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1/2专题03词法(冠词、代词、介词、形容词副词比较等级、名词考点全解析)考点序号考点聚焦考点一冠词考点二代词考点三介词考点四形容词&副词(比较级&最高级)考点五名词脉脉|络|重|构考考|点|精|讲考点一冠词(一)不定冠词a/an【知识精讲】1.含义:泛指“一个/一类”,修饰单数可数名词。a:辅音音素开头abook,auniversity,aEuropeanan:元音音素开头(不是元音字母)anapple,anhour,anhonestboy2.用法首次提到单数可数名词(泛指)Iboughtapenyesterday.表“一个”,相当于oneThereisaparknearmyhome.表“一类人/物”Abirdcanfly.3.固定搭配havearest,takeawalk,inahurry注意:1.a/an选择看发音不看字母:anhour/auniversity2.不可数名词前不能用a/an【典例破题】1.Theyareplanning________8-daytripnow.A.a B.an C.the D./2.Thereis________English-Chinesedictionaryonthedesk.A.a B.an C./ D.the【巩固提升】1.Ivolunteeredas________guideinChengduMuseumlastweekend.A.an B.the C.a2.Therewas________one-meter-tallrobotwelcomingmewhenIwentintothebank.A.an B.a C.the3.Mygrandmahasgot________garden.And________flowersinitarebeautiful.A.a;the B.an;the C.不填;不填 D.an;不填4.It'sreportedthatit'llberainytoday.Remembertotake________umbrellawithyou,Cindy.A.a B.an C.the5.Thereis________rivernearourschool.Weneverthrowrubbishintoit.A.the B.a C./6.—WhatdoyouthinkoftheguidebookLonelyPlanet?—Oh,itisreally________usefulone.Youcanalwaysfind________informationyouneedwhiletraveling.A.a;a B.an;an C.a;the D.an;the7.DeepSeekis________newAItool.A./ B.a C.an D.the8.Therewas________one-meter-tallrobotwelcomingmewhenIwentintothebank.A.an B.a C.the9.Ivolunteeredas________guideinChengduMuseumlastweekend.A.an B.the C.a10.ZhanTianyouis________engineerandheiscalledthe“FatherofChina’sRailroad”.A./ B.a C.an D.the(二)定冠词the【知识精讲】含义:特指“这个/那个/这些/那些”,可修饰单复数、可数/不可数。必用the的八大场景1.再次提到前文名词(特指)Iboughtapen.Thepenisblue.2.双方都知道的人/物Openthedoor,please.3.独一无二事物thesun,themoon,theearth,theworld4.最高级、序数词、onlythebeststudent,thefirstday,theonlychild5.方位、乐器、姓氏复数(一家人)intheeast,playthepiano,theGreens6.特指的介词短语修饰名词thewaterinthecup7.江河湖海、山脉、群岛、国家全称theYellowRiver,theHimalayas,thePeople’sRepublicofChina8.固定搭配inthemorning,ontheleft,allthetime易错提醒:1.乐器前用the;球类/棋类不用the2.最高级前必须加the【典例破题】1.—Willyoutake________sweater?Itfitsyousowell.—Well,I’mthinkingwhetherit’sreallynecessaryornot.A.a B.an C.the2.—Doyouknowhowtospell________word“fish”inEnglish?—Yes.Itbeginswithan“f”.A.a B.the C.an D./【巩固提升】1.—Karm,whatareyoudoing?—I’mreadinganarticle.________articleisaboutDazhou.A.A B.An. C.The2.Canyoulendme________bookthatyouboughtyesterday?A.an B.the C.a D.不填3.—What________interestingbook!—Yes,________bookisreallyamazing.A.a;an B.an;the C.an;a4.Beijing,________capitalofChina,is________citywithalonghistory.A./;the B.a;the C.the;a5.Mygrandmahasgot________garden.And________flowersinitarebeautiful.A.a;the B.an;the C.不填;不填 D.an;不填6.—What’s______matterwithyou,Jerry?—Ihaveaheadache.A.a B./ C.the7.—Lucy,whatclubdoyouwanttojoin?—IwanttojointhemusicclubbecauseIcanplay___________violin.A.an B.a C.the D.不填8.Doyouknow________presidentwhoisgivingaspeech?A.a B.an C.the9.Hangzhouwillhold________19thAsianGamesin2023.A.a B.an C.the(三)零冠词(不用冠词)【知识精讲】零冠词高频场景1.复数名词泛指一类Ilikebooks.2.不可数名词泛指Waterisimportant.3.三餐、球类、棋类、学科、语言havebreakfast,playbasketball,learnEnglish4.人名、地名、国名(简称)、街道、公园Beijing,China,GreenStreet,HydePark5.节假日、月份、星期onMonday,inJune,celebrateChristmas6.