheyservea6purposethatsignificantlyoutweighsthecostofusingthem.Criticsmightarguethatdisconnectingisaprivilegereservedforthosewith7jobsecurityorspecificsocio-economicadvantages.Whilethereismerittothisobservation,thecoretenetsofdigitalminimalismcanbe8toanyone,regardlessoftheirstationinlife.Itislessaboutabandoningtechnologyentirelyandmoreaboutusingitwith9.Thegoalisnottobecomeahermit,buttobecomea10consumerofthedigitalworld,ensuringthattoolsservetheuserratherthantheotherwayaround.1.[A]intensively[B]specifically[C]arbitrarily[D]superficially2.[A]agreement[B]conformity[C]contrast[D]harmony3.[A]engaged[B]informed[C]detached[D]isolated4.[A]fulfillment[B]exhaustion[C]bewilderment[D]emptiness5.[A]govern[B]reflect[C]ignore[D]distort6.[A]trivial[B]substantial[C]commercial[D]redundant7.[A]shaky[B]flexible[C]rigid[D]guaranteed8.[A]limited[B]attributed[C]adapted[D]transferred9.[A]hesitation[B]resignation[C]moderation[D]indifference10.[A]passive[B]critical[C]skeptical[D]obedient答案与解析1.[B]specifically解析：此处考查副词辨析与上下文逻辑。文章提到数字极简主义主张将在线时间集中在少数经过精心挑选和优化的活动上，这些活动应该“具体地”支持你所看重的事情。Intensively（强烈地）不符合语境，arbitrarily（任意地）与carefullyselected矛盾，superficially（肤浅地）为贬义。Specifically（具体地/明确地）符合语境。2.[C]contrast解析：此处考查固定搭配与语义逻辑。前文提到数字极简主义，后文提到当前的“数字极大主义”，两者显然是相反的。Standinstarkcontrastto是固定搭配，意为“与……形成鲜明对比”。3.[A]engaged解析：此处考查动词辨析。现代数字经济利用心理弱点，利用可变奖励计划让我们保持“参与”或“投入”。Engaged符合语境，表示被吸引住。Informed（被通知）不搭配，detached（分离）和isolated（孤立）与keepus...语境相反。4.[B]exhaustion解析：此处考查名词辨析。前文提到持续的连接，后文提到焦虑，中间应该填入一个负面词汇。Exhaustion（精疲力竭）符合语境，表示由于不断的碎片化互动导致的精神疲惫。Fulfillment（满足感）为褒义，bewilderment（困惑）和emptiness（空虚）虽为负面，但exhaustion更能对应“constantconnectivity”带来的疲劳感。5.[A]govern解析：此处考查动词辨析。句意：要实践数字极简主义，必须首先定义将“支配”或“指导”技术使用的原则。Govern（支配/管理）符合语境。Reflect（反映）、ignore（忽略）、distort（扭曲）均不合逻辑。6.[B]substantial解析：此处考查形容词辨析。句意：只有当它们服务于一个“重大的”目的，且该目的显著超过使用它的成本时，才能重新引入。Substantial（实质的/重大的）符合语境。Trivial（琐碎的）和redundant（多余的）逻辑相反，commercial（商业的）在此处非重点。7.[A]shaky解析：此处考查形容词辨析。句意：批评者可能会认为，断开连接是那些拥有“不稳固”工作保障的人的特权。Shaky（不稳固的/动摇的）符合语境，暗示那些工作不稳定的人不敢断网。Flexible（灵活的）、rigid（僵化的）、guaranteed（有保证的）均不符合批评者的论点逻辑。8.[C]adapted解析：此处考查动词辨析。句意：数字极简主义的核心原则可以“被适应”于任何人。Adaptedto（适应）符合语境。Limitedto（局限于）、attributedto（归因于）、transferredto（转移给）均不恰当。9.[C]moderation解析：此处考查名词辨析。句意：这更多是关于有“节制”地使用它。Moderation（适度/节制）是搭配usewith的最佳词汇。Hesitation（犹豫）、resignation（顺从）、indifference（冷漠）均不正确。10.[B]critical解析：此处考查形容词辨析。句意：目标是成为数字世界的“批判性”消费者。Critical（批判性的/有判断力的）符合全文主旨，即不被算法操控，而是有选择地使用。Passive（被动的）和obedient（顺从的）是作者反对的，skeptical（怀疑的）通常指不相信，而critical指经过审视的。SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Theriseofartificialintelligence(AI)hasreignitedthedebateaboutthenatureofhumancreativity.Forcenturies,theabilitytocreateart,music,andliteraturewasconsideredtheexclusivedomainofhumanbeings,amanifestationofthe"spark"ofconsciousness.However,withgenerativeAImodelslikeGPT-4andMidjourneyproducingcompellingworks,thisanthropocentricviewisfacingunprecedentedchallenges.ProponentsofAIcreativityarguethatthesemodelsarenotmerelycopyingexistingdatabutareengaginginaformofcombinatorialcreativity.Bylearningpatternsfromvastdatasets,theycansynthesizenewideasthat,whilestatisticallyderived,areoftennovelandsurprising.Inthisview,creativityisnotamysticalpropertybutacomplexalgorithmicprocessthatcan,inprinciple,bereplicatedbymachines.Ifamachinecanproduceasymphonythatmovesanaudiencetotears,doestheoriginofthecompositionmatter?Critics,however,maintainthatthereisafundamentaldifferencebetweenhumanandmachinegeneration.Humancreativityisintentionalandemotional;itisbornoflivedexperience,culturalcontext,andthedesiretoexpressorcommunicate.AnAI,nomatterhowsophisticated,lackssubjectiveexperience(qualia).Itdoesnotfeeljoy,sorrow,orinspiration;itonlyprocessestokens.Therefore,AIartisseenasahollowmimicry,lackingthe"soul"orthecommunicativeintentthatdefinestrueart.Thisdebatehasprofoundimplicationsforthefutureofworkandcopyrightlaw.IfAI-generatedworksaredeemedlegallyequivalenttohuman-createdworks,theeconomicvalueofhumanartisticlaborcouldbeseverelyundermined.WearealreadyseeinginstanceswhereAI-generatedcontentwinsartcompetitions,sparkingoutrageamongtraditionalartists.Thelegalsystemiscurrentlystrugglingtodefineauthorshipintheageofalgorithms,withsomejurisdictionsrulingthatonlyhumanscanholdcopyrights.Ultimately,thedefinitionofcreativitymayneedtoevolve.Perhapsweshoulddistinguishbetween"transformativecreativity,"whichreimaginestheworldbasedonhumanexperience,and"generativecreativity,"whichproducesnoveloutputsbasedondatapatterns.RecognizingthisdistinctiondoesnotdiminishtheachievementofAIbutrathersafeguardstheuniquevalueofhumanexpression.Aswemoveforward,themostfruitfulapproachmaybetoviewAInotasareplacementforhumancreativity,butasapowerfulcollaboratorthataugmentsourcapabilities.21.The"anthropocentricview"mentionedinParagraph1referstothebeliefthat______.[A]AImodelsareincapableoftruelearning.[B]creativityisuniquelypossessedbyhumans.[C]consciousnessisabyproductofalgorithmicprocesses.[D]artshouldbedefinedbyitsemotionalimpact.22.ProponentsofAIcreativityconsiderAImodelstobe______.[A]sophisticatedmimicsofhumanbehavior.[B]entirelydependentonhumanprompts.[C]capableofcombinatorialinnovation.[D]indistinguishablefromhumanartists.23.CriticsarguethatAI-generatedartlacks"soul"becauseit______.[A]reliestooheavilyonstatisticalpatterns.[B]cannotreplicatethecomplexityofhumanculture.[C]isdevoidofsubjectiveexperienceandintent.[D]producesoutputsthatarepredictableandboring.24.Thementionof"copyrightlaw"inParagraph3impliesthat______.[A]legalsystemsarefullypreparedforAIchallenges.[B]AI-generatedcontentiscurrentlyillegalinmostjurisdictions.[C]economicstructuresofartisticlaborareatrisk.[D]traditionalartistshavewonthelegalbattleagainstAI.25.TheauthorsuggeststhatthemostconstructiveapproachtoAIistoviewitas______.[A]athreattohumanexpression.[B]arivalinartisticcompetitions.[C]atoolforcollaboration.[D]alegalentityrequiringregulation.答案与解析21.[B]creativityisuniquelypossessedbyhumans.解析：细节题。根据第一段第二句：“Forcenturies,theabilitytocreateart,music,andliteraturewasconsideredtheexclusivedomainofhumanbeings...”可知，人类中心主义观点认为创造力是人类独有的领域。Exclusivedomain对应选项B中的uniquelypossessed。22.[C]capableofcombinatorialinnovation.解析`：细节题。根据第二段第一句：“ProponentsofAIcreativityarguethatthesemodels...areengaginginaformofcombinatorialcreativity.”以及后文提到的synthesizenewideas（综合新想法），可知支持者认为AI具备组合创新的能力。23.