二十二　选择性必修 第二册　Unit 1　Science and Scientists

二十二选择性必修第二册Unit1

ScienceandScientists(25分钟25分)Ⅰ.阅读理解(共4小题;每小题2.5分,满分10分)(2025·重庆南开中学模拟)Shadowsareoftenassociatedwithdarknessanduncertainty.Now,researchersfromtheNationalUniversityofSingapore(NUS)aregivingshadowsapositivespinbydemonstratingawaytoharnessthiscommonbutoftenoverlookedoptical(光学的)effecttogenerateelectricity.Theteamcreatedadevicecalledashadow-effectenergygenerator(SEG),whichmakesuseofthecontrastinilluminationbetweenlitandshadowedareastogenerateelectricity.It’smadeupofaseriesofthinstripsofgoldfilmonasiliconlayer,whichisthenplacedonaflexibleplasticbase.“Inconventionaloptoelectronics(光电子学)whereasteadysourceoflightisusedtopowerdevices,shadowsareundesirable,sincetheydegradetheperformanceofdevices.Inthiswork,wetookadvantageoftheilluminationcontrastcausedbyshadowsasanindirectsourceofpower.Thecontrastinilluminationcausesavoltage(电压)differencebetweentheshadowandilluminatedsections,resultinginanelectriccurrent.Thisnovelconceptofharvestingenergyinthepresenceofshadowsisunprecedented.”explainedresearchteamleaderProfessorTanSweeChing.Mobileelectronicdevicessuchassmartphones,smartglassesande-watchesrequireefficientandcontinuouspowersupply.Asthesedevicesarewornbothindoorsandoutdoors,wearablepowersourcesthatcouldharnesssurroundinglightcanpotentiallyimprovethefunctionofthesedevices.Whilecommerciallyavailablesolarcellscanperformthisroleinanoutdoorenvironment,theirenergyharvestingefficiencydropssignificantlyunderindoorconditionswhereshadowsarepersistent.Thisnewapproachtomaximizingtheefficiencyofenergyharvestingisbothexcitingandtimely.“WhenthewholeSEGisunderilluminationorinshadow,theamountofelectricitygeneratedisverylowornoneatall.WhenapartoftheSEGisilluminated,asignificantelectricaloutputisdetected.WealsofoundthatthebestsurfaceareaforelectricitygenerationiswhenhalfoftheSEGisilluminatedandtheotherhalfinshadow,asthisgivesenoughareaforchargegenerationandcollectionrespectively.”saidco-teamleaderProfessorAndrewWee.TheNUSresearchersarealsolookingatdevelopingwearableSEGsattachedtoclothingtoharvestenergyduringnormaldailyactivities.Anotherpromisingareaofresearchisthedevelopmentoflow-costSEGforefficientharvestingofenergyfromindoorlighting.【语篇属性】语篇类型说明文主题语境人与社会(科学与进步科技发展与技术创新)语篇内容文章主要讲述了一项新的可产生电的发明,该发明利用明亮和阴影区域之间的照明对比来发电,该设备被称为“阴影效应能量发生器”语篇结构Para.1IntroductiontoShadow-EffectEnergyGeneration.Para.2DeviceCompositionandFunctioning.Para.3ConceptandMechanism.Para.4ApplicationinMobileDevices.Para.5OptimalConditionsforElectricityGeneration.Para.6FutureDevelopmentsandApplications.【命题意图】1.Whyareshadowsconsideredundesirableintraditionaloptoelectronics?这个问题旨在考查学生对传统光电子学中阴影影响的理解。根据文章第三段内容“在传统的光电子技术中,使用稳定的光源为设备供电,阴影是不可取的。”可知,阴影不可取的原因在于它们会降低设备的性能。2.WhatdoweknowabouttheSEG?这个问题旨在考查学生对SEG工作原理的理解。根据文章第五段内容可知,当SEG的一半被照亮而另一半处于阴影中时,即光影面积平衡时,可实现最佳发电表面积。由此可推知,它需要光和影的平衡来最大限度地发电。3.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?这个问题旨在考查学生对最后一段内容的理解。根据文章最后一段内容“另一个有前景的研究领域是开发低成本的SEG,以有效地从室内照明中收集能量。”可知,开发低成本的SEG是有前景的。4.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?这个问题旨在考查学生对整篇文章主旨的理解。根据文章第一段“新加坡国立大学的研究人员正在给阴影一个积极的转变,他们展示了一种利用这种常见但常被忽视的光学效应来发电的方法。”和文章第二段内容“该团队创建了一种称为阴影效应能量发生器(SEG)的设备,该设备利用明亮和阴影区域之间的照明对比来发电。”