初中八年级数学：二次根式的运算与数系扩充理解教学设计

初中八年级数学：二次根式的运算与数系扩充理解教学设计

一、教学背景深度分析

  (一)教材知识结构与价值解析

  本节课内容选自浙教版初中数学八年级上册第一章《二次根式》的第三节。从教材编排的逻辑体系审视，本章是继七年级《实数》章节学习后，对数系从有理数到实数的一次重要扩充与深化应用。学生在七年级已经掌握了平方根、算术平方根的概念，以及实数的基本概念和简单运算，为本节课的学习奠定了坚实的认知基础。本节课“二次根式的运算”则是将具体的数的运算，抽象、概括为式的运算，是算术思维向代数思维过渡的关键节点之一。其内容不仅涵盖了二次根式的加、减、乘、除四则运算法则，更深层次地涉及了最简二次根式、同类二次根式的概念辨析与转化，以及分母有理化这一核心代数恒等变形技巧。

  从数学学科发展脉络看，二次根式的运算规则是实数运算律在代数式层面的直接体现，它沟通了“数”与“形”的联系（如勾股定理的应用），是后续学习解直角三角形、一元二次方程、二次函数等核心知识不可或缺的运算工具。因此，本节课在初中数学知识体系中扮演着承上启下、贯通枢纽的重要角色，其教学价值远超单纯的计算技能训练，更在于培养学生的数学抽象能力、运算能力、推理能力和严谨的数学表达习惯。

  (二)学生认知起点与潜在障碍诊断

  八年级学生正处于抽象逻辑思维发展的关键期，具备了一定的归纳、类比和符号化能力。他们对数的运算律（交换律、结合律、分配律）掌握较为熟练，对整式、分式的运算有过系统学习，这为迁移学习二次根式的运算提供了积极的正向影响。然而，潜在的学习障碍亦不容忽视：

  1.概念混淆：易将“二次根式”与“平方根”、“算术平方根”的概念混淆，对根号下被开方数的非负性条件在运算中的保持与变化理解不深。

  2.简化意识薄弱：学生往往急于进行形式上的运算，而忽略将运算对象（二次根式）化为最简形式这一关键前提，导致过程繁琐且易错。

  3.“同类”概念迁移困难：虽然拥有“同类项”合并的经验，但“同类二次根式”的判断标准（化为最简二次根式后，被开方数相同）更为隐蔽，学生容易仅凭表面形式（被开方数）进行错误合并。

  4.分母有理化的必要性认知不足：学生不理解为何要将分母中的根号化去，仅将其视为一种强制规则，而非追求形式标准化、便于估算和进一步运算的数学内在需求。

  5.运算策略选择混乱：在面对混合运算时，不善于观察式子的结构特点，灵活选用乘法公式、因式分解等技巧进行简化，运算路径选择缺乏优化意识。

  (三)教学理念与核心策略

  本设计秉持“理解性教学”与“学科核心素养导向”的理念，不满足于法则的记忆与机械操练，而是致力于引导学生追溯法则的数学本源，理解运算的算理。主要采用以下策略：

  1.情境-问题链驱动：创设源于数学内部发展（如数系扩充的连续性）和外部应用（如几何、物理中的度量问题）的真实情境，通过精心设计的问题链，激发认知冲突，驱动自主探究。

