2026年雅思《阅读》口语真题

2026年雅思《阅读》口语真题

Passage1

TheMimicryofNature:BiomimeticsinModernEngineering

A.Biomimetics,oftenreferredtoasbionicsorbiologicallyinspireddesign,istheinterdisciplinaryfieldthatdrawsinspirationfromnature'stime-testedpatternsandstrategiestosolvecomplexhumanengineeringproblems.Whiletheconceptofobservingnaturetoimprovehumanexistencedatesbacktoearlycivilizations—suchasLeonardodaVinci’ssketchesofflyingmachinesbasedonbirds—themodernscientificdisciplinehasgainedsignificantmomentumonlyinthelastfewdecades.Today,engineersandbiologistscollaboratecloselytoanalyzebiologicalstructuresatthemicroscopicandmolecularlevels,aimingtoreplicatetheefficiency,sustainability,andresilienceinherentinbiologicalsystems.Thisapproachisnotmerelyaboutcopyingshapes;itinvolvesunderstandingtheunderlyingprinciplesofevolutionthathaveoptimizedthesedesignsovermillionsofyears.

B.OneofthemostcelebratedexamplesofbiomimicryisthedevelopmentofVelcro.In1941,SwissengineerGeorgedeMestralreturnedfromawalkwithhisdogtofindburrsclingingstubbornlytohisclothesandtheanimal'sfur.Examiningtheburrsunderamicroscope,hesawhundredsoftinyhooksthatcouldlatchontoloopsoffabricorhair.Thisobservationledtothecreationofthetwo-sidedfastener:onesidewithstiffhooks,theotherwithsoftloops.Unliketraditionalzippersorbuttons,Velcroprovidedareversible,adjustable,andnoiselessfasteningsolution.Thisserendipitousdiscoveryhighlightshowakeenobservationofacommonnaturalannoyancecanrevolutionizetextilemanufacturingandmechanicalattachment.

C.Intherealmoftransportation,theJapaneseShinkansen(bullettrain)facedasignificantacousticproblem.Whenthetrainexitedtunnelsathighspeeds,itcreatedamassivesonicboom,disturbingresidentsandviolatingnoiseregulations.Thechiefengineer,EijiNakatsu,whohappenedtobeanavidbirdwatcher,modeledthetrain'snoseafterthebeakofaKingfisher.TheKingfisherdivesseamlesslyintowatertocatchpreywithbarelyasplash,thankstoitselongated,streamlinedbeakthatallowsittotransitionfromair(alow-densitymedium)towater(ahigh-densitymedium)withoutcreatingapressurewave.Byapplyingthisshapetothetrain,Nakatsuenabledthetraintotransitionsmoothlyfromopenairtothetunnelenvironment,reducingthesonicboomandincreasingaerodynamicefficiencyby10%.

D.Surfaceengineeringhasalsobenefitedimmenselyfrombiologicalinspiration.Theleavesofthelotusplantpossessaremarkableself-cleaningpropertyknownasthe"lotuseffect."Microscopicbumpsontheleafsurfacetrapairandcausewaterdropletstobeadupandrolloff,pickingupdirtanddebrisintheprocess.Thisdiscoveryhasledtothecreationofsuperhydrophobicpaintsandcoatingsforbuildings,cars,andsolarpanels.Forsolarpanels,maintainingacleansurfaceiscrucialforenergyefficiency;aself-cleaningcoatingreducesmaintenancecostsandensuresmaximumlightabsorption.Themicrostructureisdesignedsuchthatthecontactangleofthewaterdropletexceeds150degrees,aphenomenondescribedbytheWenzelequationforroughsurfaces.Themathematicalrelationshipcanbeexpressedascos=rcos,whereistheapparentcontactangle,ristheroughnessratio,andistheYoung'scontactangle.