[C]isdevoidofsubjectiveexperienceandintent.解析：细节题。根据第三段：“Humancreativityisintentionalandemotional...AnAI...lackssubjectiveexperience(qualia).Itdoesnotfeeljoy,sorrow,orinspiration...”批评者认为AI缺乏主观体验和表达意图，因此没有“灵魂”。选项C概括了这一点。24.[C]economicstructuresofartisticlaborareatrisk.解析：推断题。第三段提到：“IfAI-generatedworksaredeemedlegallyequivalenttohuman-createdworks,theeconomicvalueofhumanartisticlaborcouldbeseverelyundermined.”版权法的讨论暗示了如果AI作品被同等对待，人类艺术劳动的经济价值将受到严重破坏，即经济结构面临风险。25.[C]atoolforcollaboration.解析：态度题。根据最后一段最后一句：“...themostfruitfulapproachmaybetoviewAInotasareplacementforhumancreativity,butasapowerfulcollaboratorthataugmentsourcapabilities.”作者建议将AI视为强大的协作者，即合作工具。Text2Theglobalsupplychainhasundergonearadicaltransformationoverthepastthreedecades,evolvingfromalinearmodelintoacomplex,dynamicnetwork.Thisshiftwasdrivenbythepursuitofefficiencyandcostreduction,oftensummarizedbythephilosophyof"just-in-time"(JIT)manufacturing.WhileJITminimizedinventorycostsandboostedprofitability,italsostrippedthesystemofitsredundancy,leavingitfragileandvulnerabletoshocks.TheCOVID-19pandemicexposedthisfragility,causingwidespreaddisruptionsthatrippledthrougheveryindustry,fromautomotivetosemiconductors.Inresponsetothesevulnerabilities,thereisagrowingtrendtoward"resilience"overpureefficiency.Companiesareincreasinglyre-evaluatingtheirsupplychains,diversifyingtheirsupplierbase,andholdinghigherlevelsofsafetystock.Thisshiftisnotmerelyatacticaladjustmentbutastrategicrealignment.However,resiliencecomesataprice.Buildingredundantcapacity,sourcingfrommultiplecountries,andnearshoringproductionallincreaseoperationalcosts.Inaneraofthinmarginsandcompetitivepressure,passingthesecostsontoconsumerscanbedifficult.Thistensionbetweenefficiencyandresilienceisfurthercomplicatedbygeopoliticalfactors.Theeraofhyper-globalization,characterizedbytheunfetteredflowofgoodsandcapitalacrossborders,isarguablywaning.Tradewars,sanctions,andregionalconflictshavepromptednationsandcompaniestoprioritizesecurityandreliabilityoverthelowestpossiblecost.Wearewitnessingtheriseof"friend-shoring"—restrictingsupplynetworkstoalliesandpoliticallystablenations.Whilethisreducesgeopoliticalrisk,itinevitablyleadstoafragmentationoftheglobaltradingsystem.Theenvironmentalimpactofsupplychainrestructuringisalsoacriticalconsideration.Thepreviousmodelofglobalizedproductionoftenreliedonlong-distanceshipping,whichcontributedsignificantlytocarbonemissions.Reshoringornearshoringcanpotentiallyreducetransportationdistances,butifenergygridsinthenewlocationsaredirtier,theoverallcarbonfootprintmightactuallyincrease.Therefore,thetransitiontoaresilientsupplychainmustbealignedwithsustainabilitygoals.Tonavigatethiscomplexlandscape,businessesmustadoptamoreholisticapproach.Thisinvolvesleveragingadvanceddataanalyticstopredictdisruptions,investinginflexiblemanufacturingtechnologies,andfosteringclosercollaborationwithsuppliers.Thefuturesupplychainwilllikelybeahybridmodel—onethatbalancestheleanprinciplesofthepastwiththerobustrequirementsofthepresent.Itwillnotbeaboutchoosingbetweenefficiencyandresilience,butoptimizingforbothinavolatileworld.26.The"just-in-time"(JIT)manufacturingiscriticizedforits______.