固定搭配gotoschool,bybus,athome,inbed易错提醒:1.gotoschool(上学)≠gototheschool(去那所学校)2.inhospital(住院)≠inthehospital(在医院里)【典例破题】1.BoysalwayslikePEbestbecausetheycanplay________footballhappily.A.a B.an C.the D./2.—Doyouwanttoplay_________basketballwithme?—I’dliketo,butwedon’thave_________basketballhere.A./;/ B.a;/ C./;a D.the;a【巩固提升】1.Maryusuallyrides________biketoschool.Sometimesshealsogoesby________bus.A.a;不填 B.不填;a C.the;a D.a;a2.Iusuallyhave________lunchwithmyclassmatesatschool.A./ B.a C.an D.the3.Myfatherlikessports.Heisgoodatplaying________soccer.A.a B.an C.the D./4.BoysalwayslikePEbestbecausetheycanplay________footballhappily.A.a B.an C.the D./5.—Doyouwanttoplay_________basketballwithme?—I’dliketo,butwedon’thave_________basketballhere.A./;/ B.a;/ C./;a D.the;a6.—Mysonseldomhas________dinner.—Itis________unhealthyhabit.Youmustaskhimtochangeit.A./;an B.the;an C./;a D.the;a7.—Mum,canyoubuy________footballforme?Iwanttoplay________footballatweekends.—Noproblem.A./;the B.the;a C.a;/ D.a;the8.Myfathertakes________showerbefore________breakfasteveryday.A.a;/ B./;the C.a;the D.the;/9.—Whendoyouhave________history?—It’son________Fridaymorning.A.a;/ B.a;the C./;the D./;/10.—Doyoulikeplaying________football?—No.Ilikeplaying________piano.A.the;the B.the;/ C./;the D./;/考点二代词(一)人称代词【知识精讲】人称代词表类别功能第一人称第二人称第三人称人称代词主格作主语Iweyouyouhesheitthey宾格作宾语/表语meusyouyouhimheritthem易错提醒:1.作表语正式用主格:ItisI.口语常用It’sme.2.并列人称顺序:单数二三一(you,heandI);复数一二三(we,youandthey)3.介词后必用宾格:withher,forme人称代词用法第一人称可以/必须放在前面的情况1.承认错误、承担责任时,为了突出“责任在我”,常把第一人称放在最前面。Iandmybrotherbrokethewindow.(是我和我弟弟打碎了窗户。)2.长辈/上级对晚辈/下级说话时,不需要过度客套,可直接先说自己。Weandyouwillholdameetingtomorrow.(我们和你们明天开个会。)3.表示对比或强调“我这边”时为了突出对比,先说自己,再提别人。Isupporttheplan,butheisagainstit.(我支持这个计划,但他反对。)4.用“notonly…butalso…”等结构时,当第一人称在“notonly”后,自然会放在前面。NotonlyIbutalsohelikesthemovie.(不仅我,他也喜欢这部电影。)【典例破题】1.—Andy,whoarethegirlsoverthere?—________aremysisters,LilyandLucy.A.They B.We C.You【巩固提升】1.Thethreeheroesreturnedtotheearthfromspace.Weareproudof________.A.me B.him C.them2.Mydearson,youhavetaughtmetodependon________
justasyouoncedependedonme.A.her B.him C.you3.Thenextday,Bettyasked________students,“WouldyouliketolearnhowtouseyourhandstotalktoLisa?”A.my B.your C.her4.Thelittlemessagesremind________(we)thatwecanalwaysexpectgoodthingstocome,evenduringdifficulttimes.5.WhenLinMingsawLinFang,hecouldn’twaittoruntoher.Jumpingwithjoy,LinFangrushedtomeet________(he).(二)物主代词【知识精讲】物主代词表类别功能第一人称第二人称第三人称物主代词形容词性作定语myouryouryourhisheritstheir名词性作主语、宾语或表语mineoursyoursyourshishers/theirs口诀:形物代,不离名;名物代,独行侠例句:Thisismybook.=Thisbookismine.物主代词用法1.形容词性物主代词用作限定词,在句中只能作名词或动名词的前置定语,不能单独使用。2.名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,可单独作主语、表语或宾语,也可与of连用作后置定语,但不能单独作定语【典例破题】1.—Frank,isthisyourbag?—No,it’snot________.A.mine B.yours C.his【巩固提升】1.ThisisnotMary’ssister’ssmartwatch.________(her)ispink.2.MyfavoriteteacherisMr.Zhao.In________(he)firstclass,heaskedustodrawapictureofourselves.3.Mrs.Zhangismyneighbor.Herhouseisnextto________(my).4.Thisisn’tmydictionary.________(my)isoverthere,onthedesk.5.Mymotherworksinatoyshop.Sheloves________(she)job.