汽车英语-第五版-Unit 3 Lubrication and Cooling System、Unit 4 Introduction to train

汽车英语（第五版）AutomobileEnglishUnit3LubricationandCoolingSystemUnit3LubricationandCoolingSystemPassageALubricationSystemTheenginelubricationsystemisdesignedtodelivercleanengineoilatthecorrecttemperatureandpressuretoeverypartoftheengineandtoreducefrictionbetweenthesurfacesofthemovingpartswhichrubagainsteachother.Thelubricationsystemmainlyconsistsofoilpump,engineoil,oilfilter,oilscreenandoilpan.SeeFigure3-1.Figure3-1Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemAnoilpumpbeingtheheartofthesystemislocatedintheoilpanonthebottomoftheengine.Thepumpisconnectedbyawormgeartoeitherthecrankshaftorthecamshaft.Inthisway,whentheengineisturning,theoilpumpispumping.Mostoilpumpshavetwosmallgearsthatmeshwitheachother,seeFigure3-2.Apressure-regulatorvalveinthepumpisusedtopreventthelubricationsystemfromreachingtoohighapressure.Theoilpumppullsoilupfromtheoilpanandmakestheengineoilcirculatethroughtheengine.EngineOilEngineoilisoftenreferredtoasthelifebloodofanautomobileengine,seeFigure3-3.Anenginerunningwithoutoilwillbejustlikeahumanwithoutblood.

Figure3-2Figure3-3OilPumpPassageALubricationSystemUnit3LubricationandCoolingSystemEngineoilhasseveralimportantjobsintheengine.Itmustbecirculatedbetweenmovingenginepartstopreventmetal-to-metalcontact.Withoutoil,metal-to-metalcontactproduceswear.Oilbetweenmovingpartsallowsthemtomoveeasily,withlessfriction.Thelessthefrictionofanengine,themorepoweritcandevelop.Thecirculatingoilalsocoolstheenginebycarryingheatawayfromhotenginecomponents,andcleansorflushesdirtanddepositsofftheengineparts.Oilcirculatingonthecylinderwallssealstherings,improvingtheengine’scompression.PassageALubricationSystemUnit3LubricationandCoolingSystemOilFilterIfengineoilisthelifebloodofanautomobileengine,thentheoilfilter(Figure3-4)istheliver.Liketheliver,theoilfiltertakesindirtyoilandremovestheparticulatesandcrud.Thisdamagingcrudremainstrappedinthefiltermediaandtheoilfilterreturnsthecleanoilbackintotheengine.Inadditiontoprovidingessentialenginelubricationoil,itisalsoimportantforscrubbingtheinsideoftheengineclean.Changingtheoilfilteronaregularintervalgivestheengineafreshtransfusionforalongerlife.Figure3-4PassageALubricationSystemUnit3LubricationandCoolingSystemOilScreenTheoilpumppullsoilupfromtheoilpanthroughtheoilscreen.Theoilscreen(Figure3-5)collectsanylargeparticlesofdirtsothattheoilenteringthepumpisfairlyclean.Thepumpthendirectstheoilthroughanoilfilter,whichstrainsanyremainingdirtoutoftheoil,astheoilenteringtheenginelubricationpassagesshouldbeclean.

