考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷10

考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷10

一、阅读9翻译句子）（本题共30题，每题7.0分，共

30分。）

[Fl]Theevolulionintelligenceamongearlylargemammalsofihegrasslandswas

dueingiealmeasuretoiheinleraciionbelweenIwoecologicallysynchronizedgroups

iheseanimals,thehuntingcarnivoresand〔heherbivoresthaliheyhunted.Theinteraction

resultingfromthedifferencesbetweenpredatorandpreyledtoageneralimprovementin

brainfunctions;however,certaincomponentsofintelligencewereimprovedfarmore

thanothers.[F2]Thekindofinielligencefavoredbyiheirilerplayofincreasingly

smartercatchersandincreasinglykeenerescapersisdefinedbyattention—thalaspectof

mindcarryingconsciousnessforwardfromonemomenllothenexl.Itrangesfroma

passivefreefloatingawarenesstoahighlyfocused,activefixation,therangethrough

thesestatesismediatedbythearousalsystem,anetworkoftractsconvergingfrom

sensorysystemstointegratingcentersinthebrainstein.Fromthemorerelaxedtothe

morevigorouslevelssensitivitytonoveltyisincreased.[F3]Theorganismismore

awakemorevigilant,thisincreasedvigilanceresultsiniheaDprehensionofevermore

subUesignalsasiheorganismbecomesmoresensitiveLoilssuiToundings.Theprocesses

ofarousalandconcentrationgiveattentiontoitsdirection.Arousalisatfirstgeneralwith

afloodingofimpulsesinthebrainstem;thengraduallytheactivationischanneled.Thus

beginsconcentration,theholdingofconsistentimages.Onemeaningofintelligenceisthe

wayinthightheseimagesandotheralertlysearchedinformationareusedinthecontext

ofpreviousexperience.Consciousnesslinkspastattentiontothepresentandpermitsthe

integrationofdetailswithperceivedendspurposes.Theelementsofintelligenceand

consciousnesscometogethermarvelouslytoproducedifferentstylesinpredatorand

prey.Herbivoresandcarnivoresdevelopdifferentkindsofattentionrelatedtoescaping

orchasing.[F4]Althoughinbothkindsofanimalarousalstimulatestheproductionof

adrenalineandnorepinephrineby[headrenalglandstheeffectinherbivoresisprimarily

fear,whereasincarnivorestheeffectisprimarilyaggression.Forboth,arousalattunes

theanimaltowhatisahead.Perhapsitdoesnotexperienceforethoughtasweknowitbut

theanimaldoesexperiencesomethinglikeit.Thepredatorissearchinglyaggressive

innerdirected,usedbythenervoussystemandtheadrenalhormones,butawareina

senseclosertohumanconsciousnessthan,say,ahungrylizard'sinstinctivesnapata

passingbeetle.Thelargemammalpredatorisworkingoutarelationshipbetween

movementandfood,sensitivetopossibilitiesincoldtrailsanddistantsoundsand

yesterday'sunforgottenlessons.Theherbivorebrayisofadifferentmind.[F5]Its

mood0「warinessralherihansearchinganditsattiludeofgeneralexpeclancyinsieadof

anticiDatingaiesilkihinveilsofiranauililyeveranexplosiveendocrinesystem.

1、[Fl]

标准答案：草原上早期大型哺乳动物智力的发展主要是由于两个生态同步的动物群

间的交往，即食肉动物和食草动物。

知识点解析：暂无解析

2、[F2]

标准答案：越来越聪明的猎食者和越来越机敏的逃跑者之间互动所影响的智力主要

是在注意力方面——大胸中将意识从这一刻运送到下一刻的方面。

知识点解析：暂无解析

3、[P3]

标准答案：生物体更清醒更警觉；当生物体对环境更敏感时，不断增强的警惕感会

造成对微弱的信号也有反应。

知识点解析：暂无解析

4、[F4]

标准答案：尽管在两种动物中警觉都会刺激肾上腺产生肾上腺素，但在食草动物中

的效果主要是恐惧，而在食肉动物中产生的效果主要是攻击性。

知识点解析：暂无解析

5、[F5]