  2.类比-迁移建构：充分激活学生关于实数运算律、整式与分式运算的已有认知图式，通过结构化类比，引导他们自主发现、归纳二次根式的运算规律，实现知识的主动建构。

  3.程序性知识的概念化：将运算步骤（如“先化简，再判断，后合并”）背后的数学原理（实数运算律、最简形式的意义）显性化，使操作技能上升为有理解支撑的思维模式。

  4.跨学科视野融合：适时引入几何背景（如面积拼接、勾股定理计算）、简单物理情境（如速度、能量公式中的根式运算），彰显数学作为基础科学的工具价值，拓宽学生视野。

  5.差异化学习支持：通过分层探究任务、阶梯式例题与变式训练，兼顾不同层次学生的发展需求，让每一位学生都能在最近发展区内获得成功体验。

二、立体化教学目标

  (一)知识与技能

  1.理解最简二次根式与同类二次根式的概念，并能熟练准确地进行识别与转化。

  2.掌握二次根式的加、减、乘、除（含分母有理化）运算法则，并能用文字语言和数学符号语言进行表述。

  3.能综合运用运算法则、运算律以及乘法公式，正确、合理、简洁地进行二次根式的混合运算。

  (二)过程与方法

  1.经历从具体数字运算到抽象字母表示式的归纳过程，体会从特殊到一般、类比迁移的数学思想方法。

  2.通过探索二次根式运算的算理与算法，发展数学抽象、逻辑推理和数学运算的核心素养。

  3.在解决实际背景问题的过程中，提升建立数学模型、选择运算策略、检验结果合理性的综合应用能力。

  (三)情感、态度与价值观

  1.在探究活动中感受数学的严谨性与简洁美，体会数学内部和谐统一的逻辑力量。

  2.通过克服运算中的难点（如复杂分母有理化），培养不畏困难、精益求精的治学态度和批判性思维习惯。

  3.认识二次根式与实际生活的广泛联系，增强数学应用意识，体会数学的实用价值。

三、教学重难点及突破策略

  (一)教学重点

  1.二次根式的乘、除运算法则及其逆向应用（如因式分解在根号内）。

  2.二次根式的加减运算中，对“先化简，再判断同类，最后合并”程序的理解与执行。

  3.分母有理化的原理与多种方法（单项分母、二项分母）。

  (二)教学难点

  1.灵活、准确地识别同类二次根式，尤其是在被开方数为多项式或经过复杂运算后的情形。

  2.综合运用运算律、乘法公式和分母有理化技巧，优化二次根式混合运算的路径。

  3.深刻理解二次根式运算的本质是实数运算，所有法则均源于实数运算律，并能据此解释运算的合理性。

  (三)突破策略

  针对难点1，设计“找朋友”辨析活动，通过正反例对比，强化“化为最简”这一关键步骤；采用“分解质因数”、“配方”等方法训练对复杂被开方数的处理能力。

  针对难点2，采用“一题多解”与“多题一解”对比分析，引导学生观察式子结构特征，总结常见模型（如平方差公式应用、互为有理化因式的识别），形成策略库。

  针对难点3，在法则探究环节，追本溯源，设置问题：“我们为什么要这样算？这样算的依据是什么？”引导学生将a

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\sqrt{a}\cdot\sqrt{b}=\sqrt{ab}

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​等法则与(

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(\sqrt{a})^2=a

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​)2=a以及实数乘法的定义联系起来，从“规定”层面上升到“逻辑必然”层面进行理解。

四、教学方法与准备

  (一)主要教学方法

  探究发现法、类比迁移法、讲练结合法、合作讨论法。

  (二)教学准备

  1.教师准备：多媒体课件（含几何画板动态演示、生活实例图片）、实物投影仪、设计合理的探究任务单、分层训练题卡。

  2.学生准备：复习实数运算律、整式乘除法则及乘法公式；准备练习本、作图工具。

五、教学过程实施详案

  第一课时：乘除运算与分母有理化

  环节一：情境导入，明确目标（预计时间：8分钟）

  教师活动：呈现两个问题情境。

  情境1（几何直观）：已知一个长方形的长为8

\sqrt{8}

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​厘米，宽为2

\sqrt{2}

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​厘米，其面积如何表示？能否化简？

  情境2（数系思考）：在实数轴上，表示数3

\sqrt{3}

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​和12

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​的点。思考：3

×

4

\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{4}

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​等于什么？3

×

4

=

12

\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{4}=\sqrt{12}

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​=12<pathd="M95,702

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c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​吗？12

\sqrt{12}

12<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

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c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​能否写成更简单的形式？

  引导学生列出式子：8

×

2

\sqrt{8}\times\sqrt{2}

8<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​×2<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​，3

×

4

\sqrt{3}\times\sqrt{4}

3<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​×4<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​，12

\sqrt{12}

12<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​。提问：这些式子涉及二次根式的什么运算？我们已有的实数、整式运算知识能否帮助我们解决这些问题？

  在学生产生认知冲突和探究欲望的基础上，明确本课目标：探寻二次根式乘、除运算的法则，并学习如何使运算结果的形式更简洁、标准。

  环节二：唤醒旧知，铺垫迁移（预计时间：5分钟）

  教师活动：通过提问，引导学生快速回顾：

  1.算术平方根的定义：若x

2

=

a

(

a

≥

0

)

x^2=a(a\geq0)

x2=a(a≥0)，则x

=

a

x=\sqrt{a}

x=a<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​。特别地，(

a

)

2

=

a

(\sqrt{a})^2=a

(a<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​)2=a。

  2.实数乘法的运算律：交换律、结合律、分配律。

  3.什么是因式分解？我们学过哪些乘法公式？（平方差、完全平方）

  关键设问：这些已经掌握的知识，是我们探索新天地的“工具箱”。想一想，它们可能怎样帮助我们研究二次根式的乘法？

  环节三：探究新知，构建体系（预计时间：25分钟）

  探究活动一：二次根式的乘法法则

  1.计算猜想：请计算下列各组式子的值，并观察左右两边的关系。

    (1)4

×

9

\sqrt{4}\times\sqrt{9}

4<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​×9<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​与4

