考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷129

考研英语(阅读)模拟试卷129

一、阅读(常规阅读理解)(本题共20题，每题7.0

分，共20分。)

"3M"comesfrom"MinnesotaMining&Manufacturing,"butthosethreeMsmightbetter

standforMistake=Magic=Money.Throughoutits101-yearhistory,manyof3M's

breakthroughproductshavefollowedasimilararc:A3Mcustomeridentifiesaproblem,

anda3Mengineerexpressesconfidenceinbeingabletosolveit.Hebangshishead

againstthewallforyears,facingrepeatedsetbacks,untilmanagementfinallytellshimto

stopwastingtimeandmoney.Undeterred,theengineerstumblesontoasolutionand

turnsadeadendintoaringingsuccess.AlthoughWilliamMcKnight,theman

responsiblefor3M'sentrepreneurialculture,wasnot,infact,acompanyfounder,hedoes

deservethecreditfbrwhatmade3Msuccessfulduringhis59yearsatthecompanyand

beyond.SaysNoaStaryk.chairoftheMcKnightFoundation,whichMcKnightfounded

in1953:"Therearetwovaluesthatresonatefrommygreat-grandfather:innovationand

risktaking."Histenurestarted—naturally—withamistake.Justasthecompanyshowed

aprofit,withsalesatabout$22,000amonth,angryclientssuddenlybeganreturning3M

sandpaper.Itturnedoutthatseveralcasksofoliveoilhadspilledontoashipmentof3M

abrasivesintransit,andtheoil-tainted"sand"failedtoretainitsadhesiontothebacking

paper.Andnoonehadnoticedtheproblem.AfterthatdebacleMcKnightestablisheda

researchlabtotestmaterialsateverystageofproduction.McKnight'smovetocenterthe

businessonresearchendeduphavingthedualeffectofnotonlytestingideasbutalso

generatingthem.Hesetthetonewithhisphilosophyof"Listentoanybodywithanidea."

Whenhereceivedaletterin1920fromaninkmanufacturerrequestingbulkmineral

sarnples(notoneof3M'sbusinesses),McKnightwantedtoknowwhatthecorrespondent

woulddowiththeminerals.APhiladelphiainventornamedFrancisOkiehadsentthe

note,andhewantedtodevelophisinventionofwaterproofsandpaper.McKnightrealized

thatOkie'sideawouldrapidlybeacceptedbecauseitproducedlessfrictionthandry

sandpaperanddidn'tgeneratehazardousdustwhenusedwet.Heboughttherightstothe

ideaandhiredOkie,andhy1921,3MhadreleasedWetordrysandpaper,itsfirst

breakthroughproduct.AsRichardCarlton,3M'sdirectorofmanufacturingandauthorof

itsfirsttestingmanual,wrote,HEveryideashouldhaveachancetoproveitsworth,and

thisistruefortworeasons:(l)Ifitisgood,wewantit;(2)ifitisnotgood,wewillhave

purchasedpeaceofmindwhenwehaveproveditimpractical."

1、Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence?

A^3Misn'treallyfromMinnesota.

B、3Mdoesn'tliketowastemoney.

C、3Misn'tgoodatsolvingproblems.

D^3M'ssuccessstoryisunusual.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：属句子理解题。“3M”从“明尼苏达矿业及制造”而来，但这三个M代

表“错误=魔术=金钱”可能更合适。选项A与原文不符，B、C选项在这句话中找不

到任何线索。正确答案是D,因为3M的成功来源于错误，这是它的不寻常之处。

2、McKnight'sfbcusontheresearchresultedin.

A、moreideasandmoretesting

B、moretestingofexistingideas

C、moreideastotest

D、testingbeforeandduringproduction

标准答案：A、

知识点解析：属细节题。文中第四段第一句话：McKnighfsmovetocenterthe

businessonresearchendeduphavingthedualeffectofnotonlytestingideasbutalso

generatingthem,说明McKnighl以研发为中心产生了双重效应：不仅验证新思

想，而且产生新思想。A选项为正确答案。

3、WhydidRichardCarltonsay"Everyideashouldhaveachancetoproveitsworth"?

A、Becausehiswholebusinessdependsonnewideas.