标准答案：它十分警觉而不是四处觅食，它平静地等待而不是热切期待。这种如丝

般薄的冷静之下隐藏的是强劲的消化系统。

知识点解析：暂无解析

Itwasthebiggestscientificgrudgematchsincethespacerace.TheGenomeWarshad

everything:twogroupswithappealingleadersreadytofightinascientificdeadheat,

pushingthelimitsoftechnologyandrhetoricastheybattledtobecomethefirsttoread

everylastoneofthe3billionDNA"letters"inthehumanbody.[Fl]Thescientific

importanceof」hcworkisunquestionabethecompletedDNAsequenceisexpectedto

givescientistsunprecedentedinsighlsinloiheworkingsofihehumanbody,

revolutionizingmedicineandbiolcgy.Buttheraceitself,betweenthegovernment's

HumanGenomeProjectandRockville,Md.,biotechnologycompanyCeleraGenomics,

wasatleastpartlysymbo'ic,thepublic/privateconflictplayedoutinageneticlab.Now

theraceisover.Afteryearsofpublicattacksandseveralfailedattemptsatreconciliation,

thetwosidesaretakingasteptowardaperiodofcalm.HGPheadFrancisCollins(and

AriPatrinosoftheDepartmentofEnergy,animportantallyonthegovernmentside)and

CraigVenter,thefounderofCelera,agreedtoholdajointpressconferencein

WashingtonthisMondaytodeclarethattheracewasover(sortof),thatbothsideshad

won(kindof)andthatthehostilitieswereresolved(forthetimebeing).Nooneisexactly

surehowthingswillbedifferentnow.[F2]Neithersidewillbeturningoffits

sequencingmachinesanytimesoon-the"finishlines"eachhasciosscdacelargely

arbitraryDoinls、”firsldrafls"ratherihanihedefinitiveversion.[F3]Andwhilethejoint

announcemenlbringsiheformerGenomeWarriorscloserlogelherihanihey'vebeenin

years,insiderssayihatfu:ureagreementsaremorelikelylolakeiheformof

coordination,ratherthanoutrightcoHaboration.TheconflictblewupthisFebruaryv/hen

Britain'sWellcomeTrust,anHGPparticipant,releasedaconfidentiallettertoCclcra

outliningtheHGP'scomplaints.Ventercalledthemove"alowlifethingtodo."Butby

spring,therewerethefirstsignsofathaw."Theattacksandnastinessarebadforscience

andourinvestors,"VentertoldNewsweekinMarch,"andfightingbackisprobablynot

helpful."[F4]Atacancermeetingearlierthismonth.VenterandCollinspraisedeach

other'sapproaches,andexpressedhopethatallofthescientistsinvolvedinscaucncing

thehumangenomewouldbeabletosharethecredit.Bylatelastweek,thathopewas

becomingarealityasdetailsforMonday'sjointannouncementwerehammeredout.

Scientistsinbothcampswelcomedanendtothehostilities.MIfthisendsthehorserace,

sciencewins."[F5]Withtheirdifferencebehindthem,oratleastsetaside,the

scientistsshouldnowbeabletogetdowntotheinterestingstuff:figuringhowtomake

useofallthatdata.

6、[Fl]

标准答案：该项目的科学重要性是毋庸置疑的，完整的基因排序将有望为科学家研

究人体的工作原理提供前所未有的启迪，给医学和生物学带来革命。

知识点解析：暂无解析

7、[F2]

标准答案：任何一方都不会很快停止其基因图谱研究——双方跨过的“终点线”基木

上是武断的，是“初稿”而不是定稿。

知识点解析：暂无解析

8、[F31

标准答案：尽管这次联合宣言使原先的基因组勇士们比几年来任何时候都更为关系

密切，但内部人士说：未来大家更可能同意以“协调”的形式工作，而不是直接的合

作。

知识点解析：暂无解析

9、[F4]

标准答案：在本月初的一次癌症会议上，文特和柯林斯相互称赞彼此的方法，而且

表达了希望所有参与人类基因组测序的科学家都能分享功劳的愿望。

知识点解析：暂无解析

10、[F5]

