第一节　定语从句 高中英语

第一节定语从句在复合句中，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。引导定语从句的关系词又分为关系代词和关系副词。考点1关系代词引导的定语从句一、关系代词的基本用法关系代词先行词在从句中所充当的成分that人/物主语、宾语、表语which物主语、宾语、表语who人主语、宾语whom人宾语whose人/物定语as物主语、宾语、表语Ireadareportabouthisnewnovelthat/whichwillsoonbepublished.我读了一篇关于他即将出版的新小说的报道。Doyouknowtheprofessorthat/whowillgiveusaspeechnextweek?你认识下周要给我们作演讲的教授吗？Mr.Smithistheperson(whom/who/that)Iamworkingwith.史密斯先生是和我一起工作的人。Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.我喜欢那些以历史为主题的书。二、关系代词的用法区别1.that和which的区别只用that的情况先行词是all，everything，anything，nothing，something，little，much，none，few，theone等不定代词时。(如先行词指人，可用who代替that)先行词被theonly,thevery(正是、恰是),thelast等修饰时。(如先行词指人，可用who代替that)先行词被all,any,few,every,no,little,much,some等词修饰时。(如先行词指人，可用who代替that)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词时先行词中既有人也有物时只用which的情况引导非限制性定语从句时关系代词前有介词时TheTVtoweristhehighestbuildingthathasbeenbuiltinthiscity.电视塔是这个城市建的最高的建筑物。Readersattractssomanyaudiences,whichmeansthatitbecomesmoreandmorepopularinChina.《读者》吸引了那么多的读者，这意味着它在中国变得越来越受欢迎。2.which与as引导非限制性定语从句时的区别whichas位置上只能放在先行词的后面位置灵活，可位于句首、句中，也可置于句末搭配上无动词的限制谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see,hear,know,expect,remember等意思上这一点，这件事正如……，正像……的那样Football，whichisaninterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.全世界都踢足球，这是一项有趣的运动。Asisreportedinthenewspapers,talksbetweenthetwocountriesaremakingprogress.正如报纸上报道的那样，两国之间的谈判正在取得进展。3.其他关系代词的用法区别关系代词先行词在从句中所充当的成分who人主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)whom人宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)whose(＝ofwhom/ofwhich)人或物定语Theyarethelazystudentswhosehomeworkwasn’thandedin.他们是那些没有交作业的懒惰学生。Actually,heisanhonestandreliableperson，whom/whoyoucanrelyon.事实上，他是一个诚实可靠的人，你可以依靠他。单句语法填空①Asurveyfoundthatthereareover60millioncurrentplayersintheworld,themajorityofwhomliveinEastAsia.②Thestudentcomingfromthecountrywasstarvingforthefriendshipfromthosewhocomefromthecity.③Inaddition,everystudentcanbeinharmonywithforeignfriends,whichmakesiteasyforyoutogetalongwiththem.④Understanding,loveandtolerancearethefirstthreeessentialsthatcometoanauthenticfriendship.⑤Asisknowntous,bodylanguagecangiveawayalotaboutyourmood.考点2关系副词引导的定语从句先行词关系副词在从句中所充当的成分与“介词＋关系代词”的关系表示时间的名词：time,day,year等。when时间状语＝at/in/on/duringwhich表示场所的名词：park,place,country,house等。where地点状语＝in/at/to/onwhich表示理由的名词：thereasonwhy原因状语＝forwhichAttheChineseartfestival,therearedifferentstandswhereartistsdemonstratetheirskillsandteachthevisitors.在中国艺术节上有不同的展台，在那里艺术家可以展示他们的技巧并教给参观者。WewillalwaysrememberthemomentwhenmyclassmateLiChongcrossedthefinishline.我们将永远记得我的同学李冲越过终点线的那一刻。[点拨](1)当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如point,situation,case,stage等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句。(2)先行词occasion意为“时机”时，用关系副词when；意为“场合”时，用关系副词where。(3)当先行词way意为“方法、方式”，且在从句中作状语时，可用that,inwhich或省略关系词这三种形式。单句语法填空①Thegovernmenthasalsointroducedanewproposalinordertolimittheamountofafter-schooleducationkidscanattend,especiallyduringholidaysandfestivals,whenkidsshouldbehavingfun.②Beijing,wheretheSummerGameswereheldin2008,isthefirstcityintheworldtohostbotheditionsoftheOlympicGames.③Theassociationofredwithgoodfortuneisthereasonwhythecolorredisimportantinweddings,NewYears,andotherimportantcelebrations.考点3“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句1.分类类别句法功能示例介词＋关系代词(which/whom)状语Heisthepersononwhomyoucandepend.他是你可以信赖的人。介词＋whose＋名词状语Hewasthemanfromwhoseroomthethiefhadstolenhisbag.他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。名词/代词/数词＋介词＋关系代词(which/whom)主语LastSundayIboughtsomebooksfromthebookstore，threeofwhichwereEnglishnovels.上星期日我从书店买了一些书，其中三本是英文小说。2.“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定(1)根据定语从句中动词、形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasinglepersontowhomshecouldturnforhelp.(turntosbforhelp)在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。Physicsisthesubjectinwhicheverystudentinourschoolisinterested.(beinterestedin)物理是我们学校每个学生都很感兴趣的课程。(2)根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定。I’llneverforgetthetimeduringwhichIspentmychildhoodinthecountry.(duringthattime)我永远不会忘记我在乡下度过童年的那段时光。(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。Thecolorlessgaswithoutwhichwecan’tliveiscalledoxygen.这种无色的气体就是氧气，离了它我们无法生存。单句语法填空①Shaanxi’sbiangbiangnoodleswereacomfortingandbelovedfoodamonglocals,forwhomthebackstoryandwrittencharacterwerecommonknowledge.