E.Anotherbreakthroughinmaterialscienceisthesyntheticreproductionofspidersilk.Spidersilkisrenownedforitstensilestrength,whichiscomparabletohigh-gradealloysteel,yetitremainsincrediblylightweightandflexible.Unlikesteel,whichisenergy-intensivetoproduceandcorrodeseasily,spidersilkisbiodegradableandproducedatroomtemperatureandatmosphericpressure.Scientistshavegeneticallymodifiedgoatstoproducespidersilkproteinsintheirmilk,whicharethenspunintofibers.This"Biosteel"haspotentialapplicationsrangingfrombulletproofvestsandparachutecordstobiodegradablefishinglinesandmedicalsutures.Thechallengeliesinreplicatingthecomplexspinningprocessthatspidersusetoaligntheproteinmolecules,aprocessthatgivesthesilkitsuniquestrength.

F.Architecturaldesignisincreasinglylookingtotermitemoundsforsolutionsinpassivecooling.TermitemoundsinAfricaandAustraliamaintainaconstantinternaltemperaturedespitethescorchingheatoutside.Theinsectsachievethisthroughacomplexnetworkofventsthatfacilitateconvectiveairflow.TheEastgateCentreinZimbabwe,designedbyarchitectMickPearce,mimicsthissystem.Thebuildingusesapassivecoolingsystemwherecoolairisdrawninfromthebottomandwarmairisventedoutatthetop,similartoachimneyeffect.Thisbiomimeticdesigneliminatestheneedforconventionalair-conditioningsystems,reducingenergyconsumptionby90%comparedtosimilar-sizedbuildingsintheregion.

G.Despitethesesuccesses,biomimeticsisnotwithoutitschallenges.Biologicalsystemsareoftentheresultofmultifactorialevolutionarycompromises,makingthemdifficulttoreplicateexactly.Furthermore,themanufacturingprocessesusedbynature—bottom-upassemblyatthemolecularlevel—areoftenfundamentallydifferentfromindustrialtop-downmanufacturing.Bridgingthisgaprequiresadvancedtechnologieslike3Dprintingandnanotechnology.However,asourunderstandingofbiologydeepensandourmanufacturingcapabilitiesadvance,thepotentialforbiomimicrytoprovidesustainablesolutionstoenergy,medical,andengineeringproblemsseemslimitless.Thefieldrepresentsashiftfroma"heat,beat,andtreat"industrialmindsettoonethatrespectsandutilizesthesophisticationofthenaturalworld.

Questions1-6

ThereadingPassagehassevenparagraphs,A-G.

Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?

Writethecorrectletter,A-G,inboxes1-6onyouranswersheet.

1.Aspecificmathematicalformularelatedtosurfacetensionandroughness.

2.Thehistoricalrootsofobservingnatureforhumanbenefit.

3.Anexampleofamaterialthatisbothstrongandasflexibleassteel.

4.Acomparisonofenergyusagebetweenabiomimeticbuildingandtraditionalstructures.

5.Howabird'sbeakshapesolvedanoisepollutionissuefortrains.

6.Thedifficultiesinreplicatingnature'smanufacturingmethods.

Questions7-10

Completethesentencesbelow.

ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes7-10onyouranswersheet.

7.GeorgedeMestralinventedVelcroafterobservinghow__________stucktohisdog'sfur.

8.TheKingfisher'sbeakallowsittomovefromairtowaterwithoutcreatingapressurewaveor__________.

9.The"lotuseffect"keepssurfacescleanbytrappingairandcausingwatertoform__________.

10.Scientistshaveusedgeneticallymodifiedgoatstoproducespidersilkproteinsintheir__________.

Questions11-13

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthepassage?

Inboxes11-13onyouranswersheet,write

TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis

11.Biomimeticsinvolvesonlycopyingthephysicalshapesofanimalsandplants.

12.Spidersilkisstrongerthanhigh-gradealloysteelintermsoftensilestrength.

13.TheEastgateCentreinZimbabwewasthefirstbuildingtousepassivecooling.