标准答案：现在把分歧抛在了背后，或者至少暂时放在了一边，科学家们应该能够

开始好好研究这个有趣的问题了：考虑怎样利用那些数据。

知识点解析：暂无解析

Instudyingboththerecurrenceofspecialhabitsorideasinseveraldistricts,andtheir

prevalencewiihineachdistrict,therecomebeforeusever-reiteratedproofsofregular

causationproducingthephenomenaofhumanlife,andoflawsofmaintenanceand

diffusionconditionsofsociety,atdefinitestagesofculture.[Fl]But,whilegivingfull

importancetotheevidencebearingonthesestandardconditionsofsociety,letusbe

carefultoavoidapilfallwhichmayenlrapiheunwarysludenl.[F2]O「course,ihe

opinionsandhabilsbelongingincommonlomassesofmankindaretoagrealexlenlihe

resullsofsoundjudgmeniandDracticalwisdom.Buttoagreatextentitisnotso.That

manynumeroussocietiesofmenshouldhavebelievedintheinfluenceoftheevileyeand

theexistenceofafirmament,shouldhavesacrificedslavesandgoodstotheghostsofthe

departed,shouldhavehandeddowntraditionsofgiantsslayingmonstersandmenturning

intobeasts—allthisisgroundfbrholdingthatsuchideaswereindeedproducedinmen's

mindsbyefficientcauses,butitisnotgroundfbrholdingthattheritesinquestionare

profitable,thebeliefssound,andthehistoryauthentic.[F3]Thismayseematihefiosl

glanceatruism,but,infact、ilis【hedenialofafallacywhichdeeplyaffectsihemindsof

allbu【asmallcriticalminorityofmankind.Popularly,whateverybodysaysmustbetrue,

whateverybodydoesmustberight.[F4]Therearevariouslopicswhereevenihe

educatedpeoplecanhardlybebroughlloseeIhalihecausewhymendoholdanopinion,

orpracliseacuslom、isbynomeansnecessarilyareasonwhyiheyoughllodoso.Now

collectionsofethnographicevidence,bringingsoprominentlyintoviewtheagreementof

immensemultitudesofmanastocertaintraditions,beliefs,andusages,arepeculiarly

liabletobethusimproperlyusedindirectdefenseoftheseinstitutionsthemselves,even

oldbarbaricnationsbeingpolledtomaintaintheiropinionsagainstwhatarccalled

modernideas.Asithasmorethanoncehappenedtomyselftofindmycollectionsof

traditionsandbeliefsthussetuptoprovetheirownobjectivetruth,withoutproper

examinationofthegroundsonwhichtheywereactuallyreceived.[F5]Itakethis

occasionofremaikingthat[hesamelineofargumenlwillserveeciuaHywell[o

demonstiate,bythestiongandwideconsentofnations,thattheearthisflat,andnight­

marethevisitofademon.

11、[Fl]

标准答案：但是，在充分强调这些和社会标准条件相关的证据的同时，我们必须小

心谨慎，避免陷入粗心大意的学生常常掉进的陷阱。

知识点解析：暂无解析

12、[F21

标准答案：诚然，属于大多数人所共有的观念和习惯在很大程度上是合理的判断和

实践智慧的结果。

知识点解析：暂无解析

13、[F3]

标准答案：乍一看，这似乎像是老生常谈，然而事实上，这是对一种谬论的否定：

这种谬论深深植根于人类的头脑中，只有一小部分具有批判性思维的人能免受其误

导。

知识点解析：暂无解析

14、[F4]

标准答案：对于很多的话题，甚至那些受过教育的人也很难理解，人们持有某种观

点、形成某种习俗的原因绝不一定是他们这样做的理由。

知识点解析：暂无解析

15、[F5]

标准答案：因此，我借此机会想说的是，以上这种推理方式同样也可以证明地球是

扁的，噩梦是恶魔的来访，并且可以争得许多民族坚决而广泛的认同。

知识点解析：暂无解析

"I'venevermetahumanworthcloning,"sayscloningexpertMarkWesthusinfromthe

crampedconfinesofhislabatTexasA&MUniversity."It'sastupidendeavor.1'[Fl]

