2025年考研英语一真题及答案解析

2025年考研英语一真题及答案解析PartIUseofEnglishThehumanbrainisamarvelofbiologicalengineering,capableofprocessingvastamountsofinformationwithremarkableefficiency.Oneofitsmostfascinatingfeaturesisneuroplasticity,thebrain'sabilitytoreorganizeitselfbyformingnewneuralconnectionsthroughoutlife.Thisabilitywasoncethoughttobelimitedtochildhood,but1researchhasshownthattheadultbrainremainsremarkablyadaptable.Thisadaptabilityisnot2;itisdrivenbyexperience,learning,andeventhoughtitself.Theprocessofneuroplasticityinvolvesboththestrengtheningofexistingconnections,knownassynapses,andthecreationofnewones.Whenwelearnanewskill,suchasplayingamusicalinstrumentorspeakingaforeignlanguage,specificneuralpathwaysare3andreinforcedthroughrepetition.Thisisoftensummarizedbythephrase"neuronsthatfiretogether,wiretogether."4,whencertainpathwaysfallintodisuse,theycanweaken—aprocesstermedsynapticpruning.Thisdynamicbalanceensuresthatthebrain'sresourcesareallocated5tothetasksweperformmostfrequently.Interestingly,neuroplasticityisnotalwaysbeneficial.Maladaptiveplasticitycanoccur,6chronicpainortinnitus,wherethebrain'sreorganizationinresponsetoinjuryorabnormalinputleadstopersistentnegativesymptoms.7,understandingthemechanismsofplasticityopensdoorstorevolutionarytherapies.Forinstance,constraint-inducedmovementtherapy,whichforcestheuseofanimpairedlimb,leveragesplasticityto8motorfunctionafterastroke.Theimplicationsofneuroplasticityextend9rehabilitation.Itunderpinsourcapacityforlifelonglearningandcognitiveresilience.Studiessuggestthatengaginginchallengingmentalactivities,maintainingsocialconnections,andregularphysicalexercisecan10amoreplasticandthushealthierbrain.Thisconcepthas11thedeterministicviewthatweareprisonersofourgeneticsorearlydevelopment.However,plasticityalsohasitslimitsand12.Thebrain'sarchitecture,whileflexible,isbuiltuponageneticblueprintthatpredisposescertainabilitiesandvulnerabilities.Moreover,therateandextentofplasticity13withage.Learninganewlanguageistypicallyeasierforachildthanforanoctogenarian,thoughnotimpossibleforthelatter.Theexplorationofneuroplasticityhasbeen14byadvancesinneuroimagingtechnologieslikefMRI.Thesetoolsallowscientiststoobservethelivingbraininaction,15structuralandfunctionalchangesovertime.Thishastransformedourunderstandingfromastaticorgantoaconstantly16landscape.Inessence,neuroplasticitypaintsapictureofthebrainasaliving,responsiveorgan,perpetuallyshapedbyouractions,environment,andthoughts.Itoffersamessageofhopeandagency:wehaveasignificantrolein17ourownbrains.Byconsciouslychoosingouractivitiesandhabits,wecan,toadegree,18ourneuralcircuitrytowardgreaterwell-beingandefficiency.Thisknowledgeempowersustomovebeyondfixedmindsetsandembracethepotentialforchangeandgrowth19ourlives.Theoldadage"Youcan'tteachanolddognewtricks"isneurologically20;thebrain,itseems,retainsalifelongcapacityforlearningandtransformation.1.A.contemporaryB.subsequentC.preliminaryD.obsolete2.A.passiveB.intrinsicC.spontaneousD.inevitable3.A.activatedB.locatedC.isolatedD.simulated4.A.ForexampleB.IncontrastC.ConverselyD.Similarly5.A.arbitrarilyB.efficientlyC.temporarilyD.reversibly6.A.asinB.suchasC.forallD.butfor7.A.MoreoverB.ThereforeC.NeverthelessD.Conversely8.A.retainB.restoreC.reserveD.restrain9.A.overB.beyondC.againstD.through10.A.fosterB.hinderC.reflectD.complicate11.A.consolidatedB.challengedC.verifiedD.preserved12.A.boundariesB.advantagesC.manifestationsD.durations13.A.intensifyB.vanishC.declineD.fluctuate14.A.impededB.accompaniedC.predictedD.revolutionized15.A.inferringfromB.compensatingforC.trackingD.initiating16.A.evolvingB.deterioratingC.stabilizingD.simplifying17.A.mappingB.scanningC.sculptingD.repairing18.A.steerB.disconnectC.hardenD.bypass19.A.beyondB.withinC.throughoutD.despite20.A.inaccurateB.propheticC.insightfulD.controversial答案与解析1.B.subsequent解析：上下文指出这种能力曾被认为仅限于童年，但“后来的”研究显示成年大脑仍具适应性。subsequent表示“随后的，后来的”，符合时间上的先后逻辑。A.contemporary（当代的）与“oncethought”时间对比不精确；C.preliminary（初步的）与已推翻的旧观点矛盾；D.obsolete（过时的）不能修饰研究。2.A.passive解析：后文“itisdrivenbyexperience...”说明适应性不是被动的，而是由经验驱动。passive（被动的）与“driven”形成直接反义对比。B.intrinsic（固有的）、C.spontaneous（自发的）、D.inevitable（不可避免的）均与“drivenbyexperience”不构成直接逻辑对立。3.A.activated解析：学习新技能时，特定的神经通路被“激活”并通过重复强化。activated（激活）是描述神经活动的准确术语。B.located（定位）、C.isolated（隔离）、D.simulated（模拟）均不能准确描述学习过程中神经通路的状态。4.C.Conversely解析：前句讲常用通路加强，本句讲不用的通路减弱，两者是相反情况。Conversely（相反地）表示对比关系。A.Forexample表示举例，B.Incontrast常用于比较不同事物的差异，D.Similarly表示相似，此处逻辑为相反而非举例或相似。5.B.efficiently解析：这种动态平衡确保大脑资源被“高效地”分配给我们最常执行的任务。efficiently（高效地）符合资源优化配置的语境。A.arbitrarily（任意地）、C.temporarily（临时地）、D.reversibly（可逆地）均不能体现这种平衡的优势。6.A.asin解析：此处表示“如……的情况”，引出“慢性疼痛或耳鸣”作为不良可塑性的具体例子。asin是固定搭配，意为“正如在……中一样”。B.suchas用于列举同类事物，但“chronicpain”是“maladaptiveplasticity”的表现/领域，非单纯列举；C.forall（尽管）、D.butfor（要不是）逻辑错误。7.C.Nevertheless解析：前句讲不良可塑性有害，本句讲理解其机制带来新疗法，语义转折。Nevertheless（然而）表转折。A.Moreover（此外）表递进，B.Therefore（因此）表因果，D.Conversely（相反地）表对比，此处是让步转折关系。8.B.restore解析：强制使用受损肢体的疗法，利用可塑性来“恢复”中风后的运动功能。restore（恢复）是康复治疗的直接目的。A.retain（保留）、C.reserve（储备）、D.restrain（抑制）均不符合治疗目标。9.B.beyond解析：神经可塑性的意义“超越”了康复领域，延伸至终身学习等。beyond（超出）表示范围上的扩展。A.over（越过，上方）、C.against（反对）、D.through（通过）均不能准确表达“延伸至更广范围”的含义。10.A.foster解析：挑战性活动等可以“促进/培育”一个更具可塑性的大脑。foster（促进，培养）是正面推动作用。B.hinder（阻碍）语义相反；C.reflect（反映）、D.complicate（使复杂化）不符合积极语境。11.B.challenged解析：神经可塑性的概念已经“挑战”了我们是基因或早期发展囚徒的决定论观点。challenged（挑战）表示对旧观念的冲击。A.consolidated（巩固）语义相反；C.verified（证实）、D.preserved（保留）均与上下文语义不符。12.A.boundaries解析：由“However”转折，且与“limits”并列，应选同义词或近义词。boundaries（边界）与limits（限制）语义最接近。B.advantages（优势）、C.manifestations（表现）、D.durations（持续时间）均不能与“limits”构成并列关系。13.C.decline解析：可塑性的程度和速率随着年龄增长而“下降”。decline（下降）符合常识及后文儿童与老人学习对比。A.intensify（加强）语义相反；B.vanish（消失）过于绝对；D.fluctuate（波动）不能准确描述随年龄变化的总体趋势。