Passage2

ThePsychologyofDecisionMaking:HeuristicsandBiases

A.Classicaleconomictheorypositsthathumansarerationalagentswhomakedecisionsbylogicallyweighingallavailableinformationtomaximizeutility.This"HomoEconomicus"modelsuggeststhatgivenasetofchoices,anindividualwillselecttheoptionthatprovidesthehighestbenefitatthelowestcost.However,decadesofresearchinbehavioraleconomicsandcognitivepsychologyhavedebunkedthismyth,revealingthathumandecision-makingisoftenflawed,subjective,andpronetosystematicerrors.Theseerrors,knownascognitivebiases,stemfrommentalshortcutsor"heuristics"thatthebrainusestoprocesscomplexinformationquickly.

B.Heuristicsareefficientrulesofthumbthatallowustosolveproblemsandmakejudgmentsquicklyandwithlittlecognitiveeffort.Intheancestralenvironment,wherequickdecisionsaboutthreats(likeapredator)werevitalforsurvival,theseshortcutswereevolutionarilyadvantageous.However,inthemodernworld,whichrequiresnavigatingcomplexfinancial,social,andpoliticallandscapes,thesesameshortcutscanleadtoseveremiscalculations.Understandingthesebiasesiscrucialnotonlyforpersonalimprovementbutfordesigningpoliciesandinstitutionsthathelppeoplemakebetterchoices.

C.OneofthemostpervasivebiasesistheAvailabilityHeuristic.CoinedbypsychologistsAmosTverskyandDanielKahneman,thisconceptdescribeshowpeoplejudgethefrequencyorprobabilityofaneventbasedonhoweasilyanexamplecanbebroughttomind.Forinstance,becausemediacoverageofplanecrashesisdramaticandextensive,peopletendtooverestimatethedangerofflyingwhileunderestimatingtherisksofdriving,whichisstatisticallyfarmoredangerous.Eventsthatarevivid,emotional,orrecentareperceivedasmorecommonthantheyactuallyare.Thisheuristicinfluencesriskassessment,insurancepurchasing,andevenjurydecisionsinlegaltrials.

D.CloselyrelatedistheAnchoringEffect.Thiscognitivebiasoccurswhenanindividualreliestooheavilyonaninitialpieceofinformation(the"anchor")whenmakingsubsequentjudgments.Inaclassicexperiment,participantswereaskedtospinawheelthatlandedonarandomnumberbetween0and100.TheywerethenaskedtoestimatethepercentageofAfricannationsintheUnitedNations.Remarkably,thosewhospunahighnumbergavehigherestimatesthanthosewhospunalownumber,eventhoughthenumberonthewheelwasentirelyirrelevant.Anchoringisheavilyexploitedinretailandnegotiations.Theinitialpriceofferedforacarorahousesetsananchorthatskewstheentirenegotiationprocess,oftenleadingthebuyertopaymorethantheyintended.

E.Anothersignificantbarriertorationaldecision-makingisConfirmationBias.Thisisthetendencytosearchfor,interpret,favor,andrecallinformationinawaythatconfirmsone'spreexistingbeliefsorhypotheses.Intheageofsocialmedia,confirmationbiasisexacerbatedbyalgorithmicfiltering,creating"echochambers"whereusersareonlyexposedtoopinionsthatreinforcetheirown.Thisphenomenonmakesitextremelydifficulttochangepoliticalorreligiousbeliefs,ascontradictoryevidenceisoftendismissedorrationalizedaway.Itleadstooverconfidenceinone'sknowledgeandafailuretocriticallyevaluatealternativeviewpoints.

F.TheSunkCostFallacyisabiasthatcompelsindividualstocontinueabehaviororendeavorasaresultofpreviouslyinvestedresources(time,money,oreffort),evenifthecostsofcontinuingoutweighthebenefits.Thisisoftendescribedas"throwinggoodmoneyafterbad."Forexample,apersonmightcontinuewatchingaboringmoviebecausetheyhavealreadypaidfortheticket,oracompanymightpersistwithafailingprojecttoavoidadmittingthatmillionsofdollarshavebeenwasted.Rationaldecision-makingrequiresthatfuturecostsandbenefitsbeconsideredindependentlyofpastinvestments,buttheemotionalpainoflossoftenoverrideslogic.

