考博英语模拟试卷76

考博英语模拟试卷76

一、阅读理解(本题共20题，每题7.0分，共20分。)

Evenifalmostnothingisknownaboutthencuroanatomyofsymboling,agreatdealis

knownabouttheevolutionofmind(or"minding,1'ifmindisconsideredasaprocess

ratherthanathing),inwhichonefindssymbolingasthecharacteristicofaparticular

stageofdevelopment.Theevolutionofmindingcanbetracedinthefollowingsequence

ofstages.Firstisthesimplereflexivestage,inwhichbehaviourisdeterminedbythe

intrinsicpropertiesofboththeorganismandthethingreactedto-forexample,the

contractionofthepupiloftheeyeunderincreasedstimulationbylight.Secondisthe

conditionedreflexstage,inwhichtheresponseiselicitednotbypropertiesintrinsicinthe

stimulusbutbymeaningsthatthestimulushasacquiredfortherespondingorganism

throughexperience—forexample,Pavlow'sdog'ssalivaryglandsrespondingtothesound

ofabell.Thirdistheinstrumentalstage,asexemplifiedbyachimpanzeeknockingdown

abananawithastick.Heretheresponseisdeterminedbytheintrinsicpropertiesofthe

thingsinvolved(bananastick,chimpanzee'sneurosensory-muscularsystem),butanew

elementhasbeenintroducedintobehaviour,namely,theexerciseofcontrolbythe

reactingorganismoverthingsintheexternalworld.And,finally,thereisthesymbol

stage.Inwhichtheconfigurationofbehaviourinvolvesnonintrinsicmeanings.Thefirst

twostagesexhibitacharacteristicoftheevolutionofalllivingthings:amovementinthe

directionofmakinglifemoresecureandenduring.Inthefirststagetheorganism

distinguishesbetweenthebeneficial,theinjurious,andtheneutral,butitmustcomeinto

directcontactwiththeobjectoreventinquestiontodoso.Inthesecondstagethe

organismmayreactatadistance,asitwere—thatis,throughanintermediatestimulus.

Theconditionedreflexbringssignsintothelifeprocess;onethingoreventmayserveas

anindicationofsomethingelse-food,danger,andsoforth.And,sinceanythingcan

serveasasignofanythingelse(agreentrianglecanmeanfood,sex,oranelectricshock

tothelaboratoryrat),thereactionsoftheorganismareemancipatedfromthelimitations

thatstageoneimposesuponlivingthings,namely,theintrinsicpropertiesofthings.The

possibilityofobtaininglife-sustainingthingsandofavoidinglife-destroyingthingsis

thusmuchenhanced,andthesecurityandcontinuityoflifearecorrespondingly

increased.

1、WhichofthefollowingisTRUEofthefirststageoftheevolutionofmind?

标准答案：C

知汉点解析：此题为细节题，笫一段开始概括了心智演化第一阶段的特征，作为选

[C]的依据。

2、Inthesecondstageoftheevolutionofmind,.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：此题为细节题，第一段中间归纳了心智演化的第二阶段，故［B］为答

案。

3、WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothispassage?

标准答案：A

知识点解析：全篇大意可以概括为“心智第四阶段的成绩基于前三个阶段的成绩。”

正确答案为［A］。

4、Accordingtothepassage,itisinferredthattheevolutionoflivingthingsmayhe

characterizedby.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：这个推理题的关键在于理解第一段的第一句和最后两句。由此，应选

［D］为好。

5、Inthethirdstageoftheevolutionofthemind,.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：见第一段的倒数第二句话。第三阶段中有机体可以控制外部世界的某

些物体，这是它们行为中的一个新的部分。

Inthehumanspeciesindividualsareequippedwithfewerinstinctsthanisthecasein

manynonhumanspecies.And,asalreadynoted,theyarebornculturcless.Therefore,an

infantHomosapiensmustlearnaverygreatdealandacquireavastnumberof

conditionedreflexesandhabitpatternsinordertoliveeffectively,notonlyinsocietybut

inaparticularkindofsocioculturalsystem,beitTibetan,Eskimo,orFrench.This

process,takenasawhole,iscalledsocialization(occasionally,enculturation)—the

makingofasocialbeingoutofonethatwasatbirthwhollyindividualisticandegoistic.