14.D.revolutionized解析：神经成像技术的进步“彻底改变”了人们对神经可塑性的探索。revolutionized（彻底变革）体现了技术带来的根本性变化。A.impeded（阻碍）语义相反；B.accompanied（伴随）程度不足；C.predicted（预测）不符合事实。15.C.tracking解析：这些工具让科学家能够观察活体大脑，并“追踪”其随时间发生的结构和功能变化。tracking（追踪）是观察动态过程的准确用词。A.inferringfrom（从……推断）、B.compensatingfor（补偿）、D.initiating（发起）均不能描述观察记录这一功能。16.A.evolving解析：将大脑理解从一个静态器官转变为一个不断“进化/演变”的图景。evolving（进化，发展）与“static”（静态的）构成直接对比，且符合神经可塑性的核心特征。B.deteriorating（恶化）、C.stabilizing（稳定）、D.simplifying（简化）均不符合上下文。17.C.sculpting解析：我们在“塑造”自己的大脑中扮演重要角色。sculpting（雕刻，塑造）是比喻性用法，生动体现了人对大脑结构的主动影响。A.mapping（绘制地图）、B.scanning（扫描）、D.repairing（修复）均不如“sculpting”贴切且富有文学性。18.A.steer解析：我们可以引导我们的神经回路朝向更健康的方向。steer（引导，驾驶）是控制方向的比喻，与“towardgreaterwell-being”搭配恰当。B.disconnect（断开）、C.harden（使变硬）、D.bypass（绕过）均不符合积极引导的语境。19.C.throughout解析：拥抱“贯穿”一生的改变和成长潜力。throughoutourlives（贯穿我们的一生）强调终身性。A.beyond（超越）、B.within（在……之内）、D.despite（尽管）均不能准确表达“生命全程”的概念。20.A.inaccurate解析：从神经学上看，这句老话是“不准确的”。inaccurate（不准确的）直接对应前文“thebrainretainsalifelongcapacity”的观点。B.prophetic（预言的）、C.insightful（有深刻见解的）、D.controversial（有争议的）均不能与上文结论形成直接呼应。PartIIReadingComprehensionSectionAText1Inaneraofdigitalabundance,whereentertainmentandinformationareavailableatthetapofascreen,aquietcounter-movementisgainingtraction:thepursuitofboredom.Onceuniversallymalignedasastatetobeavoided,strategicboredomisnowbeingreevaluatedbypsychologistsandproductivityexpertsasapotentialcatalystforcreativityandmentalrestoration.Themodernworldisengineeredtoeliminatedowntime.Smartphonesprovideendlessstreamsofnotifications,socialmediafeedsareperpetuallyrefreshed,andon-demandservicescatertooureverywhim.Thisconstantengagement,however,comesatacognitivecost.Researchersarguethatourbrainshavetwoprimarymodesofoperation:thetask-positivenetwork,activatedwhenwefocusonexternalgoals,andthedefaultmodenetwork(DMN),whichkicksinwhenweareatrest,daydreaming,or,notably,bored.TheDMNiscrucialforintrospection,consolidatingmemories,andgeneratingnovelideas.Whenwefilleverysparemomentwithdigitalinput,westifletheDMN,potentiallyimpoverishingourinnermentallife.Experimentshaveshownthatindividualssubjectedtobriefperiodsofboredom—suchassittinginaroomwithnothingbutablankwalltolookat—oftenperformbetteronsubsequenttestsofcreativethinkingthanthosewhowereallowedtoengagewiththeirphones.Boredom,itseems,createsamildaversivestatethatthemindseekstoescapebygeneratingitsownstimulation,leadingtodivergentthinkingandunexpectedconnections.Historicalanecdotesabound:Archimedes'famous"Eureka!"momentinthebath,orNewtondevelopinghistheoriesduringayearofisolationfromCambridgeduetotheplague.Thesewereperiodsofforceddisengagementthatallowedfordeepcognitiveprocessing.Embracingboredomdoesnotmeanadvocatingfortotalidlenessormonotony.Rather,itisaboutintentionallycarvingout"nothing"time,periodsfreefromstructuredactivityandexternalstimulation.Thiscouldbeaquietwalkwithoutheadphones,waitinginlinewithoutpullingoutaphone,orsimplystaringoutawindow.Thegoalistoallowthemindtowander,tomeanderthroughassociativepathwayswithoutaspecificdestination.Inthesespaces,thesubconsciouscanworkonproblemsthatfocusedattentioncannotsolve.Criticsmightarguethatinaworldwithpressingissues,promotingboredomisaluxuryoranabdicationofproductivity.Proponentscounterthatitispreciselyanefficiencymeasure.Byallowingthebrainnecessarydowntime,wepreventburnout,enhancelong-termcreativity,andreturntofocusedtaskswithrenewedclarityandvigor.Itisarecalibration,acknowledgingthathumancognitionisnotamachinetoberunincessantly,butarhythmicsystemrequiringbothengagementanddisengagement.Ultimately,thereclamationofboredomisanactofcognitiveresistance.Itisaconsciouschoicetostepoffthehamsterwheelofperpetualconsumptionandproductivity,tomakeroomfortheunstructured,thequiet,andtheseeminglyunproductive.Indoingso,wemightnotonlyrediscoverthetextureofourownthoughtsbutalsounlockthecreativeinsightsthatliedormantinthespacesbetweenourbusyness.21.AccordingtoParagraph1,thecurrentviewonboredomisthatitis________.A)aharmfulstatetobeeliminatedbytechnologyB)apotentialdriverforinnovationandmentalrecoveryC)asignoflazinessinthemodernsocietyD)aninevitableresultofinformationoverload22.Theconstantengagementwithdigitaldevicesmayinhibit________.A)thetask-positivenetworkB)thedefaultmodenetworkC)thecognitiveprocessingspeedD)theabilitytohandlenotifications23.ExperimentsmentionedinParagraph3suggestthatboredomcan________.A)improvefocusedattentiononexternaltasksB)reducedependenceontechnologicalstimulationC)enhanceperformanceincreativethinkingtasksD)triggerfeelingsofaversionandanxiety24.Thephrase"carvingout'nothing'time"(Paragraph4)mostprobablymeans________.A)schedulingperiodsofintenseworkB)eliminatingallformsofentertainmentC)intentionallycreatingtimefreefromexternalstimuliD)engaginginstructuredleisureactivities25.Whatisthemainargumentoftheproponentsofstrategicboredom?A)Itisaluxurythatonlyafewcanafford.B)Itleadstoapermanentstateofidleness.C)Itisessentialforlong-termcognitiveefficiency.D)Itsolvespressingissuesthroughsubconsciouswork.答案与解析21.B)apotentialdriverforinnovationandmentalrecovery解析：第一段明确指出，战略性的无聊正被重新评估，是创造力（creativity）和精神恢复（mentalrestoration）的潜在催化剂（catalyst）。B项是对此的同义转述。A项是过去的普遍看法（universallymaligned）；C项文中未提及；D项是现象，非对无聊的看法。22.B)thedefaultmodenetwork(DMN)解析：第二段最后一句明确指出，当我们用数字输入填满每一刻时，我们抑制（stifle）了默认模式网络（DMN）。因此，持续的数字化参与会抑制DMN。A项，数字设备使用可能激活任务积极网络；C、D项非第二段讨论的直接抑制对象。23.C)enhanceperformanceincreativethinkingtasks解析：第三段首句明确说明，经历短暂无聊的个体在后续的创造性思维测试中表现更好（performbetteronsubsequenttestsofcreativethinking）。C项是此发现的直接概括。A项，无聊促进的是发散思维，而非对外部任务的专注；B项是可能的结果，但非实验直接证明；D项是无聊产生的状态，但非实验强调的结果。24.C)intentionallycreatingtimefreefromexternalstimuli解析：根据第四段上下文，“carvingout'nothing'time”后接的解释是“periodsfreefromstructuredactivityandexternalstimulation”（没有结构化活动和外部刺激的时间）。因此，其含义是“有意创造不受外部刺激的时间”。A、D项与“freefromstructuredactivity”矛盾；B项“消除所有娱乐”过于绝对。