可知,文章主要以“阴影效应能量发生器(SEG)”为话题,对其原理和应用进行了阐述。1.Whyareshadowsconsideredundesirableintraditionaloptoelectronics?A.Theyservenousefulpurpose.B.Theyweakendeviceperformance.C.Theyarerareinoutdoorconditions.D.Theyaredifficulttocontrolorpredict.【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Inconventionaloptoelectronicswhereasteadysourceoflightisusedtopowerdevices,shadowsareundesirable,sincetheydegradetheperformanceofdevices.”可知,阴影不可取的原因在于它们会降低设备的性能。故选B项。2.WhatdoweknowabouttheSEG?A.It’sspeciallydesignedtoworkinopenareas.B.Itwillreplaceexistingsolarcellsonceandforall.C.It’smosteffectivewhenfullypositionedinlightorinshadow.D.Itrequiresabalanceoflightandshadowtomaximizeelectricitygeneration.【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据文章第五段“WealsofoundthatthebestsurfaceareaforelectricitygenerationiswhenhalfoftheSEGisilluminatedandtheotherhalfinshadow,asthisgivesenoughareaforchargegenerationandcollectionrespectively.”可知,当SEG的一半被照亮而另一半处于阴影中时,即光影面积平衡时,可实现最佳发电表面积。由此可推知,它需要光和影的平衡来最大限度地发电。故选D项。3.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?A.TheSEGisunlikelytoworkefficientlyindarkplaces.B.TheresearchersarelookingtoreducethecostoftheSEG.C.ThedevelopmentofSEGislimitedbyitshighproductioncost.D.TheresearchersaredevelopingwearableSEGsattachedtosmartphones.【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Anotherpromisingareaofresearchisthedevelopmentoflow-costSEGforefficientharvestingofenergyfromindoorlighting.”可知,开发低成本的SEG是有前景的。由此可推知,研究人员希望能降低SEG的成本。故选B项。4.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.Aninnovativeuseofshadowstogenerateelectricity.B.Theproblemswithshadowsinconventionaloptoelectronics.C.Thechallengesofadaptingtechnologyforwearabledevices.D.Aneedforefficientpowersupplyinmobileelectronicdevices.【解析】选A。主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Now,researchersfromtheNationalUniversityofSingapore(NUS)aregivingshadowsapositivespinbydemonstratingawaytoharnessthiscommonbutoftenoverlookedopticaleffecttogenerateelectricity.”可知,新加坡国立大学的研究人员正在给阴影一个积极的转变,他们展示了一种利用这种常见但常被忽视的光学效应来发电的方法。因此,选项A“Aninnovativeuseofshadowstogenerateelectricity.”一种利用阴影发电的新方法可对文章内容进行概述。故选A项。【失分剖析】第1题A.Theyservenousefulpurpose.这个选项错误在于它没有解释为什么阴影在传统光电子学中是不受欢迎的。C.Theyarerareinoutdoorconditions.这个选项不相关,因为问题问的是传统光电子学中的情况,而不是户外条件。D.Theyaredifficulttocontrolorpredict.这个选项虽然部分正确,但并不是主要原因。主要原因是阴影会降低设备性能。第2题A.It’sspeciallydesignedtoworkinopenareas.这个选项错误,因为SEG不是专门为开放区域设计的,而是利用光与阴影的对比来工作。B.Itwillreplaceexistingsolarcellsonceandforall.这个选项过于绝对,SEG并没有被证明能完全替代现有的太阳能电池。C.It’smosteffectivewhenfullypositionedinlightorinshadow.这个选项错误,因为SEG在完全光照或完全阴影下效率很低。第3题A.TheSEGisunlikelytoworkefficientlyindarkplaces.这个选项不完全正确,因为SEG在完全黑暗的地方确实无法工作,但问题问的是最后一段的内容。C.ThedevelopmentofSEGislimitedbyitshighproductioncost.这个选项错误,因为文章没有提到高生产成本限制了SEG的发展。D.TheresearchersaredevelopingwearableSEGsattachedtosmartphones.这个选项部分正确,但最后一段主要讨论的是低成本SEG的开发,而不是专门针对智能手机的可穿戴SEG。第4题B.Theproblemswithshadowsinconventionaloptoelectronics.这个选项虽然部分相关,但不是文章的主要讨论点。C.Thechallengesofadaptingtechnologyforwearabledevices.这个选项不相关,文章主要关注的是SEG的创新应用,而不是可穿戴设备的挑战。D.Aneedforefficientpowersupplyinmobileelectronicdevices.这个选项虽然相关,但不是文章的主要讨论点。文章主要讲述的是利用阴影生成电力的创新方法,而不是移动电子设备的电源需求。【阅读障碍】