G.Whilethesebiasespaintableakpictureofhumanrationality,researchershavealsoidentifiedwaystomitigatetheireffects."Nudgetheory,"popularizedbyRichardThalerandCassSunstein,suggeststhatpositivereinforcementandindirectsuggestionscaninfluencethemotivesanddecision-makingofgroupsandindividualseffectively.Byalteringthechoicearchitecture—theenvironmentinwhichdecisionsaremade—withoutrestrictingoptions,policymakerscanguidepeopletowardbetteroutcomes.Forinstance,automaticallyenrollingemployeesinpensionsavingsplans(whileallowingthemtooptout)significantlyincreasesretirementsavingsratescomparedtorequiringactiveenrollment.

H.Ultimately,recognizingthelimitationsofourcognitivemachineryisthefirststeptowardbetterdecision-making.Byslowingdown,consideringalternativescenarios,seekingdisconfirmingevidence,andbeingawareofthecontextinwhichdecisionsaremade,individualscancounteractthebrain'sautomaticimpulses.Whilewemayneverbeperfectlyrationalcomputers,ablendofintuitionandcriticalthinkingallowsustonavigateacomplexworldwithgreaterwisdomandsuccess.

Questions14-19

Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions14-19)andthelistofcognitivebiasesbelow.

Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectbias,A-E.

Writethecorrectletter,A-E,inboxes14-19onyouranswersheet.

ListofCognitiveBiases

A.AvailabilityHeuristic

B.AnchoringEffect

C.ConfirmationBias

D.SunkCostFallacy

E.StatusQuoBias(Note:Thisisnotinthetext,treatasadistractororensurethequestionmatchestext.Correction:Ensurealloptionsinlistareintextorinstructionsareclear.Iwilluseonlybiasespresentintextformatching.)

RevisedListofCognitiveBiases:

A.AvailabilityHeuristic

B.AnchoringEffect

C.ConfirmationBias

D.SunkCostFallacy

E.NudgeTheory

14.Assessingthelikelihoodofaneventbasedonhowmemorableitisratherthanstatistics.

15.Continuingafailingprojectsolelybecauseofthemoneyalreadyspentonit.

16.Beinginfluencedbyanirrelevantinitialnumberwhenestimatingavalue.

17.Consumingmediathatonlysupportsyourexistingworldview.

18.Designingdefaultoptionstoencouragepositivebehaviorswithoutforcingthem.

19.Dismissingevidencethatcontradictsyourpersonalopinions.

Questions20-23

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeviewsofthewriterinthepassage?

Inboxes20-23onyouranswersheet,write

YESifthestatementagreeswiththeviews

NOifthestatementdoesnotagreewiththeviews

NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinks

20.Classicaleconomictheoryaccuratelymodelshowhumansbehaveinfinancialmarkets.

21.Heuristicswereoriginallydevelopedtohelphumanssurviveindangerousenvironments.

22.TheSunkCostFallacyisthemostdifficultbiastoovercome.

23.AlgorithmicfilteringonsocialmediahelpstoreduceConfirmationBias.

Questions24-26

Completethesummarybelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes24-26onyouranswersheet.

The"HomoEconomicus"modelassumeshumansarerationalagentswhomaximizeutility.However,inreality,ourbrainsusementalshortcutscalled24__________toprocessinformation.Whileusefulforquickdecisions,thesecanleadtosystematicerrors.Forexample,the25__________causesustorelytooheavilyonthefirstpieceofinformationwereceive.Tocounterthesebiases,expertssuggestusing"Nudgetheory,"whichinvolveschangingthe26__________toguidepeopletowardbetterdecisions.

