2026年浙教版适配初升高物理开学摸底卷声光热综合应用标准试卷第362套（含答案解析与可打印作答区）

浙教版适配·初升高物理开学摸底卷·声光热综合应用请保持卷面整洁，按题号顺序作答2026年浙教版适配初升高物理开学摸底卷声光热综合应用标准试卷第362套（含答案解析与可打印作答区）学校：______________班级：______________姓名：______________考号：______________考试时间120分钟满分120分试卷范围声、光、热综合应用适用对象初升高衔接摸底答题说明：本卷共28题。选择题只有一个最佳答案；非选择题应写出必要的物理量、单位、公式、过程和结论。作答时请先阅读材料与表格，数据计算结果保留合理有效数字。诚信提示：独立完成，真实反映已有基础。卷面用于诊断声、光、热核心概念、实验方法、数据处理与综合迁移能力。题型题号分值目标单项选择题1—1442分基础概念与生活情境判断填空与基础应用题15—2024分公式应用、单位与现象解释实验与材料分析题21—2426分实验设计、数据读取与结论表达综合解答题25—2828分声光热综合迁移与规范计算客观题答题栏请将第1—14题的唯一最佳答案填入下表。1234567891011121314一、单项选择题（本大题共14小题，每小题3分，共42分）1.（3分）关于声音的产生和传播，下列说法正确的是（）A.声音可以在真空中传播B.一切正在发声的物体都在振动C.声音在空气中的传播不需要介质D.声源振动停止后，周围空气仍能一直产生新的声波2.（3分）同一把小提琴先后拉出高音和低音，人耳主要根据声音的哪个特征进行区分（）A.响度B.音调C.音色D.传播速度3.（3分）教室外施工时，关闭双层玻璃窗后同学听到的噪声明显减小。该措施主要是在（）A.声源处减弱噪声B.传播过程中减弱噪声C.人耳处减弱噪声D.改变噪声的音调4.（3分）小明站在竖直平面镜前2.0m处。若他向镜面走近0.5m，则此时他的像与他本人的距离为（）A.1.0mB.1.5mC.3.0mD.4.0m5.（3分）把筷子斜插入盛水玻璃杯中，从侧面看筷子好像在水面处折断。形成该现象的主要原因是（）A.光的直线传播B.光的反射C.光从水进入空气时发生折射D.光在水中传播速度大于空气中6.（3分）一支蜡烛放在凸透镜主光轴上，物距为30cm，屏上得到倒立、缩小的实像。该凸透镜的焦距可能为（）A.6cmB.18cmC.25cmD.35cm7.（3分）冬天用热水袋暖手，热量主要先通过热水袋外壁传到手上。这一过程主要属于（）A.热传导B.热对流C.热辐射D.凝固放热8.（3分）关于温度、热量和内能，下列说法正确的是（）A.温度高的物体一定含有更多热量B.物体吸收热量，温度一定升高C.热量只能在热传递过程中描述D.0℃的冰没有内能9.（3分）沿海地区昼夜温差通常比内陆小，一个重要原因是水具有较大的（）A.密度B.比热容C.热值D.熔点10.（3分）夏天在皮肤上擦少量酒精会感觉凉，这是因为酒精（）A.凝固时吸热B.蒸发时吸热C.液化时放热D.升华时放热11.（3分）运动场上，发令枪冒烟后远处同学才听到枪声，说明（）A.声音传播速度远小于光速B.枪声的音调很低C.空气不能传声D.光传播需要空气12.（3分）一张白纸在红光照射下呈红色，在绿光照射下呈绿色，主要是因为白纸（）A.只反射红光B.只吸收绿光C.能反射多种色光D.自身会发出不同色光13.（3分）水银温度计能测温，主要利用液体（）A.遇热颜色变化B.热胀冷缩C.比热容很大D.能导电14.（3分）下列关于保温杯设计的说法最合理的是（）A.杯壁做成双层真空结构可以减少热传导和热对流B.杯胆外壁做成亮银色会显著增强热辐射散热C.杯盖留较大孔隙可以减少热量散失D.保温杯外壳越黑越有利于保温二、填空与基础应用题（本大题共6小题，每小题4分，共24分）15.（4分）声音测距。某同学站在山崖前大喊一声，0.80s后听到回声。若当时空气中声速取340m/s，则人到山崖的距离为__________m。计算时需要注意声音在这段时间内经历了__________程。作答区：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________16.（4分）平面镜成像。一支铅笔竖直放在平面镜前，笔尖到镜面的距离为18cm，则笔尖的像到镜面的距离为__________cm；若把平面镜沿水平方向向铅笔移动5cm，像相对铅笔移动的距离为__________cm。