Figure3-5PassageALubricationSystemUnit3LubricationandCoolingSystemOilPan

Solongasenginesrequireengineoilforthemtorunsmoothly,engineswillbeequippedwithoilpanstoactasstorageforsuchengineoil，seeFigure3-6.Therefore,themainfunctionoftheoilpanistostoretheengineoilbeforeitispumpedbackagaintothevariousengineparts.PassageALubricationSystemUnit3LubricationandCoolingSystemMostengineoilpanshavebafflesthathelpcontroltheflowdirectionoftheoil,bringingitclosetotheoilpumpforeasiercirculation.Oilpansareoftenmadefromthinsteelsheetwithacoatofalloymaterialsthatallowtheengineoiltocoolfaster.Further,mostoilpansareequippedwithmagneticdrainplugsthatnotonlyallowtheexitofoldoiloutofthepan,butalsoattractsthemetalfragmentsthatmixwiththeoil.Twomethodsforlubricationareusedtocirculateoilthroughanengine:pressurelubricationandsplashlubrication.Inmodernenginedesigns,thesetwomethodsareoftencombined.Pressureisdevelopedbytheoilpump,whichdeliversoiltothefilterforcleaningbeforeitissenttothecamshaftandvalvetraincomponentsatthetopoftheengine.Othercomponentsarelubricatedbysplashingoilandbyanet-workofpassages.PassageALubricationSystemNotes1.Thisdamagingcrudremainstrappedinthefiltermediaandtheoilfilterreturnsthecleanoilbackintotheengine.全句为并列句。句中remains用作系动词，与returns为并列关系。此句可译为：有害杂质被留在过滤芯中，机油滤清器将洁净的机油送回发动机中。2.Mostengineoilpanshavebafflesthathelpcontroltheflowdirectionoftheoil,bringingitclosetotheoilpumpforeasiercirculation.本句是由that引导的一个定语从句，修饰的先行词是baffles。此句译为：大多数发动机油底壳都有折流板来控制机油流动方向，使机油接近机油泵以便更好地循环。3.Further,mostoilpansareequippedwithmagneticdrainplugsthatnotonlyallowtheexitofoldoiloutofthepan,butalsoattractthemetalfragmentsthatmixwiththeoil.全句为定语从句。句中有两处应用了定语从句，引导词均为that；第一处that修饰的先行词为magneticdrainplugs；第二处that修饰的先行词为themetalfragments。此句译为：此外，大多数油底壳都有磁力放油塞，不仅可以将旧机油排出油底壳，还可以吸住与机油混在一起的金属屑。Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemNotes4.Pressureisdevelopedbytheoilpump,whichdeliversoiltotheoilfilterforcleaningbeforeitissenttothecamshaftandvalvetraincomponentsatthetopoftheengine.本句为非限制性定语从句。连词which修饰Pressureisdevelopedbytheoilpump；句中it代指oil。此句译为：机油泵产生压力，将机油输送到机油滤清器过滤，再输送到发动机顶部的凸轮轴和气门机构部件中润滑。

Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemNewWordslubricate['lu:brikeit]v.润滑，涂油filter['filtə]n.筛选，滤波器，过滤器reduce[ri'dju:s]v.减少，分解，减低circulate['sə:kjuleit]v.循环，流通，（使）流传lifeblood[ˈlaɪfblʌd]n.血液，活力源泉，生命线flush[flʌʃ]v.冲洗dirt[də:t]n.污垢，泥土deposit[dɪˈpɑːzɪt]n.沉淀,沉积物liver['livə]n.肝脏particulate[pə'tikjulit]n.微粒子，微粒，微尘crud[krʌd]n.杂质，掺和物，脏东西Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemNewWordsscrub[skrʌb]v.使净化,用力擦洗baffle['bæfl]n.折流板（或挡板）transfusion[træns'fju:ʒən]n.输血，输液trap[træp]v.收集，截留interval['intəvəl]n.间隔drain[drein]n.排水，排水管fragment['frægmənt]n.碎片，屑，断片splash[splæʃ]v.飞溅，溅起

n.飞溅，溅的水Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemPhrasesandExpressionslubricationsystem润滑系统oilpump机油泵，油泵engineoil发动机润滑油oilfilter机油滤清器oilscreen滤油网sheetsteel薄钢板wormgear蜗轮传动装置，蜗轮pressureregulatorvalve压力调节阀，调压阀filtermedia滤料，过滤介质drainplug放油塞，排泄螺塞pressurelubrication压力润滑splashlubrication飞溅润滑Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemEXERCISE1Matchthewordorphrasewiththemaintenancetool.—1——2——3—

—4——5—

—6—A.PistonRingFileB.GrippingPlierC.TorqueWrenchD.Cylinder

Compressor

GaugeE.Piston

Ring

ToolF.AirRatchetDCBEFAUnit3LubricationandCoolingSystemEXERCISE2TranslatethefollowingphrasesintoChineseorEnglish.1.lubricationsystem

