2026秋学期初高衔接英语讲义衔接点13 构词法知识与词形词性转化（原题版）

衔接点13构词法知识与词形词性转化

初中视角高中展望

高中阶段，掌握更多前缀后缀；理解构词逻辑；

高中阶段，掌握更多前缀后缀；理解构词逻辑；分析

分析复杂合成词的结构；理解一词多性的语境逻

复杂合成词的结构；理解一词多性的语境逻辑；通过

辑；通过构词法推测生词词义。总之，高中需拓

构词法推测生词词义。总之，高中需拓展构词法复杂

展构词法复杂度，强调语境中词形词性的多维度

度，强调语境中词形词性的多维度转化规则。

转化规则。

衔接引导

初中阶段考查形式：侧重语法知识的识记和简单运用，多以单句填空、选择题等基础形式考查语法知识。

高中阶段考查形式：注重语法知识的灵活运用和理解，更多地在语篇语法填空中综合运用语法知识。

【初中考点聚焦】

单项选择

1．Whichwordmeans“notpolite”?

A．Unpolite.B．Impolite.C．Inpolite.D．Nonpolite.

2．Ifweaddthesuffix“-al”totheword“tradition”,itchangesintotheadjective“________”.

A．traditionB．traditionsC．traditionalD．traditionally

3．Whichprefixisusedtoformthenegativeof“proper”?

A．un-.B．im-.C．in-.D．dis-.

4．“kg”isanabbreviationthatuses________oftheword“kilogram”.

A．thefirstletterB．somelettersC．alllettersD．thelastletter

5．WhichofthefollowingisNOTagoodwaytouseabbreviations?

A．Using“Jan.”for“January”innotes.B．Writing“ASAP”for“assoonaspossible”.

C．Usingabbreviationsinaformalacademicpaper.D．Using“adj.”for“adjective”.

6．Whichsuffixmeans“without”?

A．-self.B．-less.C．-ache.D．-ful.

7．“AIwillnotreplacehumansforcreativity.”的缩写形式是：

A．AIwon’treplacehumans.B．AIwilln’treplacehumans.

C．AInotreplacehumans.D．AIdoesn’treplacehumans.

8．Theschoolisnotfarfrommyhome.It’sonlya________walk.

A．10minutesB．10minuteC．10-minutesD．10-minute

9．Whichofthefollowingwordshasadifferentprefix(前缀)tomakeithaveanoppositemeaning？

A．ableB．luckyC．possibleD．sure

10．Wecanaddasuffix(后缀)toanountoformanadjective.Theword“________”isanexample.

A．kindnessB．sleepyC．inventorD．meeting

11．Whichofthefollowingwordscanhavethesuffix“-ion”addedtoformanoun?

A．darkB．expressC．teachD．begin

12．Iwanttohavea________holiday

A．fivedayB．fivedaysC．five-daysD．five-day

13．Look!Thereis________overthere.Doyouknowhim?

A．a8-year-oldboyB．an8-year-oldboy

C．a8-yearsoldboyD．an8-yearsoldboy

14．—“Flashlight”isa________.Itcomesfrom“flash”and“light”.

—Oh,Isee.Sois“snowstorm”.

A．naturaldisasterB．compoundwordC．safetyruleD．verbphrase

15．Whichofthefollowingwordscanweadd“in-”asaprefix?

A．FriendlyB．CorrectC．AbleD．Patient

16．“Mostbirdsareactiveinthedaytime,soyoucaneasilywatchthemthere.”

Whichofthefollowingwordsiscreatedinthesamewayastheunderlinedword“daytime”?

A．dishonestB．countrysideC．unhealthyD．kindness

17．OscarWildesaid,“Alifewithoutloveislikeasunlessgarden.”Theunderlinedword“sunless”means

________.

A．fullofsunB．withoutsunC．brightD．warm

18．Theword“________”canhaveanoppositemeaningbyaddingtheprefix“in-”.

A．luckyB．correctC．possibleD．important

19．Whichofthefollowingwordsisformedthesamewayastheword“classical”?

A．birthplaceB．dreamlikeC．centralD．artwork

20．Wecanaddprefix“un-”to________togiveittheoppositemeaning.

