初升高中英语暑假衔接材料：专题10 必修第一册 Unit 4 Natural Disasters 语法、写作讲解（暑假预习讲义）（原卷版）

INET【牛刀小试】一．分析下列句子中的定语从句，写出其先行词、关系词及其在从句中所作的成分1．Wepaidavisittothemuseumwhichwasbuiltthreehundredyearsago.①先行词：②关系词：③所作成分：2．ItisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveeverread.①先行词：②关系词：③所作成分：语3．Doyouknowthemanwhomourheadmasteristalkingwithoverthere?①先行词：②关系词：③所作成分：4．Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverislightblue.①先行词：②关系词：③所作成分：5．Thesoldiersarelookingforthosewhoaretrappedinthecave.①先行词：②关系词：③所作成分：二．单句语法填空1．Theearthquakehitthecityin1906wasthebiggestinAmericanhistory.2．Wedon’tknowthenumberofpeoplelosttheirhomesinthedisaster.3．Jakeusedtobeabraveboyhisteachersalwayspraised.4．I’mnotinterestedinthestoryisaboutthetriptothemoon.5．Shesaidshewoulddoanythingcouldhelphermotherrecoverfromthedisease.6．Hanyistheboymotherisourmathsteacher.7．Thegiftwillbegiventoanyonecomesfirst.8．Allweneedisenoughrestafterlonghours’work.9．Anyonehashelpedtosavethedrowninggirlisworthpraising.10．Idon’tknowthepersonsandthethings__theyaretalkingabout.考点二写作精讲新闻概要写作积累新闻概要的要点一般包括时间、地点、事件、起因、结果和可能的后续活动等。概要的内容只需包括文本中的重要信息或事例,原报道中的大量数字、被采访者的话语等均可省略,力求语言简明扼要,要点齐全。概要写作可以分为三个步骤:要点获取、要点转述和要点衔接。1.要点获取通过筛选主题句和寻找关键词找出要点。(1)筛选主题句主题句是指能够概括整个段落的关键句。通常情况下段落是由主题句和细节句组成的,段落可以是“总—分”或“分—总”的结构。因此一个段落的主题句通常位于段首或段尾。另外,我们也可以特别关注像so、therefore、thus这样的标志词,这些词后往往是作者对前文的总结,很可能就是主题句。(2)寻找关键词在实际写作中,我们会发现某些段落并不能直接找出主题句,在这种情况下,可以通过找出段落关键词,进而连词成句,得出段落要点。2.要点转述可以从下面四个方向进行转述:(1)同义替换同义替换指的是用相同意义的单词、短语或者句子代替从原文中找出的要点。例在“ScientistsfromNASAbuilttheMarsClimateOrbitertotravelaroundMarsandgetinformation.”中用sent、made、created等代替built,用exploreMars代替travelaroundMarsandgetinformation。由此,我们得到要点ScientistsfromNASAsenttheMarsClimateOrbitertoexploreMars.(2)语态转换语态转换就是把句子在主动语态和被动语态之间进行转换。例本单元课文THENIGHTTHEEARTHDIDN'TSLEEP中的第一段“StrangethingswerehappeninginthecountrysideofnortheasternHebei...wereasleepasusualthatnight.”原要点:Strangethingswerehappening,butpeoplethoughtlittleofthem.语态转换后的要点:Strangethingswerehappening,buttheywereignored.(3)词性改变在进行要点转述的过程中,由于词汇量或其他原因,可能会遇到某些词很难找到同义词的情况。这时,可以尝试用不同的词性表达相同的意思,如把动词改成名词短语或者把形容词改成名词短语等。例Manystudentsexperiencealotofstresswhilepreparingforexams,asboththeirparentsandteachersexpectthemtogethighscores.前半句可以同义转换成Manystudentsarestressedduringtheexamperiod,后半句可以将expect改成expectation,这样就得到了转换后的要点:Becauseofthehighexpectationsfromtheirparentsandteachers,manystudentsarestressedduringtheexamperiod.(4)句子重构只有掌握了多种句式,如定语从句、宾语从句、非谓语动词作状语等,并对不同的句式进行灵活转换,才能写出层次清晰、语言简练的内容概要。概要写作在语言表达上也要求“以简为贵”。例原要点:Thecityhostedtheevent.Ithaswitnessedmanyimportantceremoniesinhistory.改写后的要点:Thecitywhichhaswitnessedmanyimportantceremoniesinhistoryhostedtheevent.3.要点衔接注意要点之间的衔接,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子,要用适当的关联词语贯穿全文,优先考虑使用较短的衔接词(如but、then、later、finally、besides、thus、therefore、yet、however等)。写作题目阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。A7.1-magnitudequaketoppled(使倒塌)housesandcutoffpowerandfirst-aidmaterialsupplyinYushu,QinghaiprovinceonWednesday.Rescuershaveputupmorethan40tentsforsurvivorsinGyeguTown,neartheepicenter(震中)inYushu.Buttheeffortseemsfarlessthanenoughfortheareapopulatedbysome100,000people.Manypeoplesoughttemporarysheltersinbuildingsthatremainedunaffectedbythetremor(轻微地震).IntheyardofYushu'sSportsCommittee,nearly1,000peopleweresittingorlyingonthegroundintotaldarkness.Somewrappedthemselvesupinquilts(被子)takenoutofthedebris.Somebroughttheirowntentsandothersturnedonthelightsofmotorcycles.TheNationalMeteorologicalCenterofCMAforecastonWednesdaythattemperaturesmighthitminus3degreesCelsiusatnightand15degreesCelsiusinthedaytimeinthecomingdays.Thetownwillseestrongwindsandsunnyweatherinthecomingdays,providingfavorableconditionsforrescueoperations.ThetownislocatedinaremoteareainQinghaiandthequakeandensuing(随后的)landslideshavedamagedroads,causinggreatdifficultiesforrescuers,andespeciallymachines,toentertheregion.Inaddition,rescuersmayeasilygetexhausted(筋疲力尽的)workingataplacewithanaltitude(海拔)ofabove4,000meters.ThousandsofrescuersandmedicalstaffmembersarerushingtoYushufrommanyregionsofChina,bringingmachines,disaster-reliefmaterialsandmedicinestothequake-hittown.Thegovernment,organizations,enterprisesandindividualsareofferingmoneyandmaterialstotheregion.

