考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷20

考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷20

一、阅读9翻译句子)(本题共25题，每题7.0分，共

25分。)

Muchhasbeenmadeofthe400thanniversarythisyearofGalileopointingatelescopeat

themoonandjottingdownwhathesaw.But2009isalsothe400thanniversaryofthe

publicationbyJohannesKepler,aGermanmathematicianandastronomer,of

"AstronomiaNova".[Fl]Thiswasabookthatcontainedanaccountofhisdiscoveryof

howtheplanetsmovearoundthesun,correctingCopemicus'sownmorefamousbut

incorrectlyfoimulateddescriptionofthesolarsystem.Anditestablishedthelawsfor

planetarymotiononwhichIsaacNewtonbasedhiswork.Fourcenturiesagothereceived

wisdomwasthatofAristotle,whoassertedthattheEarthwasthecentreoftheuniverse,

andthatitwasencircledbythespheresofthemoon,thesun,theplanetsandthestars

beyondthem.Copernicushadnoticedinconsistenciesinthistheoryandhadplacedthe

sunatthecentre,withtheEarthandtheotherplanetstravellingaroundthesun.[F2]

SomesixdecadeslaterwhenKeplertackledthemotionofMars,heproposedanumber

ofgeometricmodels,checkinghisresultsagainstthepositionoftheplanetasrecordedby

hisboss.Keplerrepeatedlyfoundthathismodelfailedtopredictthecorrectpositionof

theplanet.Healtereditand,insodoing,createdfirstegg-shaped"orbits"and,finally,an

ellipse(|ffiM)withthesunplacedatonefocus.[F3]Keplerwentontoshow[hatan

elliptical0rbitissufficiem[oexplain[hemovementoftheotherplanetsandtodevisethe

lawsofplanetarymotionthatNewtonbuilton.A.E.L.Davisthisweektoldastronomers

andhistoriansthatitwastherotationofthesunthatprovidedKeplerwithwhathe

thoughtwasoneofthecausesoftheplanetarymotionthathislawsdescribed,although

hisreasoningwouldtodaybeconsideredentirelywrong.[F4]In1609astronomyand

astiologywereseenasinlimately[elated;mathematicsandnaluralphilosophy,

meanwhile,werequiteseparateaieasofendeavor.however.Keplersoughtphysical

mechanismstoexulainhismathematicalresult.Hewantedtoknowhowitcouldbe(hat

theplanetsorbitedthesun.[F5]Oncehelearnedihal(hesunrelated,hecomforled

himselfwilhiheIhoughl〔halihesun'sraysmuslsomehowsweepihe"anetsaroundit

whilesomemagnelismaccouniedforiheexactellipticalpath.Astoday'sastronomeis

struggletodeterminewhethertheycanlearnfromthepast,Kepler'staleprovidesa

salutaryreminderthatonlysomeexplanationsstandthetestoftime.

1、[Fl]

标准答案：这部著作论述了他发现的行星围绕太阳运行的规律，从而修正了哥白尼

给太阳系作的错误描述，尽管哥白尼的论述更加广为人知。

知识点解析：暂无解析

2、[F2]

标准答案：大约60年后，开普勒为研究火星运行轨迹假设了大量的几何模型，但

是根据这些模型预测出的结果和他上司记录的火星位置不一致。

知识点解析：暂无解析

3、[F3]

标准答案：接着，开普勒又证明椭圆轨道模型同样适用于解释其他行星的运行轨

迹，并且依此模型足以归纳出行星运行定律.而这些定律日后成为了牛顿的理论基

础。

知识点解析：暂无解析

4、[F4]

标准答案：1609年，天文学和星象学被视为联系紧密的两个学科，而数学和物理

学则是完全独立的两个研究领域，但开普勒却试图以物理机制来验证数学结果。

知识点解析：暂无解析

5、（F51

标准答案：当他得知太阳存在自转现象时，他就自欺欺人地认为太阳的光线无论如

何一定会照射到周围的行星，而某种磁力使得这些行星沿着规则的椭圆轨道运行。

知识点解析：暂无解析

Themiddleclasseshavealwaysbeenthedefensewallofsociety.[Fl]Aristotle

believedtheyweredemocracy'ssecretweapon-theprotectorsofsocialvalues，the

moderatorsofpoliticalextremism,andbelieversinasocietyrunbylawsinsteadofby

strongmen.Theyhavealsobeentheenginesofeconomicgrowth,settingthestage

centuriesagofortheexpansionofcapitalismandglobaltrade,andcontinuingthroughthe

agestosnapupeverynevzgadgetinsight.[F2]Now,withtheWesternmiddleclasses

sinkingintodebtanddistress.manyeconomistlookI。anewemerging-marketmiddle

classasthepotentialfoundationforanewageofglobalsafetyandprosperity.Aslarge

developingnationsbecamemoreprosperous,itwasalwaysassumedthattheywould

becomemorelikethesuburbsofWashingtonorLondon-liberal,democratic,market-

friendlybastionsnotonlyofWestern-styleconsumerismbutalsoofpoliticalliberty.