R、Becausehelikeshearingnewideas.

C^Becauseevenifanewideadoesn'twork,itwillbeonelesscompetingideatoworry

about.

D、Becauseyouneverknowwhichideasaregoodandwhicharenot.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：属细节题。Everyideashouldhaveachancetoproveitsworth出现在文

章最后。原因有二：（1）好则要；（2）不好的话，证明其不切实际后，也就心安了。C

选项为正确答案。

4、TheauthorusestheexampleoftheWetordrysandpapertoshowthat.

A、nothinggoodcomesfromamistake

B、realsuccesscanonlybehadifmistakesareavoided

C、allideasshouldbetreatedequally

D、ifyoupurchaseapieceofmind,youareimpractical

标准答案：C

知识点解析：属例证题。问题对应末段倒数第二句。这个例子就是用来说明后一句

的：每个想法都应该有机会证明自己的价值……。选项C”所有想法都应该受到公

平对待”符合这个意思。A、B选项与原文意思相反，D完全是干扰选项。

5、Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat.

A、manyoF3M'ssuccesseshadtheiroriginsinproblems

B、3Mwasfoundedasaresearch-centeredorganization

C、mostof3M'sgreatproductscameaboutthroughpurchasingcustomer'sideas

D、wereitnotforFrancisOkie,3Mwouldnotbesellingsandpapertoday

标准答案：A

知识点解析：属推断题。题干中没有具体定位的提示词，需要把选项与原文一一进

行比较。A对应的是第一段第二句：在3M101年的历史中，很多突破性的产品都

是先由顾客提出的一个问题开始的，A选项符合此意，是正确答案。B、C无法从

文中推断，D与原文相违背，都是干扰选项。

Itisauniversaldilemma.Whattodowiththejerksatwork,thepersonswhoareso

dislikedbytheircolleaguesthatnoonewantstoworkwiththem?Thetraditionalanswer

istotoleratethemiftheyareatleasthalf-competent-onthegroundsthatcompetent

jerkscanbetrainedtobeotherwise,whilemuch-lovedbunglerscannot.Arecentstudy

suggeststhatsuchanapproachseriouslyunderestimatesthevalueofbeingliked.Ina

studyofover10,000workrelationshipsalfiveverydifferentorganisations,Tiziana

CasciaroandMiguelSousaLobo,academicsatHarvardBusinessSchoolandtheFuqua

SchoolofBusinessrespectively,foundthat(giventhechoice)peopleconsistentlyand

overwhelminglyprefertoworkwitha"lovablefool'1thanwithacompetentjerk.The

authorssuggestthataswellastrainingjerkstobemorecharming-although"sadlythere

arcpeoplewhoarcdislikedbecausetheyarcsociallyincompetent,andprobablynever

willbetrulycharming"-companiesshouldalso"leveragethelikeable1*.Amiablefolk

shouldbeturnedinto"affectivehubs”,peoplewhocanbridgegaps"betweendiverse

groupsthatmightnototherwiseinteractH.Re-evaluatingjollytypeswhospendlonghours

hangingroundwater-coolersiscurrentlyfashionable.RonaldBurt,asociologistatthe

UniversityofChicagoandaleadingproponentof"socialcapital"一anexplanationof

"howpeopledobetterbecausetheyaresomehowbetterconnectedwithotherpeople"一

haswrittenabook(BrokerageandClosurc)inwhichhedescribesthe"clusters"and

"bridges"thataretypicaloforganisations'informalnetworks.MrBurtcallsthepeople

whoformbridgesbetweenclusters"brokers";theyresembleMsCasciaro'sandMrSousa

Lobo'saffectivehubs.Inpractice,MrBurthasfoundthatbrokersdobetterthanpeople

withoutthesocialskillstocrossthespacesbetweenclusters.AbookpublishedinEnglish

thisweek,butalreadyacausecelebreinFrance,portraysmostemployeesasfools一

lovableorotherwise.CorinneMaier'sBonjourLazinessisaworm's-eyeviewofa

corporateworldwhereonlythreecreaturesexist:shccpC'wcakandinoffensive");

pcsts("poisoningthegeneralatmosphere");andloafers("theironlyaimistodoaslittleas

possible").IntheviewofMsMaier,apractisingpsychoanalyst,pests(i.e.,jerks)rulethe

corporatewor1d.(Sodoesbeingajerkgiveyoutheskil'sneededtogettothetop?And

onlyinFrance?)Therestcanonlyhopetolielowandawaittheirpension.But,assuming

youarelovable,farbetter,surely,tofollowtheBurtroute:headstraightforthewater­

cooler.