Passage3

ThePreservationofDigitalHeritage:TheChallengeofthe"DigitalDarkAge"

A.Thepreservationofhistoryhastraditionallybeenatangiblepursuit.Stonetablets,papyrusscrolls,andparchmentbookshavesurvivedforcenturies,offeringadirectwindowintothethoughtsandlivesofourancestors.However,theshiftfromanalogtodigitalinformationoverthepasthalf-centuryhascreatedaprecarioussituationforfuturehistorians.Wearegeneratingdataatanexponentialrate,yetthelongevityofthisdataisfarfromguaranteed.Thisphenomenonhasbeentermedthe"DigitalDarkAge"—afutureperiodwhereitwillbedifficultorimpossibletoretrievehistoricalinformationbecauseitwasstoredinobsoletedigitalformatsthatarenolongerreadable.

B.Thefragilityofdigitalmediaisaprimaryconcern.Unlikeclayorstone,digitalstoragemedia—suchasfloppydisks,magnetictapes,CDs,andharddrives—arechemicallyunstableandpronetophysicaldegradation.AstandardCD-ROM,forinstance,hasalifespanofonly10to25yearsdependingonstorageconditions,afterwhichthemetalliclayercanoxidize,renderingthedataunreadable.Furthermore,thehardwarerequiredtoreadthesemediaisdisappearing.Findingaworkingfloppydiskdrivetodayisalreadychallenging;inahundredyears,itwilllikelybeimpossible.Thiscreatesascenariowherethephysicalmediumsurvives,butthemeanstoaccessitislost.

C.Evenmoreproblematicthanthephysicalmediaistheissueoffileformatobsolescence.Digitalfilesareencodedinspecificstructuresthatrequiresoftwaretointerpret.Assoftwarecompaniesupdatetheirapplications,theyoftendropsupportforolderformats.Awordprocessingdocumentfromtheearly1980smightexistonafunctionalharddrive,butmodernsoftwaremaynotbeabletoopenit.Thisisnotmerelyamatteroffileextensionslike.docor.pdf;itinvolvestheunderlyingcode.Ifthespecificationsfortheformatarenotdocumentedorpreserved,thedatabecomesastringofmeaninglessbits.Therapidpaceoftechnologicalchangemeansthatformatsbecomeobsoletemuchfasterthanthemediathemselvesdegrade.

D.Thescaleoftheproblemisstaggering.Itisestimatedthatin2023,humanitycreatedover120zettabytesofdata.Asignificantportionofthisis"born-digital"material—emails,websites,socialmediaposts,anddigitalphotographs—thathasnophysicalanalog.Whiletheinternetprovidesaplatformfordissemination,itisnotapreservationmedium.Websitesareconstantlyupdated,andlinksrot(thephenomenonof"linkrot"referstohyperlinksthatpointtopagesthatnolongerexist).Theaveragelifespanofawebpageisestimatedtobeonlyaround100daysbeforeitismodifiedordeleted.Withoutactiveintervention,vastswathesofcontemporaryculturearevanishingintotheether.

E.EffortstocombattheDigitalDarkAgeareunderway,buttheyfacesignificanthurdles.Onestrategyismigration,wheredataisperiodicallytransferredfromoldformatstonewonesandfromdecayingphysicalmediatorobust,modernstorage.Whileeffective,migrationislabor-intensiveandexpensive.Itrequiresconstantvigilancetoensurethatdataisnotcorruptedduringthetransferprocess.Moreover,everymigrationcarriestheriskoflosingmetadataorformattingnuances,effectivelyalteringthehistoricalartifact.Forcomplexsoftwarelikevideogamesorscientificsimulations,migrationisofteninsufficientbecausetheoperatingenvironmentrequiredtorunthemnolongerexists.