×

9

\sqrt{4\times9}

4×9<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​  (2)25

×

16

\sqrt{25}\times\sqrt{16}

25<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​×16<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​与25

×

16

\sqrt{25\times16}

25×16<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​

    (3)1

4

×

1

9

\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}}\times\sqrt{\frac{1}{9}}

41​<pathd="M98390

l0-0

c4,-6.7,10,-10,18,-10H400000v40

H1013.1s-83.4,268,-264.1,840c-180.7,572,-277,876.3,-289,913c-4.7,4.7,-12.7,7,-24,7

s-12,0,-12,0c-1.3,-3.3,-3.7,-11.7,-7,-25c-35.3,-125.3,-106.7,-373.3,-214,-744

c-10,12,-21,25,-33,39s-32,39,-32,39c-6,-5.3,-15,-14,-27,-26s25,-30,25,-30

c26.7,-32.7,52,-63,76,-91s52,-60,52,-60s208,722,208,722

c56,-175.3,126.3,-397.3,211,-666c84.7,-268.7,153.8,-488.2,207.5,-658.5

c53.7,-170.3,84.5,-266.8,92.5,-289.5z

M100180h400000v40h-400000z">

​×91​<pathd="M98390

l0-0

c4,-6.7,10,-10,18,-10H400000v40

H1013.1s-83.4,268,-264.1,840c-180.7,572,-277,876.3,-289,913c-4.7,4.7,-12.7,7,-24,7

s-12,0,-12,0c-1.3,-3.3,-3.7,-11.7,-7,-25c-35.3,-125.3,-106.7,-373.3,-214,-744

c-10,12,-21,25,-33,39s-32,39,-32,39c-6,-5.3,-15,-14,-27,-26s25,-30,25,-30

c26.7,-32.7,52,-63,76,-91s52,-60,52,-60s208,722,208,722

c56,-175.3,126.3,-397.3,211,-666c84.7,-268.7,153.8,-488.2,207.5,-658.5

c53.7,-170.3,84.5,-266.8,92.5,-289.5z

M100180h400000v40h-400000z">

​与1

4

×

1

9

\sqrt{\frac{1}{4}\times\frac{1}{9}}

41​×91​<pathd="M98390

l0-0

c4,-6.7,10,-10,18,-10H400000v40

H1013.1s-83.4,268,-264.1,840c-180.7,572,-277,876.3,-289,913c-4.7,4.7,-12.7,7,-24,7

s-12,0,-12,0c-1.3,-3.3,-3.7,-11.7,-7,-25c-35.3,-125.3,-106.7,-373.3,-214,-744

c-10,12,-21,25,-33,39s-32,39,-32,39c-6,-5.3,-15,-14,-27,-26s25,-30,25,-30

c26.7,-32.7,52,-63,76,-91s52,-60,52,-60s208,722,208,722

c56,-175.3,126.3,-397.3,211,-666c84.7,-268.7,153.8,-488.2,207.5,-658.5

c53.7,-170.3,84.5,-266.8,92.5,-289.5z

M100180h400000v40h-400000z">

​  (4)2

×

3

\sqrt{2}\times\sqrt{3}

2<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​×3<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​与2

×

3

\sqrt{2\times3}

2×3<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​

    学生计算、比较后，容易发现规律。教师追问：这些例子中，被开方数都是非负数。你能用字母a

a

a，b

b

b表示你发现的规律吗？（a

≥

0

,

b

≥

0

a\geq0,b\geq0

a≥0,b≥0）

    学生归纳：a

⋅

b

=

a

b

\sqrt{a}\cdot\sqrt{b}=\sqrt{ab}

a<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​⋅b<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​=ab<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​。

  2.算理追问：这仅仅是一个猜想吗？我们能否证明它？引导学生思考：如何证明两个非负数相等？（证明它们的平方相等）。

    师生共同完成：(

a

⋅

b

)

2

=

(

a

)

2

⋅

(

b

)

2

=

a

⋅

b

(\sqrt{a}\cdot\sqrt{b})^2=(\sqrt{a})^2\cdot(\sqrt{b})^2=a\cdotb

(a<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​⋅b<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​)2=(a<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​)2⋅(b<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​)2=a⋅b。同时，(

a

b

)

2

=

a

b

(\sqrt{ab})^2=ab

(ab<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​)2=ab。所以(

a

⋅

b

)

2

=

(

a

b

)

2

(\sqrt{a}\cdot\sqrt{b})^2=(\sqrt{ab})^2

(a<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​⋅b<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​)2=(ab<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7

c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z

M83480h400000v40h-400000z">

​)2。由于a

⋅

b

≥

0

\sqrt{a}\cdot\sqrt{b}\geq0

a<pathd="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14

c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54

c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10

s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429

c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221

l0-0

c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14

H400000v40H845.2724

s-225.272,467,-22