6、Accordingtoparagraph1,thetraditionalattitudetojerksatworkisto.

A、firethem,eveniftheyaregoodworkers

B、firethem,becausetheyarcnotgoodworkers

C、acceptthem,iftheyaregoodworkers

D、acceptthem,becausetheyaregoodworkers

标准答案：c.」

知识点解析：属细节题。本题关键词是traditionalatlilude。第一段第三句话明确告

诉我们传统的做法是：只要这些人有能力就可以toleratethem。tolerate意思是“宽

容，忍受”，所以我们不难得出正确答案为C。

7、Accordingtothetext,researchhasfoundthatpeopleprefertoworkwith.

A、thosesimilartothem

B、thosewithlessmentalcompetence

C、peoplewhomtheylike

D、peoplewholiketotelljokes

标准答案：C

知识点解析：属细节题。原文第二段讲述了五个不同机构的调查，其结果是：如果

可以选择，人们绝对会选“可爱的笨人“做自己的同事，而不会选“能干的怪人故

而答案选C。

8、Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatthebestdefinitionof"socialcapital"is.

A、theabilitytousepeopletoyouradvantage

B、theabilitytoformsocialnetworks

C、theabilitytodowellinlifebecauseyouhaveconnections

D、theabilitytomakebusinessconnections

标准答案：C

知识点解析：属推断题。题干中的socialcapilal出现在文中第四段第二句话，紧接

其后的(注意破折号的作用)便是对socialcapital的解释：人们凭借更好的人际关系

使得工作效果更好。所以正确答案应为C。选项A是指利用别人的能力，一定程

度上有贬义。选项B只指出构建社会关系网的能力，没提及实现更好的工作效

果，不全面。而D的意思则过于狭窄，只指出商业关系网，同样不全面。

9、CorinneMaier'sbookmentionssheep,pests,andloafersbecause.

A、theyeachrepresentakindoffoolinthebusinessworld

B、theylooklikedifferentbodytypes

C、theycanbeusedtocategorizeemployees

D、theyarethesameasBurl'sbrokers,clusters,andbridges

标准答案：C

知识点解析：属细节题。文章在最后一段指出：CcrirmeMaier从公司最卜层的视

角把职员分成三类:sheep("weakandinoffensive")；pests(upoisoningthegeneral

atmosphere")；andloafers(utheironlyaimistodoaslittleaspossible")，然后加以解

释。所以答案为C。A选项与原文不符。B项虽为事实，但答非所问。Burt所说的

brokers是指有良好人际关系的人，而他所提出的brokers、clusters>bridges与

Maier的sheep、pests、loafers意义并不相同,所以D项不对。

10、Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

A、Companiesarenowtrainingemployeestostandbythewatercooler.

B、Incompetentpeopleusuallyholdhighpositionsincompanies.

C、Onlythreecreaturesexist.

D^Competentjerksarenotusuallypreferredoverlovablefools.

标准答案：D'