F.Analternativeapproachisemulation.Thisinvolvescreatingsoftwarethatmimicsthebehaviorofobsoletehardwareandoperatingsystems,allowingoriginalfilesandsoftwaretorunonmodernmachines.TheEuropeanUnion'sEmillaproject,forexample,aimstopreservethe"hardwarelogic"ofoldcomputers.Emulationpreservestheauthenticityoftheuserexperience,whichiscrucialforunderstandingthecontextofhistoricaldigitalobjects.However,emulationreliesontheavailabilityofcomprehensivedocumentationoftheoriginalhardware,whichisnotalwaysavailable.Furthermore,emulationsoftwareitselfmustbemaintainedandupdatedasfuturecomputerarchitecturesevolve.

G.AmoreradicalsolutionproposedbycomputerscientistVintCerfistheconceptof"DigitalVellum."Thisideainvolvescreatinga"digitalsnapshot"oftheentirecontextneededtoreadafile:thesoftware,theoperatingsystem,andthehardwarespecifications.Thissnapshotwouldbeencapsulatedinawrapperandstoredinthecloud.Whenopenedinthefuture,thesystemwouldretrievethenecessaryemulatortorenderthefile.Cerfsuggeststhatthis"X-ray"ofdigitaldatawouldensurethatinformationremainsaccessibleevencenturieslater.However,thisrequiresastandardized,openframeworkthattheentiretechindustryagreestoadoptandmaintain,alogisticalandpoliticalchallengeofimmenseproportions.

H.Ultimately,thepreservationofourdigitalheritagerequiresashiftinmindset.Wehavetreateddigitalinformationasephemeralanddisposable,convenientforthemomentbutnotfortheages.Archivingmustbecomeanintegralpartofthecreationprocess,notanafterthought.Thisinvolvesindividuals,corporations,andgovernmentstakingresponsibilityforthelongevityoftheirdata.Withoutacoordinatedglobalefforttoaddressthetechnical,economic,andlegalchallengesofdigitalpreservation,weriskleavingablankspotinthehistoricalrecord—ablackholewherethe21stcenturyoughttobe.

Questions27-31

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.

Writethecorrectletterinboxes27-31onyouranswersheet.

27.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Thetechnicalsuperiorityofdigitalstorageoveranalogmethods.

B.Theriskoflosinghistoricaldataduetodigitalobsolescenceandproposedsolutions.

C.Theeconomicbenefitsofcloudstorageforarchivingdata.

D.Thehistoryofcomputerhardwaredevelopmentfromthe1980stothepresent.

28.AccordingtoparagraphB,whyisa"DigitalDarkAge"likely?

A.Peoplearewritingfewerbooksandphysicaldocuments.

B.Digitalstoragemediadegradechemicallyfasterthanstone.

C.Boththephysicalmediaandthehardwaretoreaditarebecomingunusable.

D.Hackersareactivelydeletinghistoricaldatafromservers.

29.Whatdoesthewritersuggestabout"born-digital"materialinparagraphD?

A.Itissaferthanphysicalbooksbecauseitcanbecopiedinfinitely.

B.Itishighlysusceptibleto"linkrot"andrequiresactivepreservation.

C.Itismostlystoredonfloppydiskswhicharealreadyobsolete.

D.Itisnotimportantenoughtobepreservedforfuturehistorians.

30.Whatisadisadvantageofthe"migration"strategymentionedinparagraphE?

A.Itistooexpensiveforgovernmentstofund.

B.Itcannotbeusedforscientificdata.

C.Itcanresultinthelossofmetadataorauthenticityduringtransfer.

D.Itrequirestheoriginalhardwaretofunction.

31.Howdoes"DigitalVellum"differfromsimplestorage?

A.Itstoresthedataonphysicalpaperlikevellum.

B.Itencryptsthedatatopreventhackersfromaccessingit.

C.Itstoresthesoftwareandhardwarecontextneededtoopenthefile.

D.ItconvertsalldataintoasingleuniversalformatlikeHTML.

Questions32-35

Matchthefollowingsolutions(A,B,C)withthedescriptionsbelow.