That'saninterestingchoiceofadjective,comingfromamanwhohasspentmillionsof

dollarstryingtoclonea13-year-olddognamedMissy.Sofar,heandhisteamhavenot

succeeded,thoughtheyhaveclonedtwocalvesandexpecttocloneacatsoon.Theyjust

mightsucceedincloningMissylaterthisyear-orperhapsnotforanotherfiveyears.It

seemsthereproductivesystemofman'sbestfriend-dogisoneofthemysteriesof

modernscience.Westhusin'sexperiencewithcloninganimalsleaveshimvexedbyall

thistalkofhumancloning.[F2]InthreeyearsofworkontheMissynlicityproject,

usinghundredsuponhundredsofcanineeggs,theA&Mteamhasproducedonlyadozen

orsoembryoscarryingMissy'sDNA.[F3]Thewastageofeggsandthemany

SDonlaneouslyaborledfelusesmaybeacceptablewhenyou'redealingwithcatsorbulls,

heargues,butnotwithhumans."Cloningisincrediblyinefficient,andalsodangerous,"

hesays.Evenso,dogcloningisacommercialopportunity,withaniceresearchpayoff.

EversinceDollythesheepwasclonedin1997,Westhusin'sphoneatA&MCollegeof

VeterinaryMedicinehasbeenringingbusily.Costisnoobstaclefbrcustomerslike

Missy'smysteriousowner,whowishestoremainunknowntoprotecthisprivacy.He's

ploppeddown$3.7millicnsofartofundtheresearchbecausehewantsatwintocairyon

Missy'sfinequalitiesaftershedies.Butheknowsherclonemaynothaveher

temperament.[F4]Ieastatementofpurpose.Missy'sownersandtheA&Mteamsay

theyare"bothlookingforwardtostudyingthewaysthatherclonediffersfromMissy.”

ThefateofthedogsampleswilldependonWesthusin'swork.[F5]HeknowsIhaleven

ifhegelsadogviablypregnanl、iheoffspring,shouldiheysurvive,willfaceiheproblems

shownalbirlhbyotherclonedanimals:abnormalilieslikeimmaturelungsandhearland

weightnrchlem*."Whyv/ouldyoneverwanttoclonehumans,"Westhusinasks,"when

we'renotevenclosetogettingitworkedoutinanimalsyet?"

16、[Fl]

标准答案：这种风趣的用来形容克隆人的言辞来自一位富人，他花费数百万美金试

图克隆一只13岁的名叫密斯的狗。

知识点解析：暂无解析

17、[F2]

标准答案：在研究“克隆密斯项目”的三年时间里，农业机械大学的团队使用了成百

上千只犬科动物的卵子，却仅仅获得了一打左右的带有密斯DNA的胚胎。

知识点解析：暂无解析

18、[F3]

标准答案：教授争辩道，在研究猫或牛的克隆试验中，动物卵子的浪费以及许多动

物的自然性流产都是可以为人们所接受的，但是对于研究人来说就不行。

知识点解析：暂无解析

19、[F4]

标准答案：在一份用途声明中，密斯的主人和农业机械大学的团队表示，他们“共

同期待能研究密斯的克隆体与它本身的差异之处。”

知识点解析：暂无解析

20、[F5]

标准答案：他知道即使有只狗成功怀孕并且它的后代幸存下来，小狗一出生就要面

对其他克隆动物所面临的问题；像肺部和心脏发育不全造成的畸形以及体重问题等

等。

知识点解析：暂无解析

AsGilbertWhite,Darwin,andothersobservedlongago,allspeciesappeartohavethe

innatecapacitytoincreasetheirnumbersfromgenerationtogeneration.[Fl]Thetask

forecologistsistountangletheenvironmcnlalandbiologicalfactorsthatholdthis

intrinsiccapacityforpopulationgrowthincheckoverthelongrun.Thegreatvarietyof

dynamicbehaviorsexhibitedbydifferentpopulationmakesthistaskmoredifficult:some

populationsremainroughlyconstantfromyeartoyear;othersexhibitregularcyclesof

abundanceandscarcity;stillothersvarywildly,withoutbreaksandcrashesthatarein

somecasesplainlycorrelatedwiththeweather,andinothercasesnot.Toimposesome

orderonthiskaleidoscopeofpatterns,oneschoolofthoughtproposesdividing

populationsintotwogroups.Theseecologistspositthattherelativelysteadypopulations

havedensity-dependentgrowthparameters;thatis,ratesofbirth,death,andmigration

whichdependstronglyonpopulationdensity.[F2]ThehighlyvaryingDopulalions

havedensily-indeDendentgrowlh「aramelers、withvitalralesbuffeiedbyenvironmenlal

evenls;theseralesfluctuateinawaythatiswhollyindependentofDopulationdensity.