____________________2.________________ 机油滤清器3.oilscreen_____________________

4.________________压力调节阀5.splashlubrication_____________________

6.________________发动机润滑油7.oilpump

_____________________

8.________________放油塞/排泄螺塞9.reservetank_____________________

10._______________压力润滑润滑系统oilfilter滤油网pressureregulatorvalve飞溅润滑engineoil机油泵/油泵drainplug储液罐，冷却液罐pressurelubricationUnit3LubricationandCoolingSystemEXERCISE3Thefollowingaresomeexpressionsforthefamousbrands.MatchthefollowingbrandsinColumnAwiththeirChineseequivalentsinColumnB.Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemAB1.A.Daewoo2.B.Dodge3.C.FiatDFAEXERCISE34.D.Citroen5.E.Ford6.F.Dacia7.G.GalloperHBJCUnit3LubricationandCoolingSystemEXERCISE3Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystem8.H.Daihatsu9.I.Honda10.J.FerrariEGIPassageBCoolingSystemThepurposeoftheengine’scoolingsystemistoremoveexcessheatfromtheengine,tokeeptheengineoperatingatitsmostefficienttemperature,andtogettheengineuptothecorrecttemperatureassoonaspossibleafterstarting.Ideally,thecoolingsystemkeepstheenginerunningatitsmostefficienttemperaturenomatterwhattheoperatingconditionsare.Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemThebasiccomponentsofacoolingsystemareradiator,radiatorcoolingfans,pressurecapandreservetank,waterpump,andthermostat，seeFigure3-7.Figure3-7RadiatorTheradiatorisadevicedesignedtodissipatetheheatwhichthecoolanthasabsorbedfromtheengine.Itholdsalargeamountofwaterintubesincontactwiththeatmosphere.Itusuallyconsistsofaradiatorcore,withitswater-carryingtubesandlargecoolingarea,whichareconnectedtoaninlettankandanoutlettank，seeFigure3-8.Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystem

Figure3-8RadiatorCollingFanMountedonthebackoftheradiatorareoneortwoelectricfansinsideahousingthatisdesignedtoprotectfingersandtodirecttheairflow,seeFigure3-9.

Thesefansaretheretokeeptheairflowgoingthroughtheradiatorwhilethecarisgoingoritstopswiththeenginerunning.

Ifthesefansstoppedworking,everytimeyoucametoastop,theenginetemperaturewouldbeginrising.

PassageBCoolingSystemTheelectricfansarecontrolledbythevehicle’scomputer.

Atemperaturesensormonitorsenginetemperatureandsendsthisinformationtothecomputer.

Thecomputerdeterminesifthefanshouldbeturnedonandactuatesthefanrelayifadditionalairflowthroughtheradiatorisnecessary.Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystem

Figure3-9PassageBCoolingSystemPressureCapandReserveTankTheradiatorpressurecap(Figure3-10)isasimpledevicethatwillmaintainpressureinthecoolingsystemuptoacertainpoint.

Ifthepressurebuildsuphigherthanthesetpressurepoint,thereisaspringloadedvalvethatreleasesthepressuretopreventlossofcoolantandtoinsurethatthecoolantwillreturntotheradiatorfromthecoolantreservetank.Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystem

Figure3-10PassageBCoolingSystemThereservetank(Figure3-11)alsocalledexpansiontank,hasafilleropening,acapandanoverflowopentotheatmosphere.Withthissystem,theradiatorisnormallycompletelyfull.Whenthecoolantintheengineexpandsandisforcedoutoftheradiator,itoverflowsintothereservetank.Whentheenginecoolsdownandthecoolantcontracts,thevacuumdrawsthecoolantfromthereservetankbackintotheradiator,thuskeepingitfull.Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystem

Figure3-11PassageBCoolingSystemWaterPumpAwaterpumpisasimpledevicethatwillkeepthecoolantmovingaslongastheengineisrunning,seeFigure3-12.

Itisusuallymountedinthefrontoftheengineandturnswhenevertheengineisrunning.

Thewaterpumpisdrivenbytheenginethroughoneofthefanbeltorthetimingbelt.Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystem

Figure3-12Thewaterpumpisusuallymadeofcastironorcastaluminum.

Thereisagaskettosealthewaterpumptotheengineblockandpreventtheflowingcoolantfromleakingoutwherethepumpisattachedtotheblock.PassageBCoolingSystemThermostatThethermostatissimplyavalvethatmeasuresthetemperatureofthecoolant,seeFigure3-13.Ifthecoolantishotenough,thethermostatopenstoallowittoflowthroughtheradiator.