Withtimeandwealth,"they"wouldbecomejustlike"us."Thetruthisthat"they"arenot

becomingjustlike"us."[F3]Theglobalmiddleclassisrisingfasterthanexpected,in

numbersandinwealth,butconvergingincomesarenoiyieldingshaiedvalues.Thee-

mergingbourgeoisieisapatchworkofcontradictions:clamorousbutrarely

confrontationalpolitically,supportersofglobalizationyethighlynationalistic,proudof

theirnations'upwardmobilityyetinsecureandfearfultheywillfallback,fiercely

individualisticbutreliantongovernmentsubsidies,andoftensociallyconservative.Many

oftheaspiringeliteseemwillingtoletthepowersthatbe—whetherauthoritarian

governmentsorelectedones-calltheshotsaslongastheydeliverthespoilsofgrowth.

It'salsoworthrememberingthatthenewmiddleclassesarepsychologicallydrivenbyan

oddmixofprideandinsecurity.[F4]Closeto30percentofBrazil'snewmiddleclass

owesitslivelihoodtoihcinfbimalmarket,whereincomeisirregular,safetynetsare

nonexislent、andopportunilyforerhlrepreneurshipislimited.ManyhaveboiTOwedtheir

waytohigherlivingstandards,onereasonperhapsthat53percentsaytheyliveinfearof

unemployment,lossofincome,orevenbankruptcy.Theyhavebenefitedfromthe

explosionofprivateschoolsbuthaveseentheoverallqualityofeducationplummet,

erodingoneoftheclassicmiddle-classpathstosocialmobility.[F5]Indeid,some

developmenteconomistsarguethatthepoorwillbeagreaterforceforsocialchange,but

theirabilitytobecomeaforceforbettergovernment,greaterfreedoms,lesscorruption,

andmoreeconomiclibertyismuchlesscertain."They"haveaverylongwaytogo

beforebecoming"us."

6、[Fl]

标准答案：亚里士多德认为中产阶级是民主政治的秘密武器——他们保护社会价

值，调和政治极端主义，并且相信社会是由法律而非一两个强权者主导。

知识点解析：暂无解析

7、[F2]

标准答案：现在，西方许多中产阶级深陷债务和苦恼之中，因此，很多经济学家都

在指望新兴市场上的中产阶级，将他们看做是全球安全繁荣新时代下的潜在基石。

知识点解析：暂无解析

8、[F3]

标准答案：全球中产阶级兴起的速度，不论是从数量上看还是从财富上看，都要比

想象中快得多。然而，聚集在中产阶级身上的那些财富并没有相应带来统一的价值

观。

知识点解析：暂无解析

9、[F4]

标准答案：巴西有将近30%的新兴中产阶级还靠着非正式市场谋生，那里收入不

稳定，没有安全网络，创业机会也十分有限。

知识点解析：暂无解析

10、[F5]

标准答案：的确，有些发展经济学家争论说，贫困阶级将是社会变革更大的推动

力，但是他们是否能推动建立一个更好的政府、实现更大程度的自由、减少腐败滋

生、最终达到经济自由，这就未可知了。

知识点解析：暂无解析

LeeKuanYew（李光耀）embodiesauniquelyAsianapproachtogovernancethathas

oftenbeenaloddswiththeWesterndemocraticprinciples.[Fl]Fordecades,hehas

spokeninfavorof,Asianvalues”,apoliticalphilosophyihalmighlbelooselysummed

upasrespectforauthorityandorder、whileputtingihcgoodofsociclyaboveihalofihc

individual.Hiscriticismshavefocusedontheexcessesofdemocracy,particularly

freedomofspeech,andtheimpacttheyhaveonthesearchforeconomicgrowth.[F2]

Inthepast,Leehasnotbeenshyaboutsinglingoutthosenationsinwhichanexcessof

democracy'smessincsshastemperedsteadyeconomicprogressandthebettermentofthe

lifechancesordinaryfolk.Butthestrengthofhisargumentdoesnotrestonlyonother

知识点解析：暂无解析

Likeotherformsoflifeonthisplanet,humanbeingsconfrontabasictask:todeal

satisfactorilywiththeirconflictsandtherebysecuretheadvantagesofcommunityand

cooperation.[Fl]Unlikeotherfoimsoflife,humanbeingsareendowedwitha

capacitytoreflectonthistaskandtosearchforbettersolutionsbyconsciousthoughand

deliberatechoices.Thetaskofovercomingconflictsandachievingcommunityand

cooperationarisesbecausehumanbeingsareunableandunwillingtoliveincomplete

isolation.[F2]Theadvanlagesofcooperatianandcommunilylifearesonumerousand

soobvious〔haliheymuslhavebeenevidentlomanfromearliesltimes.Bynow,our

ancestorshaveclosedoffthechoice;formostofustheoptionoftotalisolationfroma

communityis,realisticallyspeaking,nolongeropen.[F3]Nonelheless,however

slronglyhumanbeingsaredrivenloseekihecomDanyoneanolher,anddespite

thousandsofyears'practiceiheyhaveneverdiscoveredawayinwhichiheycanlive

togetherwithoutconflict.Conflictexistswhenoneindividualwishestofollowalineof

actionthatwouldmakeitdifficultorimpossibleforsomeoneelsetopursuehisown

desires.Conflictseemstobeaninescapableaspectofthecommunityandconsequentlyof

humanbeing.Whyconflictseemsinescapableisaquestionthathastroubledmany

people:philosophers,theologians,historians,socialscientists,anddoubtlessagreatmany