【熟词生义】harness:通常指“利用(如马具)”或“控制”,在本文中指利用某种资源(此处为光学效应)来生成电力。degrade:通常指“降级”或“降低质量”,在本文中指减弱设备的性能。novel:通常指“小说”,在本文中指“新颖的”。wearable:通常指“可穿戴的”,在本文中指可以穿戴在身上的电子设备。significant:通常指“重要的”,在本文中指显著的。Ⅱ.完形填空(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)(2024·浙江强基联盟)NestledintheshadowsoftheHimalayas,villagersfacetheoverwhelmingchallengeofcollectingthehighlyvaluedcaterpillarfungus(虫草).Atanaltitudeof4,700meters,thispursuitisfilledwithdanger,yetthepotential

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makeitacrucialeffortforthelocalcommunity.

Onemorningin2019,asthesun’srayspaintedthelandscape,anurgentcall

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thecalm.TenzinWangyal,anexperienced

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withamobileclinic,foundhimselfatthefrontlineofacriticalsituation.Anelderlyman,weakenedbythealtitude,had

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duringhissearchforthepreciousfungus.

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theseverityofthesituation,Tenzin,withoveradecadeof

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,sprangintoaction.

Henavigatedthesteepandwindingmountainpaths,hismedicalvehiclebeingabeaconofhopeamongtheseverelandscape.Upon

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theelderlyman,Tenzin’strainedhandsswiftlyassessedthe

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condition—acutemountainsicknesshadaseriouseffect.Withcare,he

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theman’sconditionandmadethevitaldecisiontotakehimtothesafetyofthetownbelow.

Thejourneydownwasa

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ofskillandnerve,butTenzin’ssteadyhandandfirmfocussawthemthrough.Astheyreachedthetown,anawaitingambulancesignaledthenextphaseof

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.Theelderlymanwassmoothly

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,andthehospital’sexpertstaff

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,ensuringhisfullrecovery.

Tenzin’sactionsthatdaywereatestamenttotheessentialroleofmobileclinicsintheseremoteareas.Hisstoryservesasa(n)

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exampleofresilience(坚韧不拔)andthelife-savingimpactofmedicalcare,eveninthefaceofnature’s

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.

【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了流动诊所医生TenzinWangyal克服各种困难及时救助了偏远地区的病人。5.A.risks

B.costs

C.rewards

D.losses【解析】选C。空格前的yet表明此处应填入与danger相对的概念。potentialrewards(潜在的回报)与filledwithdanger(充满危险)形成对比,说明尽管有危险,但潜在的回报使这项工作对当地社区至关重要。6.A.ensured B.restoredC.broke D.kept【解析】选C。空格前的anurgentcall(一个紧急的电话)与thecalm(宁静)之间是打断关系。brokethecalm(打破了宁静)符合语境,表示紧急情况的出现。7.A.doctor B.patientC.villager D.explorer【解析】选A。空格后的withamobileclinic(拥有一家移动诊所)表明这个人是提供医疗服务的专业人员。doctor(医生)是合适的选择,因为医生通常是与移动诊所相关联的职业。8.A.failed B.sleptC.died D.collapsed【解析】选D。空格前后的weakenedbythealtitude(因高海拔而身体虚弱)和duringhissearchforthepreciousfungus(在寻找珍贵真菌的过程中)表明老人出现了健康问题。collapsed(倒下)是合适的动词,描述了老人因高海拔而倒下的情况。9.A.Stressing

B.RecognizingC.Ignoring D.Mentioning【解析】选B。空格后的theseverityofthesituation(情况的严重性)和Tenzin,withoveradecadeof______,sprangintoaction(拥有超过十年______的Tenzin立刻采取行动)表明Tenzin意识到了情况的紧急性。Recognizing(意识到)是合适的动词,表示Tenzin意识到并迅速反应。

10.A.search B.marriageC.experience D.adventure【解析】选C。空格前的overadecadeof(超过十年的)表明此处应填入一个表示时间积累的名词。experience(经验)是合适的选择,表示Tenzin拥有丰富的经验。11.A.reaching B.passingC.curing D.knowing【解析】选A。空格前的Upon通常与到达的动作搭配。reachingtheelderlyman(到达老人那里)是合适的短语,表示Tenzin到达并开始评估老人的状况。12.A.normal B.criticalC.previous D.mental【解析】选B。空格前后的swiftlyassessed(迅速评估了)和acutemountainsicknesshadaseriouseffect(急性高山病有严重影响)表明老人的状况是紧急且严重的。critical(危急的)是合适的形容词,描述了老人的状况。13.A.admired B.stabilizedC.worsened D.suspected【解析】选B。空格前后的Withcare(他小心翼翼地)和theman’sconditionandmadethevitaldecisiontotakehimtothesafetyofthetownbelow(稳定了老人的状况并做出了带他到山下安全地带的重要决定)表明Tenzin采取了行动来稳定老人的状况。stabilized(稳定)是合适的动词。14.A.rem