Ifthecoolantisnothotenough,theflowtotheradiatorisblockedandthefluidisdirectedtoabypasssystemthatallowsthecoolanttoreturndirectlytotheengine.Thethermostatisusuallylocatedinthefront,toppartoftheengineinawateroutlethousing.Italsoservesastheconnectionpointfortheupperradiatorhose.

Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemFigure3-13PassageBCoolingSystemUnit3LubricationandCoolingSystemBypassSystemThebypasssystemallowsthecoolanttokeepmovingthroughtheenginetobalancethetemperatureandavoidhotspots.

Becauseflowtotheradiatorisblocked,theenginewillreachoperatingtemperaturesoonerand,onacoldday,willallowtheheatertobeginsupplyinghotairtotheinteriormorequickly.PassageBCoolingSystemUnit3LubricationandCoolingSystemHowCoolingSystemWorksThecoolantfollowsapaththattakesitfromthewaterpump,throughpassagesinsidetheengineblockwhereitcollectstheheatproducedbythecylinders.

Itthenflowsuptothecylinderheadwhereitcollectsmoreheatfromthecombustionchambers.

Itthenflowsoutpastthethermostatthroughtheupperradiatorhoseandintotheradiator.

Thecoolantflowsthroughthethintubesoftheradiatorandiscooledbytheairflowthroughtheradiator.

Fromthere,itflowsoutoftheradiator,throughthelowerradiatorhoseandbacktothewaterpump.

Bythistime,thecoolantiscooledoffandreadytocollectmoreheatfromtheengine,seeFigure3-14.Figure3-14PassageBCoolingSystemNewWordsexcess['ekses]a.过量的ideally[ai'diəli]ad.理想地，完美地radiator['reidieitə]n.散热器thermostat['θə:məstæt]n.恒温器，节温器reserve[ri'zə:v]n.预备品，储存stream[stri:m]n.流，水流housing['hauziŋ]n.外壳，外罩，防护罩monitor['mɔnitə]n.监视器

v.监视，监听，监督actuate['æktjueit]v.促使，起动，激励release[ri'li:s]v.释放insure[in'ʃuə]v.保险，确保contract[kən'trækt]v.缩短，缩小，收缩fluid['flu(:)id]n.流体，液体seal[si:l]v.密封bypass['baɪpɑːs]n.旁通管，旁路，迂回路Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemPhrasesandExpressionsradiatorcoolingfan散热器冷却扇pressurecap压力盖reservetank储液罐，冷却液罐，备用水箱expansiontank膨胀水箱waterpump水泵radiatorcore散热器芯fanrelay风扇继电器pressurepoint压力点airflow气流，空气流，风流springloadedvalve弹簧阀，弹簧加载阀bypasssystem旁路系统Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemEXERCISE4Abbreviationsareveryusefulinpracticalwork.DoyouknowthefollowingEnglishabbreviationsyouoftencomeacrossinhandlingautomotivematerials?ReadthemandthentranslatethemintocorrespondingChineseterms.1.CC CoolantControlled

________________2.LO LubricatingOil

________________3.LLC LongLifeCoolant

________________4.LOP Lubricating–oilPump

________________5.ODI OilDrainIntervals

________________6.OLB Oil-lubricatedBearing

________________冷却液温控润滑油长效冷却液润滑油泵机油更换间隔机油润滑轴承Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemThefollowingistheautomobilestructure.Sample

Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemUnit3LubricationandCoolingSystemEnglishTermsExplanationsChinese1.RadiatorApparatusthatcoolsthemotor散热器2.PowersteeringMechanismthatautomaticallyamplifiesthemovementsofthesteeringwheel动力转向3.DriveshaftAxleonwhichmechanicalpoweristransmittedtothewheels传动轴4.SilencerDeviceintheexhaustsystemthatisdesignedtoreducenoise消声器5.DifferentialGearsystemconnectingthetwoaxlesofacar差速器6.FueltankContainerusedforstoringextragasoline燃油箱7.RearaxleBarthatcrossesthebottomrearpartofavehicle.Therearwheelsareattachedtoitsends后桥Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystem8.ShockabsorberDeviceforreducingshocksH.减振器9.TireBandofrubbercomposedofacasingoftextileandiron,coveredwithrubberandcontaininganairtube轮胎10.CatalyticconverterAconverterthatusesaplatinum-iridiumcatalysttooxidizepollutantsandcarbonmonoxideintocarbondioxideandwaterJ.催化转换器11.TransmissionAdevicecarryingenginepowertoaxlesK.变速器12.CrankcaseMetalenvelopeprotectingtheclutchL.曲轴箱13.OilpanLiquidtightmetalenvelopecontainingoilM.油底壳14.MastercylinderTypeofcontainerinwhichthepistonismovingN.制动主缸EXERCISE5WritedownthenameofthepartsinEnglishaccordingtothefigurebelow.ShockabsorberSteeringsystemTransmissionHandbrakeTireDriveshaftDrumbrakeEngineFueltankSteeringwheelRadiatorBatterySilencerDifferentialAirfilterLightUnit3LubricationandCoolingSystemEXERCISE5WritedownthenameofthepartsinEnglishaccordingtothefigurebelow.1.________________________2.______________________3.________________________4.______________________5.________________________6.______________________7.________________________8.______________________9.________________________10._______________________11._______________________12._______________________13._______________________14._______________________15._______________________16._______________________radiatorsteeringsystemtransmissiondriveshaftdrumbrakelighttirehandbrakesilencerfueltankUnit3LubricationandCoolingSystemshockabsorberbatteryenginedifferentialsteeringwheelairfilterEXERCISE6Thefollowingishowtochangeatire.Afterreading,youarerequiredtochoosethesuitabletermsgivenbelow.A:ReplacetheFilterB:ObtainCorrectReplacementFilterC:ApplyParkingBrakeD:Removethe

AirFilter

CoverE:OpenHoodofaVehicleF:ReplacetheCoverG:TakeoutAirFilterandCleanAirFilterHousingH:LocatetheAirBoxUnit3LubricationandCoolingSystemEXERCISE6Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystem1.______________________2._____________________3.______________________4.______________________5.______________________6._______________________7._______________________8._______________________CBHEDGAFTroubleshootingGuideUnit3LubricationandCoolingSystemChangean

AirFilterStep1Step2Operation:Removethefilterfromtheinsideofyourcar.Operation:Cleantheairfilterhousing.Step3Step4Operation:Washanoiledfilterwithacleaningsolution,thenre-oilit.

Operation:Cleanoutthecanisterwithavacuum.

Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemStep5Operation:Reinstallthefilter.

EXERCISE7Choosethebestanswer.Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemRemovingtheOldFuelFilterStep1Step2断开电池确认燃油滤清器位置。Step3Step4必要时用千斤顶把汽车顶起来。在燃油滤清器下面放一个碗或桶。EXERCISE7Choosethebestanswer.Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemRemovingtheOldFuelFilterStep5Step6拆下固定燃油滤清器的夹子。从滤清器上拆下燃油管路。Step7将燃油滤清器滑出支架。EXERCISE7Choosethebestanswer.Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemStep1________

A.

Locatethefuelfilter.Step2________

B.Removethefuellinesfromthefilter.Step3________

C.

Disconnectthebattery.Step4________

D.Placeabowlorbucketbeneaththefuelfilter.Step5________

E.Slidethefuelfilteroutofitsbracket.Step6________

F.