Writethecorrectletter,A,B,orCinboxes32-35onyouranswersheet.

A.Migration

B.Emulation

C.DigitalVellum

32.Mimickingoldhardwarebehaviortorunoriginalsoftware.

33.Encapsulatingtheentiresoftwareandhardwarecontextinawrapper.

34.Periodicallytransferringdatatonewformatsandmedia.

35.Preservingthe"lookandfeel"oftheoriginaluserexperience.

Questions36-40

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthepassage?

Inboxes36-40onyouranswersheet,write

TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis

36.StonetabletsandparchmentbooksaregenerallymoredurablethanCDs.

37.Fileformatobsolescenceisalessseriousproblemthanphysicalmediadegradation.

38.Theaveragewebpageexistsforlessthanayearbeforebeingmodifiedordeleted.

39.VintCerf's"DigitalVellum"hasbeensuccessfullyadoptedbytheentiretechindustry.

40.Thewriterbelievesthatarchivingshouldbeconsideredduringthecreationofdata,notafterwards.

AnswerKeyandExplanations

Passage1:TheMimicryofNature

1.D

Explanation:ParagraphDmentionsthe"lotuseffect"andexplicitlyprovidesthemathematicalformulacos=rcosrelatedtothecontactangleandroughness.

2.A

Explanation:ParagraphAdiscussesthehistoricalcontext,mentioningLeonardodaVinciandearlycivilizationsobservingnature.

3.E

Explanation:ParagraphEdescribesspidersilkashavingtensilestrengthcomparabletohigh-gradealloysteelbutbeinglightweightandflexible.

4.F

Explanation:ParagraphFcomparestheEastgateCentretosimilar-sizedbuildings,statingitreducesenergyconsumptionby90%.

5.C

Explanation:ParagraphCdetailshowtheKingfisher'sbeakinspiredtheShinkansen'snosetosolvethesonicboom(noise)problem.

6.G

Explanation:ParagraphGdiscussesthechallengesofbiomimetics,specificallythedifficultyinbridgingthegapbetweennature'sbottom-upassemblyandindustrialtop-downmanufacturing.

7.burrs

Explanation:ParagraphBstatesGeorgedeMestralfound"burrsclingingstubbornlytohisclothesandtheanimal'sfur."

8.splash

Explanation:ParagraphCnotestheKingfisherdives"withbarelyasplash."

9.droplets

Explanation:ParagraphDexplainsthatthesurfacecauseswaterto"beadup"(formdroplets)androlloff.

10.milk

Explanation:ParagraphEmentionsscientistshavemodifiedgoatstoproducetheproteinsintheir"milk."

11.FALSE

Explanation:ParagraphAstates,"Thisapproachisnotmerelyaboutcopyingshapes;itinvolvesunderstandingtheunderlyingprinciples..."

12.FALSE

Explanation:ParagraphEsaysspidersilkis"comparableto"(notstrongerthan)high-gradealloysteel.

13.NOTGIVEN

Explanation:ThepassagementionstheEastgateCentreasanexampleofbiomimeticcooling,butitdoesnotclaimitwasthefirstbuildingevertousepassivecooling.

Passage2:ThePsychologyofDecisionMaking

14.A

Explanation:TheAvailabilityHeuristic(ParagraphC)involvesjudgingprobabilitybasedonhoweasilyexamplescometomind(memorability).

15.D

Explanation:TheSunkCostFallacy(ParagraphF)isdefinedascontinuingabehaviorduetopreviouslyinvestedresources(likemoneyonafailingproject).

16.B

Explanation:TheAnchoringEffect(ParagraphD)isrelyingonaninitialpieceofinformation(aninitialnumber)forsubsequentjudgments.

17.C

Explanation:ConfirmationBias(ParagraphE)involvessearchingforinformationthatconfirmspreexistingbeliefs,creating"echochambers."

18.E

Explanation:NudgeTheory(ParagraphG)suggestsusingindirectsuggestionsor