ordinarypeople.JamesMadisonheldthatconflictwasbuiltintotheverynatureofmen

andwomen.Humanbeingshavediverseabilities,hewroteinTheFederalist,andthesein

turnproducediverseinterests.[F4]"Aslongasmanhasirrationalideas,andheisat

libertytoexerciseit,“Madisonwrote,,differentopinionswillbeformed."Whateverthe

explanationforconflictmaybe,andMadison'sisbutoneofmany,itsexperienceisone

oftheprimefactsofallcommunityoflife.Yetifthisweretheonlyfact,thenhumanlife

wouldfitthedescriptionbytheEnglishpoliticalphilosopher,ThomasHobbes,inhis

Leviathan(l651).Hobbesdescribesmankindinastateofnature—aconditionwithout

government-havinglittleinthewayofagriculture,industry,trade,knowledge,arts,

lettersorsociety.[F5]"AndwhichisworstofallJheconcludedinafamoussentence,

toexistwithoutgovernmentwouldmean"continualfear,anddangerofviolentdeathand

thelifeofman,solitary,poor,nastyandshort.”

16、[Fl]

标准答案：不同于其他生物的是，面对这一难题，人类生来就能认真思考，慎重选

择，寻找更好的解决办法。

知识点解析：暂无解析

17、[F2]

标准答案：人类在远古时期一定已经明白，合作和社群生活有诸多明显的优势。

知识点解析：暂无解析

18、[F3]

标准答案：然而，尽管人类强烈需要结伴生活，也经历了几千年的磨合，但人类还

是没有找到能和睦共处的方法。

知识点解析：暂无解析

19、[F4]

标准答案：“只要人类一直存在不理性的想法，并能随意付诸实施，”麦迪逊写道，

”意见分歧就会形成。”

知识点解析：暂无解析

20、[F5]

标准答案：“最糟糕的是，”他以一句名言做了总结，无政府的人类存在就意味着

“持续的恐慌、暴毙的危险，以及孤独、穷困、肮脏而短暂的人生”。

知识点解析：暂无解析

Environmentalistsclaimthemoralhighground:theirinterestsareinpreservingour

preciousplanet,protectingdefenselessanimals,ensuringourchildrenhavecleanwaterto

drinkandairtobreathe.Yetenvironmentalists'policieshavebeenamuchmoremixed

bagintermsoftheiractualconsequences.[Fl]IndisDutably.manyregulationsand

initiativeshavereducedpollutionandimprovedairandwateraualily、tothebenefilof

everyone,butotherenvironmentaleffortshavebackfired、somewilhtiulydisastious

consequences.Considerwhat'shappenedwithDDT(achemicalusedtokillinsectsthat

harmcrops).ThepesticidecameintouseduringWorldWarIIandhelpedeliminate

malaria.Howeverin1962,anenvironmentalistwrotethatthechemicalwascausing

canceranddestroyingwildlife.In1972,DDTwasbannedintheU.S.andultimately

worldwide.Asaresultoftheban,malariaremainedaplagueinmanypoorcountries.

[F2]SoduringthedecadesinwhichDDTwasnotused,whentheworldbowedt。

undoubtedlyweH-intenlionedenvironmentalactivists,about50millionpeople一

ovenvhelminglyAfricanchildren-died,mostlyunnecessarily.Ethanolprovidesanother

example.Foryears,biofuelswereheraldedasthepromisingalternativetofossilfuels,yet

itturnsoutbiofuel'senvironmentalimpactismuchmorecomplicated.In2008,Time

magazinewroteaboutethanol'sdubiousenvironmentalbenefits.[F3]Thearticle

warned【halforesls,wetlands,andgrasslandswerebeingsacrificedinarushlofaim

cropsihatcouldbelurnedintogasoline,sotheonceenvironmentallyfavoredsolutionU)

ourenergyproblemsisnowrecognizedasapotentialenvironmentalcatastrophe.It's

worthnotingthat,beyondbiofuel'senvironmentaleffects,usingfoodforfuelhasa

significantimpactontheworldwidefoodsupply.Prominentenvironmentalistspromise

thattheyareconfidentthatmaniscausingtheEarthtowarm,andtheydon'twantto

contemplatealternativetheoriesabouthowthesunmightberesponsibleforwarming,

thatthewanningisn'tunpreced