Thisdichotomyhasitsuses,butitcancauseproblemsiftakentooliterally.Forone

thing,nopopulationcanbedrivenentirelybydensity-independentfactorsallthetime.

Nomatterhowseverelyorunpredictablybirth,death,andmigrationratesmaybe

fluctuatingaroundtheirlong-termaverages,iftherewerenodensity-dependenteffects,

thepopulationwould,inthelongrun,eitherincreaseordecreasewithoutbound(baninga

miraclebywhichgainsandlossescanceledexactly).[F3]Putanotherway,itmaybe

ihatonaverage99percentofalldealhsinapopulationarisefromdensity-independent

causes,andonlyonepercentfromfactorsvaryingwithdensity.Thefactorsmakingup

theonepercentmayseemunimportant,andtheircausemaybecorrespondinglyhardto

determine.Yet,whetherrecognizedornot,theywillusuallydeterminethelong-term

averagepopulationdensity.Inordertounderstandthenatureoftheecologist's

investigation,wemaythinkofthedensity-dependenteffectsongrowthparametersasthe

signalecologistsaretryingtoisolateandinterpret,onethattendstomakethepopulation

increasefromrelativelylowvaluesordecreasefromrelativelyhighones,whilethe

density-independenteffectsacttoproducenoiseinthepopulationdynamics.[F4]For

populationsthatremainrelativelyconstant,orthatoscillatearoundrepeatedcycles,the

signalcanbefairlyeasilycharacterizedanditseffectsdescribed,eventhoughthe

causativebiologicalmechanismmayremainunknown.[F5]Forirregularivfluctuating

populations,wearelike】、tohavetoofewobservationstohaveanyhopeofextractingthe

signalfromtheoverwhelmingnoise.Butitnowseemsclearthatallpopulationsarc

regulatedbyamixtureofdensity-dependentanddensity-independenteffectsinvarying

proportions.

21、[Fl]

标准答案：生态学家的使命就是调查清楚环境和生态因素长期以来是如何控制种群

繁殖的内在能力的。

知识点解析：暂无解析

22、[F2]

标准答案：那些变化很大的种群具有“种群密度无关”的增长参数，其生存率随环境

因素的变化而变化，并旦以一种完全独立于种群密度的方式进行波动。

知识点解析：暂无解析

23、[F3]

标准答案：换一句话讲，也许种群内平均99%的死亡都由“种群密度无关”因素导

致的，只有1%和种群智度有关。

知识点解析：暂无解析

24、[F4]

标准答案：对于那些数量相对稳定或者以某种循环周期摆动的种群而言，这种“信

号”的特征比较容易被察觉.而且也很容易描述它的影响，即使引起这种情况的生

物机制仍是未知的。

知识点解析：暂无解析

25、[F5]

标准答案：对那些变化不规则的种群，我们可能因为观察得不够而无法从繁多的

“噪音”中提取信号。

知识点解析：暂无解析

Inthenextcenturywe'llbeabletoalterourDNAradically,encodingourvisionsand

vanitieswhileconcoctingnewlife-forms.[Fl]WhenDr.Frankensteinmadehis

monster,hewrestledwiththemoralissueofwhetherheshouldallowittoreproduce,

"HadIiherighl,formyownbenefit,toinfliclihecurseuponeverlastinggenerations?"

Willsuchquestionsrequireustodevelopnewmoralphilosophies?Probablynot.Instead,

we'llreachagainforatimetestedmoralconcept,onesometimescalledtheGoldenRule

andwhichKant,themillennium'smostprudentmoralist,conjuredupintoacategorical

imperative:[F2]Dounloothersasyouwouldhavethemdountoyou;tucateachpioson

a*anindividualraiherihanasamean*IQsomeend.[F3]Underthismoralprecemwe

shouldrecoilalhumancloning、becauseilinevilablyemailsusinghumansasmeanslo

otherhumans'endsandvaluing[hemascopiesofotherswelovedorascollectionsof

bodyparts,notasindividualsin〔heirownright.Weshouldalsodrawaline,however