(三)反身代词【知识精讲】反身代词表类别功能第一人称第二人称第三人称反身代词作宾语、表语或同位语myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfherselfitselfthemselves反身代词用法宾语:enjoyoneself,hurtoneself同位语(强调):Hehimselfdidit.固定搭配:byoneself(独自)、foroneself(亲自)、helponeself(随便用)易错提醒:反身代词不能作主语;itself表“它自己”(动物/事物)【典例破题】1.Bettymadethetoycar________(she).【巩固提升】一、单项选择1.Mandy,wecan’tdoeverythingforyou.Youhavetodependon________now.A.you B.your C.yourself D.yourselves2.—Wow,MrWucanplaythepianoverywell.—Yes.Heenjoysteaching________toplaythepianoattheweekend.A.himself B.myself C.ourselves D.herself3.—Didyouenjoy________onthebeachattheweekend?—Yes.Wehadagoodtimethere.A.you B.yourselves C.your D.yours4.Tommadeachocolatecake________lastweekend—hedidn’taskhismomforhelpatall.A.myself B.yourself C.himself D.herself5.I’mnotgoodatmaths,butIoftensayto________,“Nevergiveup!”A.herself B.myself C.themselves D.himself6.Weshouldbelievein________becausethat’sthesecretofsuccess.A.our B.us C.ours D.ourselves7.—Alan,youplaybasketballsowell.Whoteachesyou?—Nobody.Ilearnitby___________.A.you B.yourself C.me D.myself8.Boysandgirls,pleaseanswerthesequestions________.A.onyourself B.foryourself C.byyourselves D.withyourselves9.ThesongIbelieveIcanflytellsusthatbelievingin________isveryimportant.A.ourselves B.itself C.themselves D.myself10.—Whotaughtyoutoplaythepiano?—Nobody.Ilearnedit________.A.myself B.yourself C.himself D.herself(四)指示代词【知识精讲】用来指代或标记人或事物的代词,表示“这个/那个”,“这些/那些”。可以作主语、宾语、定语和表语。典型用法典型示例it代指上文提到的同一人、同一物Iboughtanewpenyesterday.Itwritesverysmoothly.我昨天买了一支新钢笔。它写起来特别顺滑。that指代上文提到的不可数名词或单数名词ThepopulationofChinaislargerthanthatone.中国人口比日本多。TheweatherofBeijingiscolderthanthatofHainan.北京的天气比海南冷。those特指上文提到的复数名词ThehousesinZhengzhouarecheaperthanthoseinBeijing.郑州的房屋比北京房屋便宜。one泛指上文提到的可数名词,前有定语Ilostmyoldcamera;thisisanewone.我的旧相机丢了,这是一个新的。I'dlikeanapple.Areyouhavingone,too?我想买吃苹果,你也要吗?ones代替泛指的复数名词Greenapplesoftentastebetterthanredones.青苹果往往比红苹果好吃。theone特指上文提到的单数名词Thisschoolistheonewevisitedlastweek.这是我上周参观的那个学校。Ourhouseistheonenexttotheschool.我家的房子就是学校旁边的那座。theones特指上文提到的复数名词Don’tbuytheexpensiveapples;buythecheaperones.别买那价钱贵的苹果,买那便宜的。1.this,these和that,those的用法。①this和these往往指在时间或空间上较近的人或物;that和those往往指在时间或空间上较远的人或物。②that与those常用来代替上文已提到的名词,以避免重复。that代替不可数名词或可数名词单数,those代替可数名词复数。易错提醒1.英国人打电话时,用this指自己,that指别人。Hello!ThisisAlan.Whoisthatspeaking?this(我),that(你)2.this和that都可指代上文刚提到的事物或前面整个句子中的内容,两者在意思上没有区别,只是that多用在较正式的文体中。3.如果要指代接下来将要叙述的事情,通常用this,用that指代下文的情况很少,this往往带有一定的感情色彩,如讽刺、决心,气愤等。4.that和those可作定语从句的先行词,those可指人或物,that只能指物。2.such的用法。①作主语:指已经提到的人或物,意为“这种,这类,上述一类,诸如此类”;也可指下文会提到的人或事物②作定语:such定语常和all,no,any,some,other,another,many,sveeral等词连用,such要在这些词的后面。③作宾语④作表语(常与as或that从句连用)ThebookisnotsuchthatIrecommend.3.so的用法so起指代作用时,代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情,意思是“如此,这样”,常用作动词的宾语。①so在think,expect,believe,suppose,imagine,guess等词后代替上文提出的观点,此时so既可用于肯定句,也可用于否定句。Ibelieveso.Idon’tbelieveso.②doso结构:用doso结构来代替“动词+宾语”结构,以避免重复,表示“那样做”。4.same的用法。①thesame指上文提到过的同一个人或事物,在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。②thesame和as连用,用以引出所谈及的人或事物,或者引出后面的从句。thesame…as…指同类事物,但不是同一个。thesame…that…指同一个。相同点:as和that都作关系代词,引导定语从句,替代先行词在从句中作主语或宾语。【典例破题】1.ThecarsmadeinJapanaremuchcheaperthan