知识点解析：属推理题。Water-cooler（水冷却器）在原文中被认为是公司里人们聚集

的地方，但没有说“公司正训练职员站在水冷却器旁”，所以排除A。文章最后一段

提到：Maier认为Jerks/pests掌管公司的大权，但这里的Jerks/pests并非是

incompetentpeople,所以+非除B。C不对的原因是它只是Maier个人的观点。根据

文中那项调查的结果可确定答案选Do

Doesahummingbirdflylikeaninsectorabird?Abitlikeboth,accordingto

aerodynamicresearch."Whatledustothisstudywasthelong-heldviewthat

hummingbirdsflylikebiginsects,"saysDouglasWarrick,ofOregonStateUniversityin

Corvallis.Manyexpertshadarguedthathummingbirdsskillathovering,ofwhichinsects

aretheundisputedmasters,meansthatthetwogroupsmaystayaloftinthesameway:by

generatingliftfromawing'supstrokeaswellasthedown.Thisturnsouttobeonly

partiallytrue.Otherbirdsgetalloftheirliftfromthedownstroke,andinsectsmanageto

getequalliftfrombothupanddownbeats,butthehummingbirdliessomewherein

between.Warrickandhisteaminvestigatedthebirds'performancebylookingatthe

swirlsofairleftintheirwake.Todothis,theytrainedrufoushummingbirds（Selasphorus

rufus）tohoverinplacewhilefeedingfromasyringcfilledwithsugarsolution.They

filledtheairwithamistofmicroscopicolive-oildroplets,andshoneasheetoflaserlight

invariousorientationsthroughtheairaroundthebirdstocatchtwo-dimensionalimages

ofaircurrents.Acoupleofquickphotographstakenaquarter-secondapartcaughttheoil

dropletsintheactofswirlingaroundawing.Althoughhummingbirdsdoflaptheirv/ings

upanddowninrelationtotheirbody,theytendtoholdtheirbodiesuprightsothattheir

wingsflapsidewaysintheair.Togainliftwitheachstrokethebirdspartiallyinverttheir

wings,sothattheaerofoilpointsintherightdirection.Theirflightlooksalittlelikethe

armandhandmovementsusedbyaswimmerwhentreadingwater,albeititatamuch

fasterpace.Insectsattainthesameliftwithbothstrokesbecausetheirwingsactuallyturn

insideout.Ahummingbird,withwingsofboneandfeathers,isn'tquitesoflexible.But

thebirdsarestillveryefficient."Theirwingsareamarvellousresultoftheconsiderable

demandsimposedbysustainedhoveringflight,"Warricksays."Providedwithenough

food,theycanhoverindefinitely."Theresearchersaddthatthehummingbird'sflapping

bearsastrikingresemblancetothatoflargeinsectssuchashawkmoths,anexampleof

howevolutioncanproducesimilarengineeringsolutionsinhugelydistantanimalgroups.

11、Thewaythatahummingbirdgetsliftis.

A、almostexactlyhalf-waybetweenthewaymostbirdsdoandthewayinsectsdo

B>mainlywhenitswingsmoveup

C、closertoinsectsthantobirds

D^closertobirdsthantoinsects

标准答案：A

知识点解析：属推断题。第二段第二句指出：其他鸟（蜂鸟除外）向上飞行都是靠翅

膀向下拍打，而昆虫要完成同样的工作则需要翅膀上下拍打。蜂鸟介于二者之间，

所以答案选A。

12、Ilcanbeinferredfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthat.

A^mostpeoplethinkthathummingbirdsandinsectsflyinasimilarway

B、mostpeoplethinkthathummingbirdsandbirdsflyinasimilarway

C、fewpeoplethinkthathummingbirdsareskilledathovering

D、fewpeoplethinkthatbirdsgettheirliftfromupanddownbeats

标准答案：A

知识点解析：属推断题。要做好这道题需正确理解前两段的意思。第一段提到了研

究的结果，第一段第三句解释了进行这项研究的原因，即人们长期坚持的观点：认

为蜂鸟像大型昆虫一样飞行。A选项符合此意，因此选A。

13、Thekeyadvantageinsectshaveoverhummingbirds,whenhovering,isthat.

A^insectsarelighter

B、theirwingscanturninsideout

C、theydon'tneedtoflaptheirwingsasfastashummingbirdsdo

D、theyneedlessfoodthanhummingbirds

标准答案：B

知识点解析：属细节题。第五段开头两句话对insects和hummingbirds作J’对比。

insects可以上下拍打翅膀飞行，因为它们的翅膀可以turninsideout,而

hummingbirds的翅膀则没有这么灵活。所以正确答案为

14、Whatdoestheauthormeanby"undisputedM(line4,para.1)?

A、Disproved.

B、Debated.

C、Unquestioned.

D、Underrated.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：属词义题。undisputed的意思是“毫无疑问的，无可争辩的“，C“无争

议的”符合此意.因此选UA、B、D的意思分别是“反驳的”、“争论的”、“低估

的”。

15、Whatisthemainpurposeofthetext?