Educationinitsbroadestsensemayproperlyberegardedastheprocessbywhichthe

cultureofasocioculturalsystemisimpressedorimposedupontheplastic,receptive

infant.Itisthisprocessthatmakescontinuityofculturepossible.Education,formaland

informal,isthespecificmeansofsocialization.Byinformaleducationismeantthev/aya

childlearnstoadapthisbehaviourtothatofothers,tobelikeothers,tobecomea

memberofagroup.Byformaleducationismeanttheintentionalandmoreorless

systematicefforttoaffectthebehaviourofothersbytransmittingelementsofcultureto

them,beitknowledgeorbelief,patternsofbehaviour,oridealsandvalues.These

attemptsmaybeovertorcovert.Theteachermaymakehispurposeapparent,even

emphatic,tothelearner.Butmucheducationiseffectedinanunobtrusiveway,without

teacherorlearnerbeingawarethatcultureisbeingtransmitted.Thus,inmythsandtales,

certaincharactersarepresentedasheroesorvillains,certaintraitsareextolled,othersare

deploredordenounced.Theimpressionablechildacquiresidealsandvalues,animageof

thegoodorthebad.Thegrowingchildisimmersedinthefountainofinformaleducation

constantly,theformaleducationtendstobeperiodic.Manysocioculturalsystems

distinguishrathersharplyaseriesofstagesintheeducationanddevelopmentoffull-

fledgedmenandwomen.Firstthereisinfancy,duringwhichperhapsthemostprofound

andenduringinfluencesofaperson'slifearebroughttobear.Weaningushersinanew

stage,thatofchildhood,duringwhichboysandgirlsbecomedistinguishedfromeach

other.Pubertyritestransformchildrenintomenandwomen.Theseritesvaryenormously

inemphasisandcontent.Sometimestheyincludewhipping,isolation,scarification,or

circumcision.Veryoftentheritualisaccompaniedbyexplicitinstructioninthe

mythologyandloreofthetribeandinethicalcodes.SuchritualsasconfirmationandBar

MitzvahinmodernWesternculturebelongtothecategoryofpubertyrites.Withmarriage

comeinstructionandadmonition,appropriatetotheoccasion,fromeiderrelativesand,in

moreadvancedcultures,frompriests.Insomesociocuhuralsystemsmenmaybecome

membersofassociationsorsodalities:men'sclubs,warriorsocieties,secretsocietiesof

magicormedicine.Insomecasesitissaidthatinpassingthroughinitiationrilesaperson

is"bornagain."Womenalsomaybelongtosodalities,andinsomeinstancestheymay

becomemembersofsecret,magicalsocietiesalongwithmen.

6、WhichofthefollowingstatementscanbeinferredfromParagraphI?

标准答案：C

知识点解析：选项［A］、［B］、［D］均说明了本文涉及的某一方面。只有［0概括性

的，故［C］为答案。

7、Intheauthor'sopinion,.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：第二段之间是正规教育，“but…”之后说明非正规教育，归纳起来的

意思是［C］。

8、WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutpubertyritesisNOTtrueaccordingtothis

passage?

标准答案：B

知识点解析：第三段以“青春期仪式”为例，说明非正规教育的潜移默化作用。

9、Thepassageismainlyabout.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：这篇短文是议论文，讨论了正规教育和文化（非正规教育）的互动蚱用

关系。故［B］为答案。

10>Whichofthefollowingstatementsabouttherolemythsandmythologiesplayin

socializationisTRUE?

标准答案：B

知识点解析：第二段倒数第三句表明有时个人在接受文化影响时，学习者和传授者

可能都没有意识到。神话和故事就属于这一情况。

ThepsychologistEdwinG.Boringpreferred"currentofbeliefastheEnglishexpression

fortheGermanwordZeitgeist,usedbyGoethein1827todescribewhatcomestogether

inthemindsofmany"neitherbyagreementnorbyself-determinedunderthemultiplicity

ofclimatesofopinion."Thatcurrentrunsabovethemultipleconversationsconducted

abouthowtointerpretthepast,howtoassessthepresent,andhowtopredictandprepare

forthefuture.Formorethanacentury,socialsciencehasparticipatedinallofthese

conversations,informingtheclimatesofopinionthatshapesociety,culture,andpolities.

Writingontherelationshipbetweenpublicopinionandrepresentativegovernment,the

historianLewisNamierasked,"Whereisittobefound?Andhowisittobeascertained?