________madeinAmerica.A.ones B.those C.that D.it【巩固提升】一、单项选择1.Wefind________interestingtovisitHarbininwinter.A.that B.this C.it D.one2.TheweatherinWuhanismuchhotterthan________inQinhuangdao.A.it B.that C.this D.those3.There’resomanybooks.________willtakemealongtimetoreadthemall.A.They B.These C.It D.Those二、选词填空those
that
these
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this4.isimportantforyoutolistentoyourteacherscarefullyinclass,becauseitisthekeytounderstandingthelesson.5.Ilikethesemodelcars!WhenIgetmypocketmoney,Iwillbuy.6.Youshouldeathealthilyandgotobedearly.Withgoodhabits,youwillbestronger.7.Eyecontactmeanslookingintoanotherperson’seyes.isaveryimportantpartofbodylanguage.8.Wheneveryonecaresforaroundtheminthecommunity,therelationshipbetweenneighborswillgetbetterandbetter.9.TheweatherinBeijingiscolderthanofGuangxi.(五)不定代词【知识精讲】不明确指代某个人或某些人、某个事物或某些事物的代词,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。1.some/anysome:肯定句、委婉请求(Couldyougivemesome...?)any:否定/疑问/条件句;肯定句表“任何”2.no/every系列noone(无人,不接of)、nothing(无物)、nobody(没人)everyone/everybody(每人)、everything(一切)3.all/both/either/neither/noneboth(两者都)、either(两者任一)、neither(两者都不)口诀:两者both/either/neither;三者all/none4.one/ones/another/other/theother/others/theothersone(泛指单数)、ones(泛指复数)another(另一个,三者及以上)theother(两者中另一个)、theothers(其余全部)other+名词复数;others(=other+名词复数)【典例破题】1.Makesure________isleftbehindinthehotelroombeforeyoucheckout.A.anything B.everything C.nothing D.something【巩固提升】1.Animalswillgetmorehelp,if________startstodosomething.A.everyone B.nobody C.anyone2.OnlyTomwasselectedforthenationalteam,while________remainedintheclub.A.other B.another C.others D.theothers3.Sarahisashygirl.Shehas________friendsatschoolandoftenstaysalone.A.few B.little C.afew D.alittle4.Myfatherwalkedaroundhiscartoseeiftherewas________wrong.A.anything B.nothing C.something D.everything5.I’vereadonecomicstrip.I’llread________onebeforeclass.A.other B.theother C.another D.others6.Mygrandpaknows________abouthowAIworks.It’sjustlikemagictohim.A.something B.anything C.everything D.nothing考点三介词【知识精讲】常考介词1.表示时间的介词介词用法at表示时间的点、时刻等。atbreakfast,atsix,atnoonon表示具体的某一天或某天上午、下午或晚上。onSunday,onTuesdaymorning,onChristmasEve,onChildren’sDay,onarainynightin表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、季、月、周等。inthe1990s,inJanuary,inspring,inthefirstweekofMaysince+时间点表示“自从……以来”。Thefactoryhasbeenheresincethe1970s.for+时间段表示“长达……”。Wewerefriendsandcolleaguesformorethan20years.during表示“在……期间”。Thereareextratrainstothatplaceduringthesummer.until/till表示“直到……”。Hedidn’tgetuptill/until10am,whichmadehismotherannoyed.by表示“到……为止;不迟于……”。Bythetimeyoucameback,Ihadfinishedthisbook.2.表示方位的介词介词用法at后常接较小的地方in后常接较大的地方或在某一个大的范围之内on表示“在……之上”,强调与表面相接触(反义词beneath)across表示“从……的表面穿过”;“在……对面”through表示“从……的内部穿过”over表示“从……的上面跨过”,强调垂直上方,悬空(反义词under)above表示物体离开表面而在其上方,但不一定是垂直向上。还可指数目、数量、水平、年龄等“超过,多于,大于”(反义词below)3.表示方式的介词表示使用的工具、手段、材料时,with,by,in都意为“用”。with多指用具体的工具、身体的某部位或器官等;by侧重指使用某种方法、手段或乘坐某种交通工具等;in指使用某种语言、笔墨等。