作答区：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________17.（4分）凸透镜成像。某凸透镜焦距为10cm。把物体放在距透镜25cm处，光屏上可得到__________立、__________的实像；若物体逐渐靠近焦点，屏上像的大小将__________。作答区：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________18.（4分）热量计算。质量为0.50kg的水温度从20℃升高到60℃。水的比热容取4.2×10³J/(kg·℃)，水吸收的热量为__________J。若用功率为700W的电热器加热，且不计热损失，至少需要__________s。作答区：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________19.（4分）热传递方式。坐在火炉旁感到温暖，主要是通过__________获得热量；烧水时壶底附近的热水上升、较冷的水下沉，主要体现了液体中的__________。作答区：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________20.（4分）光热综合判断。太阳光照射下，黑色金属片比同样大小的银白色金属片升温更快，说明黑色表面对光和热辐射的__________能力较强。夜间给植物搭透明薄膜棚，白天透光、夜间减少热量散失，其中“透明”主要保证了光的__________。作答区：____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________三、实验与材料分析题（本大题共4小题，共26分）21.（6分）探究尺子发声的音调和响度。把一把钢尺压在课桌边，使尺的一端伸出桌外。改变伸出桌外的长度并拨动钢尺，可听到不同声音。某小组还记录了“伸出长度较短时振动较快，伸出长度较长时振动较慢”的现象。（1）本实验中钢尺发声说明声音由物体__________产生。（2）在探究音调与振动快慢的关系时，应尽量保持拨动钢尺的__________相同。（3）若想让声音更响，应如何操作，并说明对应的声音特征。作答区：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________22.（6分）探究平面镜成像特点。在水平桌面上铺白纸，将一块薄玻璃板竖直放在纸上，用两支完全相同的蜡烛A、B进行实验。点燃A，把B放到玻璃板后移动，直到从A侧看B与A的像完全重合。（1）用薄玻璃板代替平面镜的目的是便于确定__________的位置。（2）若玻璃板没有竖直放置，可能出现怎样的现象？（3）实验中还应怎样比较像和物到镜面的距离关系？作答区：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________23.（7分）凸透镜成像数据分析。某兴趣小组用光具座研究同一凸透镜的成像规律，蜡烛、凸透镜和光屏中心调到同一高度。部分数据如下表。实验序号物距u/cm像距v/cm像的性质①3015倒立、缩小、实像②2020倒立、等大、实像③1530倒立、放大、实像④8—不能在光屏上承接（1）由表中数据可判断该凸透镜焦距为__________cm。（2）序号④中从透镜另一侧观察，可看到__________立、__________的虚像，生活中的__________利用了这种成像特点。（3）保持透镜不动，把蜡烛从30cm处逐渐移到15cm处，为了重新得到清晰像，光屏应向__________移动，像的大小变化为__________。作答区：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________24.（7分）比较不同液体的吸热能力。取质量相同的水和食用油，分别放入相同烧杯，用相同电加热器同时加热，并每隔2min记录温度。实验数据如下表。时间/min0246水温/℃20253035油温/℃20304050（1）本实验用相同电加热器加热相同时间，目的是使两种液体吸收的热量近似__________。（2）由数据可知，在吸收相同热量时，升温较慢的是__________，说明它的比热容较__________。（3）若烧杯散热不能忽视，怎样改进能使结论更可靠？写出两条。