Howmanypeopleholdcleararticulateviewsevenaboutthemostimportantnational

concerns?Andiltheirviewsareoriginalandwell-grounded,whatchanceisthereoftheir

beingrepresentative?"Social-scientificmethodhasimprovedournumerical

understandingof"publicopinion,"butitistheuniqueresponsibilityofsocialscientiststo

informthatopinionwhetheritisrepresentativeornot.Namierunderstoodthatpublic

opinion,thecurrentsofbelief,theZeitgeistwerecapableofhumblingthepowerful.

"Thereissuchathingasalogicofideas,andideas,whenlookedatfromadistance,seem

tohaveanindependentlifeandexistenceoftheirown;their（logic）istheoutcomeofthe

slow,hardlyconsciousthinkingofthemasses,veryprimitive,simplifiedintheprocessof

accumulation,andinitsmassadvancedeprivedofallindividualfeatures,likethepebbles

inariverbed.Andthereissuchathingasamentalatmosphere,whichattimesbecomes

soall-pervadingthathardlyanyonecanwithdrawhimselffromitsinfluence."For

example,politicalassumptionsabouttheroleofgovernment,howeverdifferenttheymay

be,haveafamiliarideologicalstabilityaboutthem,evenasnumerousstrugglespersist

overgovernment'sfunctioninmaintainingpublicorderandinrectifyinginjustice.

PoliticalLiberalism,expressedasadefenseofthewelfarestate,gavewelfarepolicya

popularlygoodnameformorethanahalfcentury.Socialsecurity,medicare,and

mortgagedeductionshaveallcontributedtomaintainingamiddleclassaccordingto

liberalprinciplesofsocialwelfare.Libertariansentimentalistsmaybalkat（HI避，畏缩

不前）lhenegativeexternalitiescreatedbysuchlong-term,goodintentionsaskeepingthe

elderlyoutofpoverty,ifnotoutofnursinghomes,butilseemsunlikelyintheshortterm,

atleast,thatanysubstantialsocial,religious,orpoliticalmovementofsclf-rcspcctwill

emergeamongtheclassespresentlybenefitingthemostfromthelargesse（赏赐物）they

areresponsibleforcreating.Social-scientificunderstandingisdistinctfrompolitical

conviction,butthetwohavealongrelationshipthatseemslikelytocontinue,regardless

ofideologicalcross-currents.Suchcrosscurrentsofconfidence,asitwere,haveinrecent

decadesdefinedthebattlesoverthelegacyofthemosttragicconsequences,however

unintended,ofsocialwelfarepolicy:inthecaseofthepoor,theroleofgovernmentgave

"welfare"abadname.Asthatwelfarepolicytransferstoindividualstates,social

scientists,whatevertheirmethodologies,havearesponsibilitytocontinueinforming

publicunderstandingabouttheconditionsofentirepopulationsandsub-groupswithin

thosepopulations.Theywillcontinuetofacethedifficultyofhowtoacknowledgethe

limitsoftheirknowledgeatanymomentintime.

11Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：这篇议论文旨在讨论社会科学的功能，其中第一段的最后一句是主

题。故选［0。

12>InParagraph3,wecanmainlylearnthat.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：第三段以政治假设为例，阐述了政府的重要功能。本段的第一句是选

［D］的依据。

13、Theauthordoes;discussthefollowingissueFXCF.PTthatthepublicopinionis

标准答案：B

知识点解析：此题为细节题。［A］、［C］、|D］分别在第二、三、四段中涉及到了，

而［B］没有。所以，答案是［B］。

14^Itisinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：从最后一段，可以推断，社会科学家始终难以承认他们的学术局限

性。木文最后一句"Theywillcontinuetofacethedifficultyofhowtoacknowledgethe

limit…是选［D］的关键句。

15、WhichofthefollowingstatementaboutthewelfarepolicyisTRUE?