bypost/mail邮寄bytrain乘火车inEnglish用英语4.表示“除……之外”的介词介词用法besides意为“除……以外(还有)”,相当于inadditiontoexcept意为“除……以外(别无)”,可接名词、代词、介词短语等but意为“除……以外”,常用于含有否定词的句子中,相当于exceptapartfrom既可相当于besides或inadditionto,也可相当于except(for)otherthan意为“除……以外(别无)”,可接名词、代词等5.其他常考的介词介词用法against意为“违背,反对;倚靠;以……为背景,衬托”Sheleanedagainstthewall.beyond意为“(范围、限度)超出,为……所不能及”Thiswasutterlybeyondhercomprehension.by意为“程度或数目增减的幅度;按……计算”Theaveragesalaryindeedincreasesby10%.despite意为“尽管”Despitehislackofexperience,hegotthejob.二、介词的省略1.当表示时间的词前有this,that,next,last,every,each,some,any,all等时,介词常省略。Wewatchedanexcitingfootballmatchlastweek.上周我们观看了一场激动人心的足球赛。Youarewarmlyinvitedtoourhomeanydayyoulike;pleaseconsiderityourownanddropbyatyourabsoluteconvenience.我们诚挚地欢迎您在任意一天光临寒舍,请将这里当作您自己的家,在您最方便的时刻随时来访。2.表示时间的名词前有不定冠词,且不定冠词作“每一……”讲时,其前不用介词。Anappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway.每天一个苹果,医生远离我。3.习惯搭配中介词的省略。一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配使用的介词常可省略,常见的此类搭配有spendsometime(in)doingsth,wastesometime(in)doingsth,havedifficulty/trouble(in)doingsth,bebusy(in)doingsth,stop/preventsb(from)doingsth等。FrankinsistedthathewasnotasleepalthoughIhadgreatdifficulty(in)wakinghimup.弗兰克坚持说自己没有睡觉,虽然我叫醒他费了好大劲。三、介词不可省略的问题1.在被动语态中,动词短语中的介词不能省略。Thechildrenhavebeentakengoodcareofinthekindergarten.这些孩子在幼儿园里得到了很好的照顾。2.当非谓语动词表示被动意义时,相关介词也不可省略。Theproblemiswellworthpayingattentionto.这个问题很值得关注。3.在定语从句中,当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时,必须加上介词。Thelibrarywhichweoftengotoisnotfarawayfromourschool.我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校不远。四、介词构成的搭配1.介词与动词构成的搭配callfor需要,要求applyfor申请referto提及,参考contributeto贡献,有助于,促成focuson集中于feellike想要holdup举起exchange...for...用……来交换……copewith处理,对付2.介词与名词构成的搭配ataloss不知所措atthecostof以……的代价onbehalfof代表withfear害怕地byaccident/chance偶然地inchargeof掌管……inreturn作为回报indetail详细地inspiteof尽管inexchangefor作为交换infavorof支持,赞成inhonourof为向……表示敬意inpossessionof拥有,有,inmemoryof为了纪念……3.介词与形容词构成的搭配becuriousabout对……好奇beparticularabout对……讲究/挑剔beabsorbedin专注于……beengaged/occupiedin忙于……befitfor适合,胜任……begratefulto/for对……心存感激beawareof意识到……befondof喜欢……beashamedof为……感到羞愧bepatientwith对……有耐心bequalifiedfor胜任……4.介词与其他词构成的搭配butfor要不是insteadof代替regardlessof不管,不顾alongwith随着accordingto根据owingto因为【典例破题】1.Ioftenhelpmyparentslook________mytwolittlebrothersinmysparetime.2.TheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC)wasfounded________July1,1921.【巩固提升】一、单词拼写1.Thereisaspecialjug(罐)onourkitchentable.Iputsomesmallpiecesofpaperandapennext________thejug.2.Our“GoodThingsJug”isfull________love,hopeandhappiness.3.Everymorningafterbreakfast,ItakeourdogRuby________thepark.4.LastSunday,Lucyhelpedourdadcutthegrass.________thesametime,mymomandIwentshopping.5.Hurryup,Nancy!Themeetingwillstart________tenminutes.6.Oneday,Mrs.LinpickedupLinMingandthentheywenttoLinFang’sschooltogether.LinMingstoodattheschoolgateandwaited________hissister.7.Manythanks________yourgift.Iloveit.8.Mr.Zhaoshowsushowtolearn________ourmistakes.9.Mrs.Zhangoftensayshello________mefromherfrontgardenwhenIcomebackhome.10.Ieatrice________beefandpotatoes.It’sdelicious.