[A]excessiveinventorycosts.[B]lackofflexibilityandbackup.[C]inabilitytoboostprofitability.[D]complexnetworkstructure.27.Theshifttoward"resilience"impliesthatcompaniesare______.[A]acceptinglowerprofitmargins.[B]returningtolinearproductionmodels.[C]prioritizingcostreductionaboveall.[D]ignoringtheimpactofgeopoliticalrisks.28.Theterm"friend-shoring"(Para.3)suggeststhat______.[A]globaltradeisbecomingunrestricted.[B]supplychainsarebecomingpoliticallyaligned.[C]companiesaremovingproductiontoneighbors.[D]sanctionsarenolongeraffectingtradeflows.29.Regardingtheenvironmentalimpact,theauthorsuggeststhat______.[A]nearshoringalwaysreducescarbonemissions.[B]globalizedproductionisenvironmentallyfriendly.[C]supplychainchangesmustconsiderenergysources.[D]transportationisthesolecontributortocarbonfootprints.30.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor'sviewonthefuturesupplychain?[A]Itwillreverttothepre-globalizationera.[B]Itwillbepurelydrivenbygeopoliticalneeds.[C]Itwillbeabalanceofefficiencyandrobustness.[D]Itwilleliminatetheneedforglobaltrade.答案与解析26.[B]lackofflexibilityandbackup.解析：细节题。根据第一段：“WhileJITminimizedinventorycosts...italsostrippedthesystemofitsredundancy,leavingitfragileandvulnerabletoshocks.”JIT消除了系统的冗余，使其脆弱。Lackofflexibilityandbackup（缺乏灵活性和后备）是对strippedofredundancy和fragile的同义替换。27.[A]acceptinglowerprofitmargins.解析：推断题。根据第二段：“However,resiliencecomesataprice...increaseoperationalcosts.Inaneraofthinmargins...passingthesecostsontoconsumerscanbedifficult.”追求韧性增加了运营成本，而在利润微薄的时代，很难转嫁成本，暗示企业可能不得不接受较低的利润率。28.[B]supplychainsarebecomingpoliticallyaligned.解析：语义题。根据第三段对“friend-shoring”的解释：“restrictingsupplynetworkstoalliesandpoliticallystablenations.”即将供应链限制在盟友和政治稳定的国家，这意味着供应链正在与政治立场结盟。29.[C]supplychainchangesmustconsiderenergysources.解析：细节题。根据第四段：“...ifenergygridsinthenewlocationsaredirtier,theoverallcarbonfootprintmightactuallyincrease.”作者指出，虽然近岸外包可能减少运输距离，但如果新地点的能源更脏，碳足迹可能增加。因此，供应链改变必须考虑能源来源。30.[C]Itwillbeabalanceofefficiencyandrobustness.解析：主旨题。根据最后一段：“Thefuturesupplychainwilllikelybeahybridmodel—onethatbalancestheleanprinciplesofthepastwiththerobustrequirementsofthepresent.”作者认为未来将是混合模式，平衡效率（leanprinciples）和鲁棒性。Text3Theconceptof"nature-deficitdisorder,"coinedbyauthorRichardLouv,describesthehumancostsofalienationfromnature.Louvarguesthatmodernsociety'sdisconnectionfromthenaturalworldislinkedtoariseindepression,attentiondisorders,andobesity.Whilenotrecognizedasamedicaldiagnosis,thetermhasresonateddeeplywitheducators,psychologists,andurbanplanners,sparkingaglobalmovementtoreconnectpeoplewiththeoutdoors.ResearchinenvironmentalpsychologysupportsLouv'shypothesis.Studieshaveconsistentlyshownthatexposuretonaturehasprofoundrestorativeeffectsonthehumanmind.Awalkinaforest,orevenviewingimagesofnaturalscenes,canlowercortisollevels,reduceheartrate,andimproveconcentration.Thisphenomenon,knownas"biophilia,"suggeststhathumanshaveaninnatebiologicalneedtoconnectwithotherformsoflife.Whenthisneedisunmet,ourphysiologicalandpsychologicalwell-beingsuffers.Theimplicationsforeducationaresignificant.Outdooreducationisnotjustaboutlearningbiology;itisaboutfosteringcreativity,problem-solvingskills,andemotionalresilience.Childrenwholearninnaturalenvironmentsshowimprovedsocialskillsandaremorephysicallyactive.Yet,despitethesebenefits,schoolsareincreasinglycuttingrecessandoutdoortimeduetoacademicpressuresandsafetyconcerns.Thiscreatesaparadox:weareraisingagenerationthatismoreacademicallypressuredbutlessmentallyequippedtohandlestress.Urbandesignplaysacrucialroleinmitigatingnature-deficitdisorder.The"biophilicdesign"movementseekstoincorporatenaturalelementsintoarchitectureandurbanplanning.Thiscanrangefromverticalgardensandgreenroofstothepreservationofurbanwetlandsandthecreationofparknetworks.Thesefeaturesnotonlyimproveairqualityandreduceurbanheatislandsbutalsoprovideresidentswithaccessiblegreenspaces.Theeconomicvalueofthesespacesisoftenunderestimated;proximitytoparkshasbeenshowntoincreasepropertyvaluesandreducehealthcarecostsforthecommunity.However,accesstonatureisnotequitablydistributed.Low-incomecommunitiesandcommunitiesofcoloroftenhavelessaccesstogreenspaces,aphenomenonknownasthe"greengap."Thisdisparityexacerbatesexistinghealthinequalities,asthesepopulationsarealsomorelikelytobeexposedtoenvironmentalhazardslikepollution.Addressingnature-deficitdisorderrequiresapolicyshiftthatprioritizesenvironmentaljustice.Investingingreeninfrastructureinunderservedareasisnotjustamatterofaesthetics;itisapublichealthimperative.31.RichardLouv'sconceptof"nature-deficitdisorder"suggeststhat______.[A]itisaclinicallydiagnosedmedicalcondition.[B]modernlifestyleisdetrimentaltomentalhealth.[C]obesityiscausedsolelybylackofoutdooractivity.[D]childrenaremoreaffectedthanadults.32.Thephenomenonof"biophilia"(Para.2)impliesthat______.[A]humanscansurvivewithoutcontactwithnature.[B]naturehasanegativeimpactoncortisollevels.[C]connectionwithnatureisbiologicallyinnate.[D]viewingimagesofnatureisasgoodasrealwalks.33.TheparadoxmentionedinParagraph3isthat______.[A]academicpressureleadstobettermentalresilience.[B]schoolsprioritizesafetyoveroutdooractivities.[C]childrenaremorestresseddespitemoreacademicfocus.[D]outdooreducationistooexpensivetoimplement.34.Biophilicdesigninurbanareasiseconomicallybeneficialbecauseit______.[A]reducestheneedformedicaltreatments.[B]increasespropertyvaluesandlowershealthcosts.[C]ischeaperthantraditionalarchitecture.[D]eliminatesurbanheatislandscompletely.35.The"greengap"(Para.5)highlightstheissueof______.[A]thelackoffundingforurbanparks.[B]environmentalinjusticeinaccesstonature.[C]thefailureofbiophilicdesigninpoorareas.[D]thepreferenceforconcreteovernatureincities.答案与解析31.[B]modernlifestyleisdetrimentaltomentalhealth.解析：细节题。根据第一段：“Louvarguesthatmodernsociety'sdisconnectionfromthenaturalworldislinkedtoariseindepression,attentiondisorders,andobesity.”现代社会与自然疏离导致抑郁等健康问题，即现代生活方式对心理健康有害。32.[C]connectionwithnatureisbiologicallyinnate.解析：细节题。根据第二段：“Thisphenomenon,knownas'biophilia,'suggeststhathumanshaveaninnatebiologicalneedtoconnectwithotherformsoflife.”“亲生命性”表明人类天生有与自然连接的生物学需求。33.[C]childrenaremorestresseddespitemoreacademicfocus.解析：细节题。根据第三段：“Thiscreatesaparadox:weareraisingagenerationthatismoreacademicallypressuredbutlessmentallyequippedtohandlestress.”矛盾在于：这一代人学业压力更大，但应对压力的心理能力更弱。34.