标准答案：B

知识点解析：第三段最后一句表明，尽管福利制度有着种种问题，但到目前为止还

找不出更好的能取代它的其他方式。

Moderncomplexsocietiesarctroubledbyalackofconsensusaroundmanyissuesof

rightandwrongorproperandimproperbehavior;anddrinking,sincethelatterpartofthe

18thcenturytemperancemovementbecame,bythemiddleofthe19thcentury,ananti­

alcoholmovementthatculminatedinnationalProhibition(enactedbyconstitutional

amendmentin1919andrcpcalcdin1933).Echomovementsinothercountrieshad

somewhatsimilarhistories.Thelackofconsensusregardingwhomaydrinkhowmuchof

whatandwhereandwhenandwithwhomisillustratedbythecrazyquiltoflocal

regulationsextantintheUnitedStates.Insomelocalitiesthereistotalprohibitionor

prohibitiononlyofdistilledspiritsandstrongwines;insome,onlythoseover18orover

21yearsofagemaybuydrinks;insome,marriedwomenunderagemaybuybutnot

marriedunder-agemen:insome,untilrecently.Indianscouldnotbuy:insome,liquor

maybesoldonlybythebottle,notbythedrink:insome,drinksmaybeservedonly

togetherwithfood,inothersonlywithoutfood;insome,drinkinginpublicplacesis

permittedonlyifthedrinkersarecurtainedoronlyiftheyareuncertainedoronlywhen

theyareseated;ormenmaystandtodrink,butwomenmustbeseated.Dissonant

attitudestowardacustomascommonasdrinkingarebelievedbymanysociologiststo

accountfortheinabilityofthesocietytoestablishfirmrulesinhibitingimmoderate

behavior,witharesultinghighincidenceofdamaginguse,drunkenness,andmanyother

problemsrelatedtoalcohol.TheChineseandtheItalians,aswellastheJews,arecitedas

examplesofgroupshavingwell-developedculturalconsensusagainstdrinkingto

drunkenness,withresultinglowratesofalcoholproblems.Inparallel,Franceiscitedasa

countrywithaconsensusfavoringsteadycopiousdrinking,witharesultinghighrateof

alcoholism.Themodernconflictoverdrinkingreflectsthecomplexinteractionsofthe

individualwithsmallgroupsandlargersociety.Smallgroups,formedbycommon

interestsinbusinessoroccupationorrecreationorneighborhoodorpoliticsorethnicity

orreligion,usedrinkingtogethertofacilitatemixing,toengendersolidarity,toreduce

normalinhibitionsagainsttrustinandcollaborationwith"strangers,"tosymbolizeand

ratifyaccord,andtoensurethatgatheringsforcelebrationwillsucceedasfestive

occasions.Individualsusealcoholicbeveragesasanagreeableeffectorofdesiredmood

alteration,suchasmoderaterelieffromanxietyofdepressionormaskingofuneaseand

pain,andtoenableparticipationinthevarioussmallgroupswithwhichtheyarerequired

toassociate.Givenfavorablecontexts,moderateamountsofalcoholapparentlyfunction

wellinfulfillingthesepurposes.Givenconsensualpractices.Moderateamountsofdrink

functionintegrativelywithinfamiliesandincommon-interestgroups.Thisisthoughtto

accountforthesurvivalofthedrinkingcustomfromearlytimes,inspiteoftheproblems

ithasengenderedandtheoppositionithasprovoked.Butindividualsandsometimes,

groups,whetherformallyorinformallyorganized,alsoindulgeinimmoderate,self-

injurious,andsociallydamagingdrinking.Thesedysfunctionalbehaviorsaccount,inpart

fortheorganizedsocietaloppositiontoanydrinking,althoughtheantagonismis

sometimesbasedinmorefundamentalperspectivesoftheanti-alcoholsentiment:alcohol

hasbeen,fromoldentimes,thefacilitatorofpleasurable,morallylax,hedonistic

behavior;assuch,ithasevokedthedispleasureandcondemnationofthosefavoring

moralstrictnessandanasceticwayoflife.

16NWhichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?

标准答案：C

知识点解析：这个短文的段落较难、较长，但关键词语是“drinking”。这个“点”要

带动一个“面第一段的大意是［C］现代社会对饮酒的不满情绪已经成为争论的焦

17^Accordingtothispassage,.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：第一段的另外一层意思为［A］。选这个答案要参见第一段和第二段的

开头几句话。

18、Intheauthor'sopinion,.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：从作者个人来看，第二段的中间内容是选［D］的依据。

19、Thepropertitleforthispassageshouldbe.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：综观全文可知，不同人持有不同的观点，故只有［A］符合题意。

20>Accordingtothepassage,thedrinkingcustomenduresbecause.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据第二段判断，饮酒的习惯之所以被保留下来是因为适度的饮酒有