考点四形容词&副词(比较级和最高级)【知识精讲】构词(形容词/副词变比较级和最高级)=1\*GB2⑴规则变化:=1\*GB3①形容词/副词变比较级一般在词尾加-er,变最高级加-est例:hard-harder-hardest,great-greater-greatest=2\*GB3②形容词/副词以不发音-e结尾,变比较级加-r,变最高级加-st例:nice-nicer-nicest,wide-wider-widest=3\*GB3③形容词/副词以重读闭音节结尾,双写尾字母加-er,双写尾字母加-est例:大(big)胖(fat)瘦(thin)热(hot)湿(wet)伤心(sad)=4\*GB3④在双音节/多音节形容词/副词前,变比较级加more,变最高级加most例:difficult-moredifficult-mostdifficult拓展:=1\*GB3①有少数几个双音节词以及以-er及-le结尾的词,可以有两种变化形式例:common-commoner/morecommon-commonest/mostcommonclever-cleverer/moreclever-cleverest/mostcleversimple-simpler/mostsimple-simplest/mostsimple=2\*GB3②“劣等”比较,是在形容词原级前加less,least而构词比较级与最高级例:kind-lesskind-leastkinduseful-lessuseful-leastuseful=3\*GB3③复合形容词的比较等级例:well-known-betterwell-known-bestwell-known=4\*GB3④有些形容词没有程度可分或形容词本身就表示某种程度,故没有比较级和最高级,如right,wrong,excellent,final,last,possible,east,empty,wooden,impossible,perfect,favorite等=5\*GB3⑤以下形容词构词的短语含有比较意味:例:besuperiorto优于……(类似于bebetterthan)beinferiorto比……差(类似于beworsethan)=2\*GB2⑵不规则变化:good/well-better-best(好)bad/badly/ill-worse-worst(坏)little-less-least(少)much/many-more-most(多)far-farther(具体)-farthest(具体)(远)far-further(抽象)-furthest(抽象)old-older(年龄大)-oldest(年龄大)(老)old-elder(血缘关系)-eldest(血缘关系)区分=1\*GB3①older,oldest表示年纪更大的;年代更久远的,既可指人也可指物,可作定语又可作表语。elder,eldest指家庭成员的长幼关系,常作定语。=2\*GB3②farther,farthest表示距离上更远、最远;further,furthest表示程度上更近一步、最大程度,有时也可以表示距离上较远、最远。此外,further用作副词时,还可以表示“而且,此外”。等级比较=1\*GB2⑴原级用法=1\*GB3①只能修饰原级的词:very、quite、so、too例:Heistootiredtowalkon.=2\*GB3②用原级的句式肯定句:“as+形容词/副词原级+as”表示“和…一样”否定句:“notas/so+形容词/副词原级+as”表示“不如…”例:Thistreeisastallasthatone.Thistreeisn’tas/sotallasthatone.注1:若第一个as后形容词作定语修饰名词时,常用结构如下:as+adj.+a/an+可数名词单数+asas+adj.+不可数名词+asas+many+可数名词复数+as;asmuch+不可数名词+asasmuch(+a/an)+名词+as注2:“as…as”结构中,第一个as是副词,用在形容词和副词的原级前;第二个as是连词,连接与前面句子结构相同的句子(相同部分常省略)例:Heisastallashisbrother.注3:在as和than引导的比较状语从句中,由于句式同前面主句相同,为避免重复,常把主句中出现的动词用do的适当形式代替例:JohnspeaksGermanasfluentlyasMarydoes.拓展同级比较的结构有时有一些习惯用语,如:短语同级比较含义习惯用语含义aslongas和……一样长只要……assoonas和……一样快/早一……就……aswellas和……一样好既……,又……asgoodas和……一样好(=verynearly)几乎asfaras和……一样远就……而言=3\*GB3③倍数表达“A+动词+倍数+as+形容词/副词原级+as+B”例:Ourclassroomisthreetimesaslargeastheirs.=2\*GB2⑵比较级用法=1\*GB3①修饰比较级的词:much、alot、far、alittle、abit、even、rather、still、byfar、any(否定/疑问句)agreatdeal等注:byfar修饰比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面;如果比较级前有定冠词the,则byfar位于the前=2\*GB3②比较级+than……例:Heisolderthanme.=3\*GB3③“the+比较级,the+比较级”“越…,越…”例:Themore,thebetter.注:其中前面的句子是状语从句,后面是主句。主从句的时态常用一般现在时或一般过去时;若主句是一般将来时,从句要用一般现在时表示将来=4\*GB3④“A+be+the+形容词比较级+ofthetwo+名词”例:Lookatthetwoboys.Tomisthetallerofthetwo.=5\*GB3⑤“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越…”例:Heisgettingtallerandtaller.=6\*GB3⑥在含有or的选择疑问句中,如果有两者供选择:“特殊疑问词+be+形容词比较级,AorB?”例:Whichisbigger,theearthorthemoon?“特殊疑问词+实意动词+副词比较级,AorB?”例:Whodrawsbetter,JennyorDanny?=7\*GB3⑦倍数表达“A+动词+倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than+B”例:Ourclassroomistwicelargerthantheirs.=8\*GB3⑧特殊用法比较级有时可单独使用,其比较的对象含于句中例:Bemorecarefulnexttime.“nomorethan”表示“只不过,仅仅”=only“notmorethan”表示“不多于”“nolessthan”表示“多达”=asmuch/manyas“notlessthan”表示“至少”=atleast=9\*GB3⑨含比较级的习语moreorlesssoonerorlatermuchless=stilllessmorethanonce(=often)morethan(=over),(=very),(=notonly)somuchthebetter/worse拓展用介词by接变化的程度;to则接变化的结果例:SheistallerthanIbythreeinches.