Jackupthecarifnecessary.Step7________

G..Removetheclipsholdingthefuelfilterinplace.CAFDGBETalkingaboutCarMaintenanceSampleDialogue1A:Hello,BMW4SShop.WhatcanIdoforyou?B:Hello.I’dliketobooktorepairmycar.A:What’swrongwithyourcar?B:TheengineseemstorunfinebutgetsveryhotshortlyafterIstartit.A:Oh,maybethere’ssomethingwrongwiththecoolingsystemoftheengine.Isthedayaftertomorrowconvenientforyou?B:Yes.ThatisOK.A:Fine.PleasecomehereonMay17th.Mr.Liuwillhelpyouwiththeengine.B:Thankyou.Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystemSampleDialogue2A:Hello!What’swrongwithyou?B:There’ssomethingwrongwithmycar.ThewheelsseemtopulltoonesidewhenIdriveit.A:Haveyoucheckedthetireinflation?B:Yes.It’sallright.A:Whataboutthetirewear?B:There’snoproblem,either.A:Ithinkyoushouldasksomeprofessionalpersontocheckandrepairit.B:Iagreewithyou.Unit3LubricationandCoolingSystem汽车英语（第五版）AutomobileEnglishUnit4IntroductiontoDriveTrainUnit4IntroductiontoDriveTrainPassageADriveTrain(I)Thedrivetrainservestwofunctions:ittransmitspowerfromtheenginetothedrivewheels,anditvariestheamountoftorque.“Power”isthespeedatwhichworkisperformed.“Torque”istwistingforce.Thedrivetrainincludes:transmissionthatisconnectedtothebackoftheengineandsendsthepowerfromtheenginetothedrivewheels;driveshaftthattransmitsthepowerfromtransmissiontodifferential;anddifferentialthatsendsthepowertothetwowheelaxles.Unit4IntroductiontoDriveTrainPassageADriveTrain(I)Sometypesofdrivetrainlayoutsusea“transaxle”,whichissimplyacombinationofthetransmissionandthedifferential.Theseareusuallyfoundonfrontwheeldrivecars（Figure4-1）,butarealsousedonrear-enginecars（Figure4-2）.Figure4-1

FrontWheelDriveLayout

Figure4-2

RearWheelDriveLayoutUnit4IntroductiontoDriveTrainPassageADriveTrain(I)TransmissionTypeTherearetwotypesoftransmissions:manualtransmission(MT)andautomatictransmission(AT).Ifyouhaveacarwithamanualtransmission,youhavetoshiftthegearsyourself,usuallywithasticklocatedonyourconsoleandtheclutchpedal.Ifyouhaveacarwhithanautomatictransmission,themechanismchangeswithoutanyhelpfromyou.Thisisaccomplishedthroughasystemthatworksbyoilpressure.Eachshiftofthegearsiscontrolledbyashiftvalve;thegearchangesdependonspeed,andtheroad,andloadconditions.Bothmanualtransmission(withitsclutch)andautomatictransmission(plusitstorqueconverter)accomplishexactlythesamething,buttheydoitintotallydifferentways.Unit4IntroductiontoDriveTrainPassageADriveTrain(I)ManualTransmissionManualtransmissions(Figure4-3)usuallyhavefourorfivespeeds,andoftenhave“overdrive”,whichmeansthattheoutputshaftcanturnfasterthantheinputshaftforfueleconomyonthehighway.Ingeneral,transmissionswithmorespeedsprovidebetterfueleconomyandsmoothershifting,buttheycostmoretomanufacture,sosmallsub-compactcarswilloftenhaveoptional4speedtransmissions,whilemoreupscalecarswillhave5or6speedtransmissions.Figure4-3Unit4IntroductiontoDriveTrainPassageADriveTrain(I)AutomaticTransmissionThemodernautomatictransmissionisbyfarthemostcomplicatedmechanicalcomponentintoday’sautomobile.

Automatictransmissionscontainmechanicalsystems,hydraulicsystems,electricalsystemsandcomputercontrols,allworkingtogetherinperfectharmony.

Allautomatictransmissionshaveashifterthathasatleast4positions,park,reverseneutralanddrive.

Manyunitsalsohavealowrangetoassistinenginebrakingonlongdownhillruns.

Othershavespecialpositionswherethedrivercanmanuallyshiftifdesired,seeFigure4-4.Figure4-4Unit4IntroductiontoDriveTrainPassageADriveTrain(I)Automatictransmissionscontainmanygearsinvariouscombinations.

Inamanualtransmission,gearsslidealongshaftsasyoumovetheshiftleverfromonepositiontoanother,engagingvarioussizedgearsasrequiredinordertoprovidethecorrectgearratio.Inanautomatictransmission,however,thegearsareneverphysicallymovedandarealwaysengagedtothesamegears.

Thisisaccomplishedthroughtheuseofplanetarygearsets,seeFigure4-5.Figure4-5Figure4-5Unit4IntroductiontoDriveTrainPassageADriveTrain(I)Thebasicplanetarygearsetconsistsofasungear,aringgearandtwoormoreplanetgears,allremaininginconstantmesh.