助于家庭和群体的和谐。

二、完形填空（本题共20题，每题L0分，共20分。）

AlthoughacupuncturehasbeenpracticedinChinafor2,000years,itsuseintheWestern

worldisstillverynew.SeveralhospitalsintheUnitedStatesare[31]experimenting

withacupunctureasawayoftreatingpain.AnAmericanjournalist[32]stoodbesidea

patientduringanoperationinShanghairecently【33】theprocessanditseffects.To

keepthepatientfrom[34]painduringtheoperation,fourneedleswereused,each

aboutaninchandahalf[35]Twoneedleswereinsertedundertheskinoneachsideof

the[36]neck.Thetopsoftheneedles[37]attachedtowireswhichled[38]asmall

electricaldevice.Throughoutthe[39]thepatienttalkedcalmlytothosestandingaroun

him,[40]thatthefeltperfectlynormal.Atonepointhestretchedouthishandsand

movedhis[41]toestoshowthatonlyhischestandneckwereaffected.Howdoes

acupuncturework?Howisitableto[42]apatientfromfeelingpain?Novery

satisfactoryanswerhasbeengiven,butthereare[43]leastthreetheories.[44]

doctorsbelievethatacupuncturesomehowproducesaneffect[45]thecentralnervous

system.Othersbelievethatacupuncture[46]achemicalchangeinthebody'sfluids.

Stillanothertheoryisthattheneedlesmakecontact[47]anunknownsystemofenergy

inthebody[48]travelsalongcertainroutesundertheskin.Thetrueexplanationmay

beoneof[49]oracoinbiiialionofmorethanone.Ilmaybe[50]enliielydifferent.

21、

A、already

B>now

C、once

D^too

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查副词的用法。already强调某事己经发生或完成了，常和完

成日寸连用；once作“曾经”讲，与过去时连用，too通常放在句末。所以不论从语

法还是意思上分析，now都是最佳词选。

22、

A、who

B>whom

C^whose

D、whoever

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查句子结构。题空需要能引导定语从句的词来修饰其先行词。

该词在从句中作主语。whom只能在定语从句中作宾语，whose在定语从句中作形

容词，后接名词，而whoever不能引导定语从句，只有who符合题空要求。

23、

A、prescribe

display

C、demonstrate

D、describe

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查词汇。根据上下文意思，壮大国记者不可能“规

定”(prescribe)、“展示”(display)或“演示”(demonstrale)手术过程及其效果，而是对其

进行了描述(describe)。

24、

A、killing

B、stopping

C、feeling

D、treating

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本句的大意是：“为了避免病人在手术中感到疼痛"，若先［A］、［B］、

［D］项句子就不合逻辑了。

25、

A、long

B、wide

C、high

D、thick

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查词汇。用宽、高、厚来形容针(needles)不合逻辑。

26、

A、doctor's

journalist's

C、patient's

D、researcher's

标准答案：C

知识点解析：从上下文不难看出这里是在给病人扎针。

27、

A、are

were

C、being

D、would

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题测试对语法知识的掌握和运用能力。木文第二、三段都是有关过

去发生的事情，用的是过去时，不能用现在时are。按照语法规则，being不能在句

中单独作谓语动词；would后要接动词原形。所以were是使原句在时态和结构上

保持正确的惟一选择。

28、

A、with

B、on

C、in

D、to

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查介词与动词的搭配。在表达"通向…”时，动词lead后通常

用介词tOo

29、

A、experiment

research

C、operation

D、survey

标准答案：C

知识点解析："实验”(experiment)、“研究”(research)及“调查”(survey)三词用在此处

不符合上下文的意思，“手术”(operation)一词在上文中已出现两次，仔细阅读不难

选定答案c

30、

A、insisting

persevering

C、persisting

D、requiring

标准答案：A

知识点解析：persist与persevere均为不及物动词，后面不能接宾语从句(两词具体

含义在此不详述)，require意为“要求”，用在题空处不符合句意，所以［B］、［0、

［D］三个选项都是错的。采用排除法即可找到答案。

31、

A、opaque

bare

C、plain

D^bald

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题为形容词辨析题。op叫ue意为“大透明的"，bare意为“赤裸的”，

plain意为“明白的”、“简单的”等，bald意为“光秃的”。这里讲的是光着的脚趾，故

选［B］最合适。

32、

A、keep

13、make

C、take

D、hold

标准答案：A

知识点解析：短语动词tokeep.Jrom（阻止，使免于），用在该句正好符合句意。此

短语在第二段就出现过（见24题解释）。make和take虽然也能与介词from构成短

潘动词，但意思就完全不一样了（在此不详述）。

33、

A、for

B、in

C、of,

D、at

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题测试英语惯用法。alleast为惯用短语，意为“起码”、“至少”。