A、Todemonstratehowcleverhummingbirdsare.

B、Topointoutdifferencesbetweenhummingbirdsandinsects.

C、Toanswerthequestionaboutwhetherahummingbirdfliesmorelikeotherbirdsor

morelikeinsects.

D^Topointoutthatevolutioncanproducesimilarengineeringsolutionsinhugely

distantanimalgroups.

标准答案：C

知识点露析：属主旨题。回答主旨思想题时第一要把握全文的整体内容，第二要看

文中的主题句。在这篇文章中我们可以很容易地找到主题句，那就是全文的第一句

话：Doesahummingbirdflylikeaninsectorabird?文章后面的段落都是围绕这个问

题展开的，因此只能选择C。

Itneverrainsbutitpours.Justasbossesandboardshadfinallysortedouttheirworst

accountingandcompliancetroubles,andbeefeduptheirfeeblecorporategovernance,a

newproblemthreatenstoearnthem-especiallyinAmerica—thesortofnastyheadlines

thatinevitablyleadtoheadsrollingintheexecutivesuite:datainsecurity.Left,untilnow,

tolow-levelITstafftoputright,andseenasaconcernonlyofdata-richindustriessuch

asbanking,telecomsandairtravel,informationprotectionisnowhighontheboss's

agendainbusinessesofeveryvariety.Suchcontentedself-satisfactionmayhavebeen

encouraged-thoughnotjustified-bythelackoflegalpenaltyfordataleakage.Until

Californiarecentlypassedalaw,Americanfirmsdidnothavetotellanyone,eventhe

victim,whendatawentastray."BoardsshouldpayasmuchattentiontotheseIT

operationalrisksastheydotootheroperationalrisksinthefirm,"arguesGeorge

WestermanoftheMITSloanSchoolofManagement.Afterall,boardshaveaudit

committeesandcompensationcommittees.Itmaybetimeforadata-protection

committee,heargues.Bossesmustensurethatthereareeffectivedatarisk-management

processesinplace,beawareoftheirgreatestvulnerabilitiesandpromoteacorporate

culturethatacknowledgesdatarisksratherthanhidesthem.Buttheproblemisoftena

lackofunderstandingbyseniormanagersnotjustoftechnologybutofbusiness

processes,saysThomasParenty,authorofDigitalDefense:WhatYouShouldKnow

AboutProtectingYourCompany'sAssets."Nooneintheorganisationbotherstolookat

thevalueofwhatdatatheyhold,theconsequencesifsomethingbadhappenstoit,and

theappropriatemechanismstopreventthatfromhappening,"hesays.So,whatshoulda

bossdo?Accountancyfirmsandconsultantsarealreadyspottingachancetoprofitby

conductinganindependentsecurityandprivacyaudit—andformanyfirms,their(no

doubt)hugcfeewillprobablybeworththemoney.Theauditorsinspecttechnology

systems,dataflowandthecontrolsonaccesstodatawithinanorganisationandwithits

businesspartners.Awisebosswillalsoappointaseniorexecutivetoberesponsiblefbr

datasecurity-andnotjusttohaveaconvenientscapegoatintheeventofaleak.Diana

Glassman,adataprotectionexpert,saysthatausefulfirststepwouldbeforthebossto

writetoallemployeesremindingthemoftherisksandpotentialcostofdataleakage,and

askingthem,beforepassingdatatoanyoneelse,toquestionwhetherthatpersontruly

needs,orisentitledto,it.

16、Accordingtotheopeningparagraph,datasecurityisnowhighonbosses,agendas

because

A^low-lcvclITstaffcannotdealwithitanymore

B、bosseshavedealtwithalltheotherproblemsaffectingtheirbusinesses

C^dataprotectionisahottopic

D、itisthekindofissuethatcancausethemtolosetheirjobs

标准答案：D

知识点解析：属推断题。综合考虑第一段，我们知道，信息安全问题被放在公司老

板议事日程首要位置是因为信息泄漏会对公司造成摧毁性的打击，老板和董事会也

会臭名远扬。因此答案选择D。其他选项与原文不符。

17、