②Therearemanysportsstarsathomeandabroad,amongwhomZhuTingismyfavorite.③Anationalterritorial(领土的)planningsystemwillbeguidedbythree“redlines”，oneofwhichwillincludeabout103millionhectaresofpermanentfarmland.④Ithaslongbeenaculturalholiday,duringwhichpeoplegettogether,haveparties,givegiftstoeachotherandgenerallyprayforabetter-offfuture.【重难突破】1.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别分类用法定语从句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用。在非限制性定语从句中，先行词与定语从句往往用逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从句等Hehastwosons，whoworkinthesamecompany.(Hehasonlytwosons.)他有两个儿子，他们在同一家公司上班。Hehastwosonswhoworkinthesamecompany.(Perhapshehasmorethantwosons.)他有两个儿子在同一家公司上班。Hefailedinthematch，whichwasagreatpity.(非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面的句子)＝Hefailedinthematch，anditwasagreatpity.他在比赛中失败了，这真令人遗憾。2.定语从句和其他句式的区别(1)定语从句与并列句并列句有and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接。并列句中绝对不可再用引导定语从句的关系词。①Ihavethreecars，noneofisingoodcondition.②Ihavethreecars，butnoneofisingoodcondition.①句中cars后面是非限制性定语从句，空格中填关系代词which；②句中有并列连词but，题干是并列句，空格中填代词them。(2)定语从句与状语从句a.定语从句修饰、限制先行词，常放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，可以放在主句的前面。Doyouknowthetimewhenthemeetingwasover？(when引导定语从句)Whenthemeetingwasover，itwasalreadyfiveo’clock.(when引导时间状语从句)b.when，where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时则不行。Thisistheschoolwhere(＝inwhich)Ionceworked.(where引导定语从句)Putbackthebookwhereitwas.(where引导状语从句)c.定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉之后从句成分不完整；而状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。Itissuchaninterestingbookaswealllike.(as引导定语从句，作动词like的宾语)Itissuchaninterestingbookthatwealllikeit.(that引导结果状语从句，不充当从句的成分)(3)定语从句与同位语从句a.定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。b.同位语从句的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容，与前面名词之间是同位关系。Thesuggestionthathecameupwithispractical.(that引导的是定语从句，that代替先行词在从句中充当宾语，可省略)Hegavemeasuggestionthatweshouldreadaloudeverymorning.(that引导的是同位语从句，that在从句中不作任何成分，但不可省略)【解题指导】【典例1】Theoldmanturnedhisbusinessovertohisyoungerson，madehiseldersondiscouraged.答案which[空前句子完整且设空处无提示词；分析句子结构知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整句话的内容，并在从句中作主语。]【典例2】IwillneverforgetsuchabeautifulvillageIspentmychildhoodwithmygrandparents.答案where[空前句子完整且设空处无提示词；分析句子结构知，设空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是village，且在从句中作地点状语。]【达标检测】Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2023·烟台、德州一模)TheChinesepaintingbrushismostlymadeofgoat,wolforfoxhair,whichissuitableforproducingbrushesthatarebothsoftandstringy(有韧性).2.(2023·潍坊一模)Thesixgreatest18th-centurycarvedmarble(大理石)sculpturesintheEastSculptureHallthatsustainedthemostdamagewillreceiveconservationtreatment.3.(2023·唐山一模)Moreover,themajorityaremainlythepost-80syouthand90syouth，whodon’twanttovisitcrowdedtouristsites.4.(2023·成都二模)Ihopeacupuncture,withwhosehelpIrecovered,willcontinuetobringhealthtootherpeople.5.(2023·南通如皋二模)Shefoundoutherdaughterhadbeensleepingonthefloorinahousewheredogsandcatsmovedaround,andsheworriedthatolderbabiesmightsteponher.6.(2023·衢州、丽水、湖州三地市二模)TaichichuanorChineseboxing,isanancientanddistinctiveChineseformofexercisethat/whichispopularthroughouttheworld.7.(2023·江西八所重点中学4月模拟)Accordingtoofficialstatistics,over346millionChinesepeoplehaveparticipatedinwintersportstraining,amateurorprofessionalcompetitions,orwintersportsleisureactivities,surpassingthegoalof300millionthegovernmentsetin2015whenBeijingwontheOlympicbid.8.(2023·许平汝联盟4月模拟)However,itquicklybecameaBuddhistlearningcenter,whereBuddhisttextsweretranslatedintoChinesetobespreadfromtheretoothercitiesthroughoutChina.9.(2023·琼海联考)AccordingtotheBeijing2022OrganizingCommittee,morethan1millionpeopleappliedtoserveasvolunteersandnearly20，000wereselected,mostofwhomarefromcollegesanduniversitiesinBeijingandHebeiProvince.10.(2023·德阳二诊)TheOlympictorchrelaybeganitsseconddayonThursday(Feb3)atoptheGreatWall,wheretheThursdaymorningtemperaturewas-11℃.Ⅱ.语法与写作1.I’mwritinginsinceritytoaskyouafavorregardingaplay(that/which)weadaptedaccordingtothetextbook.关于我们根据教科书改编的一个剧本的事情，我真诚地写信来请求您的帮助。2.Allofasudden,thundercrashedoverhead，whichbroughtmebacktoreality.突然，雷声在头顶轰鸣，把我带回了现实。3.Bythistime,theswellingwaterhadreachedthechestofCharlieandJane，whoshivereduncontrollablyandcouldnottellwhethertheytrembledbecauseofcoldorfright.这时，汹涌的海水已经漫过了查理和简的胸膛，他们无法控制地颤抖(shiver)着，也说不清是冷还是吓得发抖。4.Asyoucanimagine,whatgreatfuntherewillbe.你可以想象，这将是多么有趣。