34、

A、No

B、Some

C>Few

D、Another

标准答案：B

知识点解析：题空若选择［A］项或［0项（均表示否定）不符合上下文逻辑，而［D］项的

another一词后应接单数名词。

35、

A、with

B、for

C、in

D、upon

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查介词与名词的搭配。名词effect后要用介词upon或者on。

36、

A^produces

manufactures

C、offers

D、exhibits

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题测试词汇的用法。produce意为“产生”、“引起"，manufaclure意

为“制造”、“加工”,offer意为“提供”、“提出”,exhibit意为“表现”、“显出”仔细辨

析词义，只有produces才能与题空后的achemicalchange搭配在一起来表达“产生

化学变化'’的意思。

37、

A、on

B、at

C、with

D、to

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查介词与名词的搭配。名词contact后使用的介词为with。

38、

A、where

which

C、when

D、who

标准答案：B

知识点解析：题空需要一个能够引导限制性定语从句的词，该词指物，故不能用

who（指人）、where（修饰表示地点的名词）、when（修饰表示时间的词）。

39、

A、this

B、that

C、it

D、these

标准答案：D

知识点解析：oneof之后的名词或代词必须是复数，故［A］、［B］、［C］三项均错。

40、

A、something

B、everything

C、anything

D、nothing

标准答案：A

知识点解析：通读全句，若选|B|项或［D］项则不符合上下文逻辑，而［C］项的

anything一词一般用于否定句，疑问句及条件句。所以，题空填something才符合

句意。

三、英译汉(本题共5题，每题7.0分，共5分。)

Inthepast,Americancollegesanduniversitieswerecreatedtoserveadualpurpose一to

advancelearningandtoofferachancetobecomefamiliarwithbodiesofknowledge

alreadydiscoveredtothosewhowishedit.Tocreateandtoimpart,thesewerethe

hallmarksofAmericanhighereducationpriortothemostrecent,tumultuousdecadesof

thetwentiethcentury.(71)Thesuccessfulinstilutionofhigherlearninghodneverbeen

onewhosemissioncouldbedefinedinlermsofprovidingvocalionalskillsorasa

strategyforresolvingsocietalDroblems.InasubtlewayAmericansbelieved

postsecondaryeducation(obeuseful,butnotnecessarilyofimmediateuse.Whatthe

studentsobtainedincollegebecamebeneficialinlaterlife-residually,withoutdirect

applicationintheperiodaftergraduation.(72)Onconedonlyberemindedofthechange

inlanguagedescribingthetwo-yearcollegetoappreciatethenewvaluecurrentlybeing

attachedtotheconceptofaservice-relateduniversity.Thetraditionaltwo-yearcollege

hassheditspejorative"junior"collegelabelandisgenerallycalleda"community"

college,aclearlyvaiueladenexpressionrepresentingthelatestcommitmentinhigher

education.(73)Evenihedoctoraldegreeslongrecognizedasarcouired"unioncard”in

theacademicworldshascomeunderseverecriticismasthepursuitoflearningforits

ownsakeandtheaccumulationofknowledgewithoutimmediateapplicationtoa

professor'sclassroomduties.Thcideaofacollegeoruniversitythatperformsatriple

function-communicatingknowledgetostudents,expandingthecontentofvarious

disciplines,andinteractinginadirectrelationshipwiththesociety—hasbeenthemost

importantchangeinhighereducationinrecentyears.Thisnoveldevelopmentisoften

overlooked.Educatorshavealwaysbeenfamiliarwiththosepartsofthetwo-yearcollege

curriculumthathavea"service"orvocationalorientation.(74)Knowingthis,otherwise

perceptivecommentariesonAmericanpostsccondaryeducationunderplaytheimpactof

theattemptofcollegesanduniversitiestorelateto,ifnotresolvestheproblemsofthe

society.Whcthcrthesubjectunderreviewisstudentunrest,facultytenure,thenatureof

thecurriculum,theonsetofcollectivebargaining,orthegrowthofcollegiate

bureaucracies,ineachinstancethethrustofthesediscussionsobscuresthelarger

meaningoftheemergenceoftheservice-universityinAmericanhighereducation.Even

thehighlyregardedcritiqueofClarkKerr,currentlyheadoftheCarnegieFoundation,

whichsettheparametersofacademicdebatearoundtheevolutionoftheso-called

"multiversity'1,failedtotakeaccountofthisphenomenonandthemannerinwhichits

fulfillmentchangedthescopeofhighereducation.Totheextentthattheideaof

"multiversity"centeredonmattersofscale—howbigistoobig?Howcomplexistoo