文本分析1.语篇解读主题语境:自然灾害与防范语篇类型:新闻报道文章大意:青海玉树地震发生后的灾民状况、天气条件以及救灾情况。2.段落主题本篇文章为“总—分”结构,第一段概括陈述发生的事件,下面四段分别从几个方面详细阐述该事件。各段的主旨大意如下:第一段:A7.1-magnitudequakeoccurredinYushu,QinghaiprovinceonWednesday.第二段:Thesurvivorsreliedonthetents.Butbecausetherewerenotenoughtents,manypeoplesoughttemporarysheltersorevensatorlayonthegroundindarkness.第三段:Theweatherwillprovidefavorableconditionsforrescueoperations.第四段:Thedamagedroadscausegreatdifficultiesforrescuersandmachinestoentertheregion.Thehighaltitudemakesrescuersgetexhaustedeasily.第五段:Alotofrescuers,medicalstaffmembersanddisaster-reliefmaterialsarebeingsenttoYushu.筛选、整合信息,转换表达1.第一段的主旨大意可以概括为要点1。其中的occurredin可以转换表达为,表示“侵袭”。

2.第二段的主旨大意可以概括为要点2。结合第二段的主旨大意来看,thesurvivors有三种状态,即、和satorlayonthegroundindarkness,其中satorlayonthegroundindarkness即待在外面,用英文表述为。becausetherewerenotenoughtents是一个because引导的原因状语从句,可以转换表达为becauseof短语,notenough可以转换表达为,表示“有限的”。

3.第三段和第四段的主旨大意可以概括为要点3。第三段描述的是救援的有利因素,第四段描述的是救援的不利因素,重点是突出不利因素,所以有利因素可以用“despite+宾语”来表示,不利因素有两个方面,即和,这两个方面的不利因素对救援造成了很大的困难。

4.第五段的主旨大意可以概括为要点4。要点4是在陈述外界的帮助,所以可以用与要点3衔接。

连句成篇A7.1-magnitudequakehitYushu,QinghaiprovinceonWednesday.(要点1)Thesurvivorsreliedonthetents,butbecauseofthelimitedtents,manypeoplesoughttemporarysheltersorstayedoutdoors.(要点2)Despitethefavorableweatherconditions,thedamagedroadsandthehighaltitudecausegreatdifficultiesfortherescuework.(要点3)Luckily,alotofrescuers,medicalstaffmembersanddisaster-reliefmaterialsarebeingsenttoYushu.(要点4)一．语法训练A.将下列句子合并为含定语从句的主从复合句1.Lookattheboyandhisdog.Imeetthemeverydayonmywaytoschool.