25.C)Itisessentialforlong-termcognitiveefficiency.解析：第五段中，支持者反驳批评时指出，这正是一种效率措施（efficiencymeasure），并说明其好处：防止倦怠、增强长期创造力、以更新的清晰度和活力回归任务。因此，其主要论点是战略性无聊对长期认知效率至关重要。A项是批评者的观点；B项与支持者主张的“非提倡完全懒散”相悖；D项“解决紧迫问题”文中未明确支持。Text2Theriseofplant-basedmeatalternatives,fromBeyondBurgerstoImpossibleNuggets,representsoneofthemostsignificantshiftsintheglobalfoodindustryinrecentdecades.Marketedassustainable,ethical,andhealthy,theseproductshavecapturedtheimaginationofconsumersandinvestorsalike.However,acloserexaminationrevealsacomplexpicturewhereenvironmentalandnutritionalpromisesarenotalwaysasstraightforwardastheyappear.Proponentshighlightthesubstantialenvironmentalbenefitsofreducingrelianceonanimalagriculture.Livestockfarmingisamajorcontributortogreenhousegasemissions,deforestation,andwaterconsumption.Plant-basedalternatives,typicallymadefrompeaprotein,soy,orwheatgluten,generallyhavealowercarbonandwaterfootprintperunitofproteinproduced.Thisisacompellingargumentfortheirroleinamoresustainablefoodsystem.Yet,theenvironmentalcalculusisnuanced.Theproductionofkeyingredientslikepeaproteinisolateorheme(themoleculethatgivesImpossibleMeatits"bloody"taste)involvesintensiveindustrialprocessing.Theseprocessesrequireenergy,water,andotherinputs.Alife-cycleassessmentcomparingaplant-basedburgertoaconventionalbeefburgermightshowclearadvantagesfortheformer,butthegapnarrowswhencomparedtobeeffromlow-impact,regenerativegrazingsystems.Furthermore,themonoculturefarmingofsoyorpeascanleadtosoildegradationandbiodiversitylossifnotmanagedresponsibly.Thesustainabilityclaim,therefore,dependsheavilyonsupplychainpracticesandagriculturalmethods.Onthenutritionalfront,thepictureissimilarlymixed.Whilethesealternativesarefreefromcholesterolandoftenlowerinsaturatedfatthantheiranimalcounterparts,theyarealsofrequentlyhighinsodiumandsaturatedfatfromcoconutoil,usedtomimicthemouthfeelofanimalfat.Theyareultra-processedfoods,containingnumerousadditives,flavorings,andtexturizerstoachievethedesiredtasteandtexture.Somenutritionistsarguethatadietcenteredonwholeplantfoods—beans,lentils,tofu,vegetables—isinherentlyhealthierthanonereliantonprocessedsubstitutes,regardlessoftheirplant-basedorigin.Thesocialandeconomicdimensionsarealsocritical.Thenarrativeofethicalconsumptioncansometimesoverlookthelivelihoodsoftraditionalfarmersandranchers,whosepracticesmayalreadybesustainable.Ajusttransitionfortheseworkersisessential.Moreover,thehighcostofmanyplant-basedalternativesputsthemoutofreachforlow-incomeconsumers,potentiallycreatingadividewheresustainableeatingbecomesaprivilege.Theinnovationbehindplant-basedmeatsisundeniableandholdspromisefordiversifyingproteinsources.However,uncriticalcelebrationispremature.Theyarenotasilverbulletfortheplanet'sorourpersonalhealthwoes.Atrulysustainableandhealthyfoodfuturelikelyinvolvesadiversifiedapproach:reducingoverallmeatconsumption,supportingregenerativeanimalagriculturewhereappropriate,increasingintakeofwholeplantfoods,andviewinghighlyprocessedplant-basedalternativesasoccasionalconveniencesratherthandietarystaples.Thechallengeliesinnavigatingthesecomplexitieswithoutfallingforsimplisticmarketingnarratives.26.Theprimaryreasonforpromotingplant-basedmeatalternativesistheir________.A)superiortasteandtextureB)lowerproductioncostC)perceivedenvironmentalbenefitsD)convenienceofpreparation27.AccordingtoParagraph3,theenvironmentaladvantageofplant-basedmeatsmaybereducedwhen________.A)comparedtobeeffromregenerativegrazingB)producedonalargeindustrialscaleC)theiringredientsaregrownorganicallyD)theyreplacepoultryinsteadofbeef28.Whatisanutritionalconcernregardingmanyplant-basedmeatalternatives?A)Theylackessentialaminoacids.B)Theyarehighinsodiumandsaturatedfat.C)Theyaredeficientinvitamins.D)Theycontainartificialcholesterol.29.Theauthormentions"traditionalfarmersandranchers"tohighlightthe________.A)superiorsustainabilityoftheirmethodsB)potentialsocialcostofdietaryshiftsC)needforthemtoadoptnewtechnologiesD)ethicalsuperiorityofplant-baseddiets30.Whatistheauthor'soverallattitudetowardplant-basedmeatalternatives?A)Stronglyendorsingandoptimistic.B)Scepticalanddismissive.C)Cautiouslybalancedandnuanced.D)Indifferentandnoncommittal.答案与解析26.C)perceivedenvironmentalbenefits解析：第二段首句指出，支持者强调减少对畜牧业依赖的巨大环境效益，并具体说明畜牧业的问题及植物基产品的较低环境足迹。这是推广的主要理由。A、B、D项在文中未作为主要推广理由被强调。27.A)comparedtobeeffromregenerativegrazing解析：第三段明确指出，与传统的牛肉汉堡相比，植物基汉堡有明显优势，但与来自低影响、再生放牧系统的牛肉相比时，这种差距会缩小（thegapnarrowswhencomparedtobeeffromlow-impact,regenerativegrazingsystems）。B、C、D项均未在文中作为削弱环境优势的具体比较条件提及。28.B)Theyarehighinsodiumandsaturatedfat.解析：第四段第二句明确指出，它们也经常高钠和含有来自椰子油的饱和脂肪。这是直接提到的营养担忧。A项（缺乏必需氨基酸）、C项（缺乏维生素）文中未提及；D项，它们不含胆固醇，文中明确说明。29.B)potentialsocialcostofdietaryshifts解析：第五段提到，伦理消费的叙事有时会忽视传统农民和牧场主的生计，并指出对这些工人的公正过渡至关重要。因此，作者提及他们是为了强调饮食转变可能带来的社会成本（生计问题）。A项，文中只说“其做法可能已经是可持续的”，并非断言其更优越；C、D项非作者意图。30.C)Cautiouslybalancedandnuanced.解析：全文结构上，作者既承认植物基肉类的创新和潜在环境效益（第二段），又详细分析了其在环境、营养、社会经济方面的复杂性和局限性（第三、四、五段），最后提出多元化解决方案，认为它们不是万能药。整体态度是谨慎、平衡、具有细微差别的。A项“强烈支持”过于片面；B项“怀疑和轻视”忽略了作者肯定的部分；D项“漠不关心”不符合全文深入讨论的特征。SectionBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions31-35,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedgaps.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichyoudonotneedtouse.Theconceptof"degrowth"hasmovedfromthefringesofecologicaleconomicsintomainstreampolicydebates.Incontrasttosustainabledevelopment,whichaimstodecoupleeconomicgrowthfromenvironmentalharm,degrowthadvocatesarguethatsuchdecouplingisinsufficientandthatadvancedeconomiesneedaplanned,equitabledownscalingofproductionandconsumption.