[B]increasespropertyvaluesandlowershealthcosts.解析：细节题。根据第四段：“Theeconomicvalueofthesespacesisoftenunderestimated;proximitytoparkshasbeenshowntoincreasepropertyvaluesandreducehealthcarecosts...”亲生命设计通过提高房产价值和降低医疗成本带来经济效益。35.[B]environmentalinjusticeinaccesstonature.解析：语义题。根据第五段：“Low-incomecommunities...oftenhavelessaccesstogreenspaces...Addressingnature-deficitdisorderrequiresapolicyshiftthatprioritizesenvironmentaljustice.”“绿色差距”指低收入社区接触自然的机会较少，这涉及环境正义问题。Text4Thehistoryofeconomicthoughtisoftenportrayedasaconflictbetweentwoopposingschools:thefree-marketadvocates,ledbyAdamSmith,andtheinterventionists,ledbyJohnMaynardKeynes.Thisdichotomy,whileusefulforpedagogicalpurposes,obscuresthecomplexityandnuanceofeconomichistory.Inreality,economicideasevolvenotinavacuumbutinresponsetospecifichistoricalcrisesandshiftingsocialcontexts.AdamSmith's"invisiblehand"isfrequentlyinvokedtoargueforminimalgovernmentinterference.However,Smithwasamoralphilosopherasmuchasaneconomist.Herecognizedthatmarketscouldfailandthatself-interestcouldsometimesleadtosociallydetrimentaloutcomes.Hisadvocacyforthemarketwasgroundedinabeliefthat,undertherightconditions,itcouldpromotelibertyandprosperity,notthatitwasinfallible.ThereductionofSmith'sworktoasimplisticlaissez-fairedoctrineisamoderncaricature.TheGreatDepressionofthe1930sshatteredtheconfidenceintheself-correctingnatureofthemarket.Keynesemergedwitharevolutionaryinsight:economiescouldsettleintoequilibriumathighlevelsofunemployment.Hearguedthatduringdeeprecessions,governmentspendingwasnecessarytostimulateaggregatedemand.Keynesianismdominatedthepost-warera,providingtheintellectualfoundationforthemixedeconomy.Yet,Keyneshimselfwasnotadogmaticsocialist;hebelievedinsavingcapitalismfromitsownexcesses.Thestagflationofthe1970s—highinflationcombinedwithhighunemployment—challengedtheKeynesianconsensus.ThisledtotheriseofmonetarismandtheNewClassicaleconomics,associatedwithMiltonFriedman.Friedmanemphasizedtheroleofthemoneysupplyincontrollinginflationandadvocatedforrules-basedmonetarypolicyratherthandiscretionaryintervention.Thiserasawapushtowardderegulationandprivatization,atrendthatcontinuedunderReaganandThatcher.Today,wearewitnessinganewsynthesis.The2008financialcrisisandtheCOVID-19pandemicdemonstratedthatmarketsarenotalwaysself-stabilizingandthatgovernmentinterventioncanbeastabilizingforce.However,thelong-termrisksofhighpublicdebtandinflationarypressurescannotbeignored.Moderneconomicdiscourseismovingbeyondtheolddichotomy.Itisrecognizingthatdifferentsituationsrequiredifferenttools—sometimesthe"invisiblehand,"sometimesthe"visiblehand"ofthestate.Thefutureofeconomicpolicyliesnotinideologicalpuritybutinpragmaticinstitutionalism.36.Theauthorsuggeststhatthetraditionaldivisionofeconomicthoughtis______.[A]accurateandhelpful.[B]overlysimplisticandmisleading.[C]historicallyunfounded.[D]irrelevanttomodernpolicy.37.AccordingtoParagraph2,AdamSmith'sactualviewwasthat______.[A]governmentshouldneverinterfereinthemarket.[B]self-interestalwaysleadstosocialgood.[C]marketsarefallibleandrequiremoralcontext.[D]the"invisiblehand"isatheoreticalmyth.38.Keynes'smaincontributiontoeconomicswashisargumentthat______.