Theplanetgearsareconnectedtoeachotherthroughacommoncarrierthatallowsthegearstospinonshaftscalled“pinions”attachedtothecarrier.Notes1.Thedrivetrainincludestransmissionthatisconnectedtothebackoftheengineandsendsthepowerfromtheenginetothedrivewheels,driveshaftthattransmitsthepowerfromtransmissiontodifferential,anddifferentialthatsendsthepowertothetwowheelaxles.本句为定语从句。句中transmission，driveshaft和differential均为谓语动词includes后接的三个并列宾语；同时，三个并列宾语又作为先行词后接定语从句。此句可译为：传动系包括变速器（与发动机尾部连接，将发动机的动力传递到驱动轮）、传动轴（将动力从变速器传递到差速器）和差速器（将动力传递到两个半轴）。2.Ifyouhaveamanualtransmission,youhavetoshiftthegearsyourself,usuallywithasticklocatedonyourconsoleandtheclutchpedal.本句为条件句。句中shiftthegears译为“换挡”；located为动词的过去分词做后置定语。此句译为：如果是手动变速器，必须自己换挡，通常用控制台上的操纵杆和离合器踏板来操作。

Unit4IntroductiontoDriveTrainNotes3.Automatictransmissionscontainmechanicalsystems,hydraulicsystems,electricalsystemsandcomputercontrols,allworkingtogetherinperfectharmony.本句为简单句。句中的现在分词working引导的短句为伴随状语。此句译为：自动变速器包含机械系统、液压系统、电气系统和计算机控制装置，所有这些彼此协调共同运行。4.Theplanetgearsareconnectedtoeachotherthroughacommoncarrierthatallowsthegearstospinonshaftscalled“pinions”attachedtothecarrier.此句是一个定语从句。由连词that引导的定语从句修饰carrier；句中carrier可译为“行星齿轮架”；过去分词called做后置定语修饰shafts，同时attached也是动词过去分词做后置定语修饰“pinions”。此句译为：行星齿轮通过共用的行星齿轮架相互连接，行星齿轮架使行星齿轮在被称为“小齿轮”的轴上旋转，“小齿轮”与行星齿轮架相连接。Unit4IntroductiontoDriveTrainNewWordsvary['vɛəri]v.变化，改变twisting['twistiŋ]n.扭转include[in'klu:d]v.包括，连……在内

driveshaft[ˈdraɪvʃɑːft]n.驱动轴，传动轴，主动轴differential[ˌdɪfəˈrenʃ(ə)l]n.差速器layout[ˈleɪaʊt]n.布局，安排transaxle[træns'æksl]n.驱动桥，变速驱动桥，变速传动器，联合传动器manual['mænjuəl]a.手动（的），人工（的）automatic[ɔːtəˈmætɪk]a.自动的，自动装置axle[æksl]n.轮轴，车轴shift[ʃɪft]v.改变，移转，移位gear[giə]n.齿轮，传动装置，齿轮组stick[stik]n.手动杆console[kən'səul]n.控制台，操纵台Unit4IntroductiontoDriveTrainNewWordsaccomplish[əˈkʌmplɪʃ]v.完成，实现，达到（目的）mechanism[ˈmekənɪzəm]n.机械装置，机构clutch[klʌtʃ]n.离合器smooth[smuːð]a.平稳的，流畅的，平滑的，平顺的mechanical[məˈkænɪkl]a.机械的，力学的component[kəmˈpəʊnənt] n.部件，成分，零件hydraulic[haɪˈdrɒlɪk]a.液压的harmony[ˈhɑːməni]n.协调，和睦，调和shifter[ˈʃɪftə(r)]n.换挡操纵杆downhill[ˌdaʊnˈhɪl]a.向坡下的，走下坡路的

ad.向坡下地，走下坡路地engaging[ɪnˈɡeɪdʒɪŋ]a.接合的，啮合的planetary[ˈplænətri]a.行星的carrier[ˈkæriə(r)] n.支座，托架，行星齿轮架spin[spɪn]v.旋转pinion[ˈpɪnjən]n.小齿轮Unit4IntroductiontoDriveTrainPhrasesandExpressionsdrivetrain传动系统twistingforce扭力，扭转力drivewheel主动轮，驱动轮wheelaxle轮轴，半轴clutchpedal离合器踏板oilpressure油压，油压力shiftvalve换挡油阀，换挡阀fueleconomy油耗，燃油经济性torqueconverter液力变矩器Unit4I