=SheisthreeinchestallerthanI.区分:manymore,muchmoremanymore只能修饰可数名词复数muchmore既可修饰不可数名词,也可构词比较级=3\*GB2⑶最高级用法=1\*GB3①修饰最高级的词:序数词、much、byfar、nearly、almost等=2\*GB3②the+形容词/副词最高级+of+同类事物(副词最高级前the可省)例:Ofallthesubjects,IlikeEnglishbest.=3\*GB3③the+形容词/副词最高级+in+地域范围(副词最高级前the可省)例:Jackisthetalleststudentintheclass.=4\*GB3④the+形容词最高级+名词+(that)Ihaveeverseen/known例:YouarethetallestmanIhaveeverknown.=5\*GB3⑤“oneof+the+最高级+名词复数+三单”表示“最…的…之一…”例:OneofthetallestplayersinChinaisLiMing.=6\*GB3⑥含最高级的习语atthelatestat(the)most/leastdoone’sbestforthemostpartmakethemostofnotintheleast拓展:比较级表示最高级含义“否定词+比较级”表示最高级例:Nothingcouldbebetter.比较级表示最高级含义的句式比较级+than+anyother+可数名词单数例:Heleftearlierthananyotherstudentintheclass.比较级+than+(all)theother+可数名词复数例:Heleftearlierthanalltheotherstudentsintheclass.比较级+than+anything/anyone+else例:Heleftearlierthananyoneelseintheclass.比较级+than+anyoftheother+可数名词单数(不同范围)例:Heleftearlierthananyoftheotherstudentsintheclass.比较级+than+therestof+可数名词复数/不可数名词例:Heleftearlierthantherestofstudentsintheclass.【典例破题】1.—Whichriveris________,theYangtzeRiverortheYellowRiver?—TheYangtzeRiver.Itisthethird________riverintheworld.A.longer;long B.longest;long C.longest;longer D.longer;longest【巩固提升】一、单项选择1.—WhatdoyouthinkofKunmingNo.10MiddleSchool?—Ithinkitis________thananyotherschool,andtheteachersworkas________asbees.A.beautiful;hard B.morebeautiful;harderC.beautiful;harder D.morebeautiful;hard2.Noclothesare________thanthoseinDreamClothes.Theclothesthereare________inourtown.A.bad;bad B.theworst;worseC.worst;worse D.worse;theworst3.Ihavenoideahowtoorganizetheeventwith________moneyand________people.A.less;fewer B.fewer;less C.fewer;more D.more;less4.Thereis________spaceforwildlife.Asaresult,therewillbe________rarebirdsintheworld.A.fewerandfewer;lessandless B.lessandless;fewerandfewerC.moreandmore;lessandless D.fewerandfewer;moreandmore5.—________youpractise,________mistakesyouwillmake.—Yes.Practicemakesperfect.A.Themore;themore B.Less;fewerC.Themore;less D.Themore;thefewer6.Ourteacheralwaystellsus________weare,________wewillbe.A.themosthard-working;theluckiest B.thehard-working;theluckyC.themorehard-working;theluckier D.morehard-working;luckier7.Mary’shairislongerthan________inherclass.A.anyotherstudent B.theotherstudents C.anyotherstudent’s D.theotherstudent’s8.Shanghaiislargerthan________inChinaand________inJiangsuProvince.A.anyoftheothercities;anycity B.othercities;theothercitiesC.theothercities;anyothercity D.anyothercity;othercities9.—WhatdoyouthinkofthesongsbyTaylorSwift?—Beautiful,andsheismyfavouritesinger.Noonehasa________voice.A.good B.better C.bad D.worse10.—WhatdoyouthinkofthefilmUnit731?—Amazing!Youcan’tfinda________oneduringthisNationalDayholiday.A.popular B.morepopular C.lesspopular D.mostpopular考点五名词【知识精讲】名词的分类表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念等名称的词称为名词。名词可以分为普通名词和专有名词。普通名词是一类人或东西,或是一个抽象概念的名词。专有名词是某个/些人、地方、机构等专有的名称。易错提醒1.单数可数名词不能单独使用,要与冠词、指示代词、不定代词等连用,否则就用复数形式表示复数含2.不可数名词没有复数形式,不能与不定冠词连用。