[A]governmentspendingisessentialduringrecessions.[B]capitalismisinherentlyflawedandshouldbereplaced.[C]inflationisalwayscausedbyexcessivemoneysupply.[D]marketstendtocorrectthemselveswithouthelp.39.Theeconomiccrisisofthe1970sledtotheriseof______.[A]Keynesianism.[B]Monetarism.[C]Laissez-faire.[D]Pragmaticinstitutionalism.40.Theauthorconcludesthatfutureeconomicpolicyshouldbe______.[A]basedonstrictadherencetofree-marketprinciples.[B]focusedoneliminatingpublicdebt.[C]pragmaticratherthanideological.[D]modeledsolelyonKeynesiantheories.答案与解析36.[B]overlysimplisticandmisleading.解析：态度题。根据第一段：“Thisdichotomy,whileusefulforpedagogicalpurposes,obscuresthecomplexityandnuanceofeconomichistory.”作者认为这种二分法掩盖了历史的复杂性和细微差别，即过于简单化和误导。37.[C]marketsarefallibleandrequiremoralcontext.解析：细节题。根据第二段：“However,Smithwasamoralphilosopher...Herecognizedthatmarketscouldfailandthatself-interestcouldsometimesleadtosociallydetrimentaloutcomes.”斯密认识到市场可能失灵，且他的市场论点是基于道德哲学背景的。38.[A]governmentspendingisessentialduringrecessions.解析：细节题。根据第三段：“Hearguedthatduringdeeprecessions,governmentspendingwasnecessarytostimulateaggregatedemand.”凯恩斯认为在严重衰退期间，政府支出对于刺激总需求是必要的。39.[B]Monetarism.解析：细节题。根据第四段：“Thestagflationofthe1970s...ledtotheriseofmonetarismandtheNewClassicaleconomics,associatedwithMiltonFriedman.”70年代的滞胀导致了货币主义的兴起。40.[C]pragmaticratherthanideological.解析：主旨题。根据最后一段：“Thefutureofeconomicpolicyliesnotinideologicalpuritybutinpragmaticinstitutionalism.”作者总结未来经济政策应在于务实的制度主义，而非意识形态的纯洁性。PartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubtitlefromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)[A]TheLimitationsofTraditionalMetrics[B]IntegratingAIintoDecisionMaking[C]TheEvolutionofPerformanceMeasurement[D]BalancingEfficiencywithCreativity[E]TheRiseofIntangibleAssets[F]RedefiningCorporatePurpose[G]TheRoleofSocialCapitalIntherapidlychanginglandscapeofmodernbusiness,themethodsusedtoevaluatecorporateperformanceareundergoingasignificantparadigmshift.Traditionalfinancialindicators,whilestillessential,arenolongersufficienttocapturethefullspectrumofacompany'shealthandpotential.Asstakeholdersdemandgreatertransparencyandaccountability,organizationsareadoptingmoreholisticframeworksthatencompassnon-financialmetrics.41.Historically,returnoninvestment(ROI)andearningspershare(EPS)reignedsupreme.Thesemetricsprovidedaclear,quantifiablesnapshotoffinancialsuccess.However,theyareinherentlybackward-lookingandoftenfailtoaccountforthelong-termvaluecreationdriversintoday'sknowledgeeconomy.Focusingexclusivelyonthesenumberscanencourageshort-termism,wheremanagerssacrificefuturegrowthtomeetquarterlytargets.42.Thevalueofmoderncorporationsisincreasinglyderivedfromintangibleassetssuchasbrandreputation,intellectualproperty,andhumancapital.Unlikephysicalmachinery,theseassetsdonotappearonthebalancesheetinastraightforwardmanner.Yet,theyareoftentheprimarydeterminantsofcompetitiveadvantage.Companiesneednewwaystoauditandappreciatetheseinvisibleresources,suchasmeasuringemployeeengagementscoresorbrandsentimentanalysis.43.Furthermore,thedefinitionofbusinesssuccessisexpandingtoincludesocialandenvironmentalimpact.TheconceptofESG(Environmental,Social,andGovernance)crite