(31)______.ItisacritiqueofthepursuitofendlessGDPexpansiononafiniteplanet.Proponentsenvisionasocietywherewell-beingisnottiedtomaterialthroughput.Thiswouldinvolveshorterworkingweeks,universalbasicservices,andashiftfromownershiptoaccess(e.g.,throughtoollibrariesandcar-sharingschemes).Thegoalistoreduceecologicalpressurewhileimprovingqualityoflifethroughstrongercommunities,moreleisuretime,andgreatereconomicsecurity.(32)______.Forinstance,astudymodelingtheCanadianeconomyfoundthatreducingworkinghourscouldlowercarbonemissionssignificantlywithoutcausingasurgeinunemployment,ifaccompaniedbysupportivepolicies.Critics,however,raiseformidableobjections.Themostcommonisthatdegrowthwouldtriggereconomiccollapse,massunemployment,andsocialunrest.Theyarguethatoursocialsystems,frompensionstohealthcare,arefundedbygrowth.(33)______.Otherspointoutthatpovertyreductionindevelopingnationsstillrequireseconomicgrowth,andthatdegrowthintheGlobalNorthcouldnegativelyimpacttheSouththroughtradeandinvestmentchannels.(34)______.Theycontendthatthecurrentgrowth-dependentsystemisalreadyfailing,citingrisinginequality,politicalinstability,andecologicalbreakdown.Amanagedcontraction,theyargue,ispreferabletoanuncontrolledcollapse.Theyalsoemphasizethatdegrowthisprimarilyforwealthy,high-consumptionnations,notforthosestillmeetingbasicneeds.Implementingdegrowthposesprofoundpoliticalandpracticalchallenges.Itdirectlyconfrontspowerfulinterestsvestedinthegrowthparadigm.(35)______.Somemunicipalitiesareexperimentingwithconceptslike"doughnuteconomics,"whichseekstomeettheneedsofallwithinplanetaryboundaries,offeringpotentialpathwaysforlocalimplementation.A.Withoutit,theyclaim,societalstabilitywouldbeundermined.B.Degrowthisnotsynonymouswithrecession,whichisanunplanned,sociallypainfulcontractionoccurringwithinagrowth-basedsystem.C.Furthermore,technologicalinnovationisseenastheonlyviablepathtoenvironmentalsustainability.D.Researchintopost-growtheconomicmodelsprovidessomeempiricalsupportfortheseideas.E.Supportersofdegrowthrespondthatthesecriticismsmistakethenatureoftheproposal.F.Therefore,aglobalagreementonconsumptionlimitsisseenasthefirstnecessarystep.G.Yet,grassrootsmovementsandlocalpolicyexperimentsarebeginningtotranslatetheoryintopractice.答案与解析31.B解析：空格前介绍“degrowth”是有计划、公平的缩减，以区别于可持续发展。空格后是对GDP无限扩张的批判。B项明确指出“Degrowthisnotsynonymouswithrecession”（去增长不等于衰退），并解释衰退是无计划的、痛苦的，这正好承接了前文对“planned,equitable”的强调，并与后文的批判形成逻辑衔接，澄清了概念。32.D解析：空格前描述去增长社会的愿景和目标，空格后以加拿大的研究为例（Forinstance）。因此，空格处需要一个能引出具体研究例子的概括句。D项“对后增长经济模型的研究为这些想法提供了一些实证支持”是总起句，后面的加拿大研究正是其实证例子。33.A解析：空格前是批评者的观点：我们的社会系统（养老金、医疗）依赖增长提供资金。A项“Withoutit,theyclaim,societalstabilitywouldbeundermined.”（他们声称，没有增长，社会稳定将被破坏）是前文逻辑的自然延伸和结果，其中“it”指代“growth”，衔接紧密。34.E解析：第三段讲批评者的反对意见，空格后出现“Theycontendthat...”（他们主张……），且内容是为去增长辩护，反驳批评者。因此，空格处需要一个过渡句，表明从批评者观点转向支持者的回应。E项“去增长的支持者回应说，这些批评误解了该提议的本质”完美承上启下。35.G解析：空格前讲实施去增长面临挑战，直接对抗现有利益集团。空格后讲一些城市正在试验。G项“然而，草根运动和地方政策实验正开始将理论付诸实践”以“Yet”形成转折，从挑战转向积极的实践尝试，并引出后文的具体例子。SectionCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationontheANSWERSHEET.TheEnlightenment,anintellectualandphilosophicalmovementthatdominatedEuropeinthe17thand18thcenturies,isoftencreditedwithlayingthefoundationalideasformodernWesternsociety.(36)Itsthinkers,suchasVoltaire,Rousseau,andKant,championedreason,individualism,andskepticismtowardtraditionalauthority,plantingtheseedsforrevolutionsinscience,politics,andhumanrights.Themovement'slegacy,however,isasubjectofintensedebateamongcontemporaryhistoriansandphilosophers.(37)Ononehand,theEnlightenment'semphasisonrationalinquiryandempiricalevidenceundeniablypropelledtheScientificRevolutionandthedevelopmentofdemocraticideals.Itchallengedthedogmaofchurchandmonarchy,advocatingforfreedomsofspeech,religion,andthepress.TheveryconceptofuniversalhumanrightsfindsitsphilosophicalrootsinEnlightenmentthought.(38)Theseprinciples,thoughimperfectlyandunevenlyapplied,havebecomecornerstonesofliberaldemocraciesandhaveinspiredcountlessmovementsforsocialjusticeacrosstheglobe.Ontheotherhand,criticsarguethattheEnlightenment'snarrativeofprogresswasoftenexclusionaryandEurocentric.(39)Itsuniversalizingclaimsabout"mankind"and"reason"frequentlymaskedtheprejudicesofitspredominantlywhite,male,andbourgeoisproponents.Thefaithinlinearprogressandthedominationofnature,somecontend,providedanintellectualframeworkforcolonialism,environmentalexploitation,andoppressivesocialengineering.Furthermore,thehyper-rationalityitespousedisseenbysomeashavingmarginalizedotherwaysofknowing,suchasemotion,tradition,andindigenouswisdom.(40)AmorenuancedunderstandingacknowledgestheEnlightenmentasacomplex,multifacetedphenomenonwhoseeffectsaresimultaneouslyliberatingandlimiting.Itgaveuspowerfultoolsforcritiqueandemancipationbutalsoembeddedcertainblindspotsandhierarchieswithinmodernthought.Reconcilingthisduallegacyisperhapstheongoingtaskofthecontemporaryworld:toharnessthecriticalpowerofreasonwhileremainingvigilantagainstitspotentialforarroganceandexclusion.翻译36.其思想家，如伏尔泰、卢梭和康德，倡导理性、个人主义以及对传统权威的怀疑，为科学、政治和人权领域的革命播下了种子。（解析：championed译为“倡导”；skepticismtoward译为“对……的怀疑”；plantingtheseedsfor译为“为……播下种子”。）37.一方面，启蒙运动对理性探究和经验证据的重视，无疑推动了科学革命和民主理想的发展。（解析：Ononehand译为“一方面”；emphasison译为“对……的重视”；propelled译为“推动”。）38.这些原则，尽管应用得不完善且不均衡，已成为自由民主的基石，并激发了全球无数社会正义运动。（解析：thoughimperfectlyandunevenlyapplied作为插入状语，译为“尽管应用得不完善且不均衡”；cornerstones译为“基石”；inspired译为“激发”。）39.它关于“人类”和“理性”的普世主张，常常掩盖了其以白人、男性和资产阶级为主的倡导者们的偏见。（解析：universalizingclaims译为“普世主张”；masked译为“掩盖”；predominantly译为“为主的”。注意“itsproponents”的所属关系译为“……的倡导者们”。）40.一种更为细致的理解将启蒙运动视为一个复杂、多面的现象，其影响既是解放性的，也是局限性的。（解析：nuanced译为“细致的”；acknowledges…as译为“将……视为”；multifaceted译为“多面的”；simultaneouslyliberatingandlimiting译为“既是解放性的，也是局限性的”。）PartIIIWritingSectionADirections:Supposeyouareamemberofyouruniversity'slibrarycommittee.Thecommitteehasdecidedtosolicitsuggestionsfromstudentsforimprovinglibraryservices.Writeanoticeto1)informst