作答区：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________四、综合解答题（本大题共4小题，共28分）25.（6分）声学测距与安全判断。一辆救援车在山谷公路上鸣笛，司机经0.60s听到前方峭壁反射回来的回声。此时空气中声速取340m/s。（1）求救援车到峭壁的距离。（2）若救援车以20m/s的速度继续向前行驶，从听到回声开始计时，5.0s后车到峭壁的距离约为多少？（3）说明夜间只凭回声判断前方障碍是否可靠，并给出一条安全建议。作答区：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________26.（7分）太阳能热水袋的光热设计。某户外应急热水袋装有2.0kg水，袋体正面做成黑色吸光面，背面有银白色反射层。阳光照射一段时间后，水温从18℃开始升高了20℃。水的比热容取4.2×10³J/(kg·℃)。（1）求水吸收的热量。（2）解释正面做成黑色、背面做成银白色的物理理由。（3）若风较大时加热效果变差，请从热传递角度说明原因，并提出一个改进办法。作答区：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________27.（7分）教室投影成像与视听环境。开学第一课使用投影仪，投影镜头可看作凸透镜。屏幕离镜头较远，屏幕上得到倒立、放大的实像；音箱放在教室前方，后排同学能听清但不刺耳。（1）投影时物体应放在凸透镜焦距的什么范围内？（2）若屏幕上的像偏模糊，除调焦外，还应检查蜡烛实验中对应的哪一条基本要求？（3）从声音三要素和噪声控制角度，说明如何让后排听清又不影响相邻教室。作答区：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________28.（8分）保温提醒杯的综合应用。某保温提醒杯的杯盖内有温度传感器，当水温高于65℃时红灯亮并发出轻提示音；低于40℃时绿灯亮。杯中有0.30kg水，从90℃降到65℃，水放出的热量有60%传给杯身和周围空气，其余被杯内结构吸收。水的比热容取4.2×10³J/(kg·℃)。（1）求水从90℃降到65℃放出的总热量。（2）求传给杯身和周围空气的热量。（3）杯盖内壁采用亮银色材料、杯体中间抽成近似真空，分别主要减少哪种热量散失方式？（4）提示音不能太尖锐也不能太响。请分别对应声音的两个特征进行说明。作答区：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

参考答案与解析一、单项选择题1234567891011121314BBBCCAACBBACBA1.【答案】B。解析：声音是由物体振动产生的，声波传播需要介质。真空不能传声；声源停止振动后不再持续产生新的声波，已经传出的声波会继续向外传播一小段过程。2.【答案】B。解析：高音和低音对应声源振动频率不同，人耳区分它们主要依据音调；响度表示声音强弱，音色用于区分不同发声体。3.【答案】B。解析：双层玻璃窗位于声源与人耳之间，主要阻碍声波传播，属于在传播过程中减弱噪声。4.【答案】C。解析：人向镜面走近0.5m后，到镜面的距离为1.5m。平面镜成像时像到镜面的距离等于物到镜面的距离，所以像与人的距离为3.0m。5.【答案】C。解析：来自水中筷子的光线进入空气时传播方向发生改变，人眼沿折射光线反向延长判断位置，因而看到筷子在水面处偏折。6.【答案】A。解析：凸透镜成倒立、缩小实像时物距大于二倍焦距，即30cm>2f，所以f<15cm，四个选项中只有6cm符合。7.【答案】A。解析：热水袋外壁与手接触，热量通过相互接触的物体由高温处向低温处传递，主要是热传导。8.【答案】C。解析：热量是热传递过程中转移内能的多少，不能说物体“含有热量”。吸热时若发生熔化、沸腾等，温度不一定升高；任何温度的物体都有内能。9.【答案】B。解析：水的比热容较大，同样吸收或放出热量时温度变化较小，故沿海地区昼夜温差相对较小。10.【答案】B。解析：酒精容易蒸发，蒸发从皮肤吸收热量，使皮肤温度降低，因此感觉凉。11.【答案】A。解析：光在空气中的传播速度远大于声音传播速度，所以先看到冒烟后听到枪声。12.【答案】C。解析：白纸能反射多种色光，在红光照射下主要反射红光，在绿光照射下主要反射绿光，因此呈现照射光的颜色。13.【答案】B。解析：水银受热体积膨胀、遇冷体积收缩，液柱长度随温度变化而变化。14.【答案】A。解