2.Ilivenextdoortoacouple.Theirchildrenoftenmakealotofnoise.

3.Heshowedmeaphotoinhisroom.ThephotowastakeninEgyptbyhisfather.

4.Thecityisinruins.Itwasstruckbyaterribleearthquakeyesterday.

5.Themanisournewmanager.Youspoketohimthismorning.

B.用适当的关系代词填空AGirlWhoIsGoodatDrawingMary1.drawingswereshownattheexhibition(展览会)lastmonthisamodelstudent2.isoftenpraisedforhergoodworksatschool.Assoonaswegotintotheexhibitionhall,ourattentionwasattractedbyaverylargepicture3.washungonthewallinfrontofus.

Thehorse4.isinthedrawingisexactlylikearealone.Theman5.isridingonitlookslikealivingman.

Itisthebestdrawing6.Ihaveeverseen,andIshouldsayMaryisthebestyoungpainter7.Ihaveeverheardof.However,youwillbequitemistakenifyouthinkthatMaryisabornpainter.OneofherteacherstoldmethatithadtakenMarythousandsofhourstolearnandpractisedrawingbeforeshebecamethepersonof8.herschoolisproud.

C.语法填空ATSUNAMIHITSASIA:OVER6,500DEADByRobertWoodhouseMonday,27December2004Themost1(power)earthquakeinthepast40yearscausedatsunami2crashedintocoastlinesacrossAsiayesterday,3(kill)morethan6,500peopleinIndonesia,India,Thailand,Malaysia,andatleastfourother4(country).Fishermen,tourists,hotels,homes,andcars5(sweep)awaybyhugewaves6(cause)bythestrongearthquakethatreachedamagnitudeof9.0.Theunderseaquake7(strike)around7:00a.m.,SundayoffthewestcoastofIndonesia’sSumatraIsland.Inthatareaalone,atleast1,870people8(kill).InSriLanka,some1,600kilometreswestofthequakecentre,thenumberof9(death)stoodat2,498,andonemillionmore10(affect)bythetsunami,governmentofficialssaid.Indianofficialssaidasmany111,900hadbeenkilledalongthesoutherncoast.Another254werefound12(die)inThailandand54inthreeothercountries.InsouthernThailand,1,900peoplewere13(hurt)andmanymorewere14(miss),localofficialssaid.“Iwashavingbreakfastwithmythreechildrenwhenwaterstartedfillingmyhome.Wehadtoleaveeverythingandrunto15(safe),”saidChandraTheeravit,alocalThaiwoman.Thousandsofpeoplearestillmissing,andthenumberofdeathsisexpectedtogroweven16(high)overthenextfewdays.Foreignaidisbeing17(organize)forthetsunami-hitcountries.18,dangerousconditionsanddamagedroadswillmake19difficulttodeliverfoodandsupplies.B阅读下面课文段落，在空白处填入适当的内容。Tangshanstartedto1itselfandgetbackuponitsfeet.Withstrongsupportfromthegovernmentandthe2effortsofthecity’speople,anewTangshanwasbuiltupontheearthquakeruins.Thenewcityhasbecomeahometomorethansevenmillionpeople.Withgreat3intransportation,industryandenvironment.TangshancityhasprovedtoChinaandtherestoftheworldthatintimesofdisasterpeoplemust4andshowthewisdomtostay5andrebuildforabrighterfuture.Acommitteewas6tolimitdamagetoEgyptianbuildingsandpreventthelossofculturalrelics.Thegroupaskedfor7fromdifferentdepartmentsand8fundswithintheinternationalcommunity.Experts9issue,conductedseveraltests,andthenmadea10forhowthebuildingscouldbesaved.Finally,adocumentwas11,andworkbeganin1960.Inordertosavethisspeciesfrom12,theChinesegovernmentplacedit13nationalprotection.Zhaxiandothervolunteerswatchedovertheantelopesdayandnighttokeepthemsafefrom14.Bridgesandgateswere15toletantelopesmoveeasilyandkeepthemsafefromcarsandtrains.C课本原文填空Buthopewasnotlost.Soonafterthequakes,thearmysend150,000soldierstoTangshantodigoutthosewhowere1andtoburythedead.Morethan10,000doctorsandnursescameto2medicalcare.Workersbuiltsheltersfor3whosehomeshadbeen4.Hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerehelped.Waterandfoodwerebroughtintothecitybytrain,truckandplane.Slowlythecitybeganto5again.Tangshanstartedto6itselfandgetbackuponitsfeet.Withstrongsupportfromthegovernmentandthetireless7ofthecity’speople,anewTangshanwasbuiltupontheearthquakeruins.Thenewcityhasbecomeahometomorethanseveralmillionpeople,withgreat8intransportation,industryandenvironment.TangshancityhasprovedtoChinaandtherestoftheworldthatintimesof9,peoplemustunifyandshowthe10tostaypositiveandrebuildforabrighterfuture.二．写作训练1．假设你是校报记者，请根据下面信息写一篇英文报道，报道Falmont小学师生在地震中成功避险逃生的事迹。时间地点：3月17日下午2:27，Falmont县；人物：校长AliceBrown及全校476名学生、36名教师；经过：地震时师生迅速躲到桌下、打开门；震动停止后1分20秒内有序撤离到操场；结果：仅5人轻伤，无人死亡；原因：每年两次地震安全演练要求：1.体裁为新闻报道；2.词数80词左右；3.时态以一般过去时为主。StudentsEscapedSafelyinFalmontEarthquakeByLiHua,SchoolReporter____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.假定你是李华，今年9月台风“桦加沙”登陆广东对多地造成一定影响。你将为全班同学做一次主题为“HowtoDealwithTyphoon”的英语演讲。请按以下提示写一篇演讲稿。要点提示：1.台风给人们的生命和财产带来损失；2.防台措施：（1）密切关注有关台风的报道，及时采取防范措施；（2）位于低洼地带的人们，务必撤离以防洪涝；（3）……3.发出号召。注意：1.词数100左右，可以适当增加细节。参考词汇：财产property；低洼地带low-lyingareas；洪涝灾害flooddisaster________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.假设你是晨光中学的李津。近期你所在的城市经历了一次极端大风天气，给市民的生活带来了诸多影响。学校英语社团计划举办一次主题为“NaturalDisastersandSafety”的分享会。请你根据以下提示写一篇发言稿，内容包括：(1)描述极端大风天气的影响(如交通延误、树木倾倒、停水停电停学等)；(2)分享应对极端天气的经验或建议(如关门闭窗、留在室内等)；(3)呼吁大家关注气候变化，增强安全意识。注意：(1)词数不少于100；(2)可以适当加入细节，使内容充实、行文连贯；(3)开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。参考词汇：延误delay倾倒falldown停电powercutDearfriends,I’mLiJin.Today,I’dliketotalkabouttherecentextremewindyweatherinourcityandhowwecanstaysafeduringnaturaldisasters.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Thankyouforyourattention!4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。OnJuly15,2014,AncientTownofFenghuang,oneofChina’smostwell-knownancienttowns,wasunderwaterasheavyrainhitthecenterofthecounty,forcingtensofthousandsofpeopleintoleavingthearea.Heavyrainandfloodslastedforthepastfewdays.WaterinthenearbyTuojiangRiverrosebyalmostonemeterabovewarninglevel(警戒线),causedbyheavyrainstorms.Morethan120,000localsandtouristshavebeenhelpedtoleavetherebecauseoftheterribledisaster.Andmorethan4,000shopsinthetownhavebeenshut.SeveralbridgesSCovertheTuojiangRiverhavebeendamagedordestroyed.Waterhasflowedintomanybars,restaurantsandhotelsinthisancienttown,andelectricitytherehasbeencutoff.About128,000peoplehavebeenaffectedbythefloods.Thoughtheheavyrainhasstopped,thepopulartouristspot(旅游景点)remainsclosedforpeople’ssafety.AshoeshopownernamedKuangsaidthefloodwastheworstthatthetownhadexperienced.“ThefloodscamesoquicklythatIdidn’thavetimetomovetheshoes,”hesaidsadly.“ThefloodhasledAncientTownofFenghuangtobecomeawatertown,”saidapostonadiscussionpageonthetopicsetuponSinaWeibo.