advice、information、progress为北京高考高频不可数名词。3.物质名词前有定语修饰时,前面要使用冠词。4.专有名词前一般不加冠词,但由普通名词构成的专有名词(如theGreatWall)需加the。名词的数规则变化语法填空必考复数变形,以s/es、变y为i加es、f/fe变v加es为主。可数名词单数变复数的规则变化口诀1.改-f或-fe为v,再加-es:口诀:小偷(thief)妻子(wife)切面包,半片树叶(leaf)当作刀(knife),狼(wolf)保己命架(shelf)后藏2.以f结尾的名词,直接加-s口诀:海湾(gulf)边、屋顶(roof)上,首领(chief)奴仆(serf)两相望,谁说他们无信仰(belief),证据(proof)写在手帕(handkerchief)上。3.这些以o结尾的名词复数加es,其他加-s:口诀:黑人(Negro)英雄(hero)坐在火山上(volcano)吃着土豆(potato)西红柿(tomato)4.辅音+y变ies:城市(city)国家(country),婴儿(baby)变复数,y变i后加es。不规则变化1.可数名词单数变复数的不规则变化变化示例单复数同形deer,fish,sheep,means,series,aircraft,spacecraft,speciesChinese,theUnitedStates,Swiss,physics,politics,maths,变内部元音goose-geese,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,man-men,woman-women;mouse-mice-on/ium变-aphenomenon-phenomena现象,criterion-criteria标准词尾加-(r)enchildchildren孩子;ox-oxen公牛词尾-um变成-adatum-data数据;medium-media媒体;2.只有复数形式的名词:由两个相同的部分构成的一个物体的名词scissors剪刀compasses圆规glasses眼镜earphones耳机trousers裤子gloves手套易错提醒❌裤子,眼镜等用单数✅twopairsoftrousers“两条裤子”;apairofglasses“一副眼镜”3.以-ing形式结尾的名词belongings所属物savings节省下来的东西findings研究发现earnings挣来的钱surroundings周围的环境sufferings受难4.合成名词的复数形式合成名词的复数,在主体名词后加-spasser-by→passers-by过路人,looker-on→lookers-on旁观者合成名词的复数,无主名词在词尾加-sgrown-up→grown-ups成人,go-between→go-betweens媒介,中间人注意:1.German—Germans德国人,RomanRomans罗马人,humanhumans人类。不可数名词1.常考不可数名词①抽象类名词(表示状态、情感、品质等)advice建议:apieceofadvice一条建议information信息:someinformation一些信息knowledge知识:knowledgeofhistory历史知识happiness幸福:thehappinessofchildren孩子们的幸福courage勇气:showcourageindanger在危险中展现勇气success成功:achievegreatsuccess取得巨大成功failure失败:experiencefailure经历失败progress进步:makeprogressinstudy在学习上进步②物质类名词表示无法分割的物质或材料water水:aglassofwater一杯水milk牛奶:abottleofmilk一瓶牛奶meat肉:somemeat一些肉butter黄油:aspoonofbutter一勺黄油wood木头:apieceofwood一块木头③自然现象名词weather天气:goodweather好天气snow雪:heavysnow大雪rain雨:lightrain小雨wind风:strongwind大风fog雾:thickfog浓雾④总称类名词clothing(服装):apieceofclothing(一件衣服)furniture(家具):asetoffurniture(一套家具)equipment(设备):advancedequipment(先进设备)luggage/baggage(行李):heavyluggage(沉重的行李)jewelry/jewellery(珠宝):expensivejewelry(昂贵的珠宝)⑤不可数名词的量apieceofadvice/news;twopiecesofinformation易错提醒✅不可数名词没有复数形式。✅不可数名词前面不能有不定冠词a或an。✅fish指鱼的种类时,加-es;指鱼的条数时,单复数相同;指鱼肉时,为不可数名词。✅work(工作,不可数)→works(作品,可数);paper(纸,不可数)→papers(试卷/文件,可数)2.表示具体的一个人或特定的某一件事东西时,可以将抽象名词可作为可数名词,可以与a/an连用,常见的这类词有:例词抽象意义具体化意义例词抽象意义具体化意义success成功成功的人或事beauty美;美丽美丽的人或事comfort安慰;慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事danger危险危险的人或事物delight高兴令人高兴的事failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情物质名词的复数现象arm胳膊--arms武器grass草--grasses草原paper纸--papers论文,试卷wood木头--woods树林cloth布--clothes衣服iron铁--irons熨斗water水--waters水域time时间--times时代;次数wind--winds风向;季风rain雨--rains雨季line线路--lines台词fruit水果--fruits多种水果名词的格知识点1-'s所有格1.所有格的意义:表示有生命的人或物的所有关系,译为“…”的2.所有格的变法:单数名词:直接加-'s→Tom→Tom's汤姆的;Beijing→Beijing's北京的复数名词:以s结尾:加-'→students→students'学生们的;parents→parents'父母们的不规则复数:加-'s→children→children's孩子们的;people→people's人们的特殊用法:时间/距离:today'snews今天的新闻;tenminutes'walk十分钟的路程共同所有在最后一个人后面加’s:TomandJerry'shouse汤姆和杰瑞的房子(共有的房子)各自所有在每个名词后加’s:Tom'sandJerry'shouses汤姆和杰瑞的房子(各自的房子)知识点2of所有格
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