“Wecouldonlyliveinanoldfactorynowwheremanyhomelesspeoplehavetostaytogether.Thecrowdedspaceisfullofsadness,”Tangsaid.Atleast14peoplewerekilledinfloodinginHunanProvinceandtheneighboringprovincesofJiangxiandGuangxilastmonth,Xinhuareported.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要An8.2magnitudeearthquakestruckoffthecoastofnorthernChilelateonApril2,2014,cuttingpowerandleadingtolandslidesandatsunami.Fourmenandonewomandied—twowhosufferedheartattacksandthreewhowerecrushed(压死).About300prisonersescapedfromthenorthernportcityofIquiqueintheimmediateaftershock.Thequakestruckatabout8:46p.m.localtime,some60milesnorthwestofIquique.Ithadadepthof12.5miles.Chile’sNationalEmergencyOfficeaskedcoastalresidents(居民)toleaveforsafeplaces.“Thefactisthatwewillknowtheextentofthedamageastimegoesbyandwhenweinspect(查看)theareasinthelightofday,”Chile’sPresidentMichelleBacheletsaidearlyonWednesday.“Thecountryhasfacedthesefirstemergencyhoursverywell.”ResidentsintheporttcityofAntofagastawalkedcalmlythroughthestreetstohighergroundastrafficbecameheavyinsomeplaces.“Manypeoplearefearfulafterexperiencingthepowerfulearthquakein2010,sotheyimmediatelyrushedtohighergroundwhentheyheardthetsunamiwarning,”saidagovernmenttofficial.“Therehavebeenlotsofaftershocksandcommunicationshavebeencutoffinmanyoftheearthquake-hitareas.Sopeoplearewaitinginthedarkhills,notknowingwhatistocome,andhopingtheywillbeabletoreturntotheirhomessafely.”ThePacificTsunamiWarningCentersentoutseveraltsunamiwarnings,butcalledoffallofthembyearlyWednesday.TsunamiwavesofmorethansixfeetcausedbytheearthquakewashedashoreonthecoastofPisagua,Iquique,withapopulationofmorethan200,000,seeingseven-footwaves.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6.阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。OnJuly15,2014,FenghuangAncientTown,oneofChina’smostwell-knownancienttowns,wasunderwaterasheavyrainhitthecenterofthecounty,forcingtensofthousandsofpeopleintoleavingthearea.Heavyrainandfloodslastedforafewdays.WaterinthenearbyTuojiangRiverroseabovethewarninglevel(警戒水位)duetoheavyrainstorms.Morethan120,000localsandtouristswerehelpedtoleavetherebecauseoftheterribledisaster.Andmorethan4,000shopsinthetownwereshut.SeveralbridgesovertheTuojiangRiverweredamagedordestroyed.Waterflowedintomanybars,restaurantsandhotelsinthisancienttown,andelectricitytherewascutoff.About128,000peoplewereaffectedbythefloods.Thoughtheheavyrainstopped,thepopulartouristspot(旅游景点)remainedclosedforpeople’ssafety.AshoeshopownerMrKuangsaidthefloodwastheworstonethatthetownhadexperienced.“ThefloodscamesoquicklythatIdidn’thavetimetomovetheshoes,”hesaidsadly.“ThefloodhasledFenghuangAncientTowntobecomeawatertown,”ausersaidinapostonadiscussionpageonthetopicsetuponSinaWeibo.“Wecouldonlyliveinanoldfactorynowwheremanyhomelesspeoplehavetostaytogether.Thecrowdedspaceisfullofsadness,”avictimsaid.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________7.阅读下面材料，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Fornearly20years,naturaldisastersyearlyaffectedabout300millionpeopleanddestroyedmore