A．correctB．possibleC．patientD．usual

【高中考点聚焦】

课标解读

语境推断与综合运用

阅读理解中的词义猜测：

例：通过“non-”（非）+“verbal”（言语的）推断“non-verbalcommunication”为“非语言交流”。

语法填空：

例：The______(introduce)ofnewtechnologyimprovedproductivity.（答案：introduction，动词变名词）

写作中的词汇升级：

要求：用“significance”（名词，重要性）替代“beimportant”。

核心考点：

复杂派生词的词义逻辑（如否定前缀+词根+后缀：un+reason+able→unreasonable）；

合成词的结构分析（如“over+work→overwork”过度工作）；

词性转化在长难句中的功能（如动名词作主语：Readingimprovesvocabulary）。

考点清单

一、合成法

合成是指把两个不同词类的词加在一起构成一个新词，它可以是形容词，也可以是名词或其他词类。

英语中常见的合成词有合成形容词、合成名词、合成动词和合成副词，其中以合成形容词最为活跃。

(1)合成形容词通常有以下常见的构词方法：

构成方法例词

形容词+名词+ednoble-minded高尚的good-tempered好脾气的

形容词+现在分词good-looking好看的easy-going随和的

副词+现在分词hard-working勤劳的far-reaching深远的

名词+现在分词peace-loving热爱和平的record-breaking破记录的

名词+过去分词man-made人造的heartbroken心碎的

副词+过去分词well-known著名的widespread广泛流传的

形容词+名词large-scale大规模的high-class高级的

数词+名词+edthree-legged三条腿的five-starred五颗星的

名词+形容词duty-free免税的homesick想家的

(2)合成名词通常有以下常见的构词方法：

构成方式例词

名词+名词silkworm蚕snowman雪人

形容词+名词nobleman贵族green-hand新手

动名词+名词waiting-room候车室sleeping-pills安眠药

动词+名词pickpocket扒手cross-roads十字路口

名词+动名词handwriting书法sun-bathing目光浴

动词+副词get-together聚会breakthrough突破

副词+动词downfall垮台outbreak爆发

(3)合成动词通常有以下常见的构词方法：

构成方式例词

副词+动词overthrow推翻undervalue低估

形容词+动词ill-treat虐待quick-charge快速充电

名词+动词typewrite打字sleepwalk梦游

(4)合成副词通常有以下常见的构词方法：

构成方式例词

介词+名词upstairs楼上；outdoors户外；underfoot脚下

形容词+名词hotfoot匆忙地

形容词+副词anywhere任何地方

二、派生法

派生的构成往往是通过词根加上前缀或后缀构成一个新的词汇。我们可以用不同的后缀来构成名词、

形容词、动词、副词和数词等。一般来说，给一个词加上前缀，通常用词性不变，而改变词义，如fair(adj.

公平的)-unfai（radj.不公平的）；给一个词加一后缀，通常词义不变，而改变词性，如invent(v.发明)-invention(n.

发明)。

(一)前缀

1．表示否定意义的前缀

(2)in-(3)im-(4)il-

(1)un-impolite不礼貌的illegal违法的

unfortunate不幸的inconvenient不方便imperfect不完美illogical不合逻辑

unable不能够的的的的

uncomfortable不舒服incorrect不正确的impossible不可能

的informal不正式的的

(7)dis-

(5)ir-(6)non-dislike不喜欢

irregular不规则的non-violent非暴力的disapprove不赞成

irrelevant不相关的non-profit非盈利的dishonest不诚实的

disadvantage弊端，不利条件

2.表示其他意义的常见前缀

(4)pre-

(1)en-使……

(2)re-再，又(3)mis-错误在……之前

enable使能够

retell复述misunderstand误解preview预习

enrich使丰富

review复习mislead误导pre-reading读前

enlarge扩大，使变大

reunite团聚misread误读prehistoric史前

endanger危及

的

(6)inter-在……

(5)fore-在……前面(7)trans-转变，变换

之间，互相

forehead前额translate翻译

international国际的

foretell预言transport运输

interact互动

forecast预测，预报transform转变，改造

interpersonal人际的

(二)后缀

1．形容词后缀

(4)-ive

(5)-ic/-ical

attractive

(1)-y(2)-ly(3)-alhistoric有历史意

吸引人的

windy有风的friendly友好的natural自然的义的

effective有

lucky幸运的deadly致命的national国家的energetic精力充

效的

healthy健康的lively活泼的personal个人的沛的

impressive

historical历史的

印象深刻的

(9)-able

(7)-ful

comfortable舒适

(6)-ouswonderful(8)-less

的

famous著名的精彩的careless粗心的

acceptable可接受

dangerous危险的beautiful美丽的homeless无家可归的

的

mysterious神秘的hopeful有希望helpless无助的

reasonable合乎情

的

理的

adaptable可适应

的

2.名词后缀

(1)表示“人”的名词后缀

③-ist

④-ess⑤-ian

②-orartist艺术

hostess女musician音乐

①-erinventor家

主人家

cleaner清洁工发明家scientist科学

waitress女politician政治

reporter记者actor演员家

服务员家

employer雇主，老板visitor游pianist钢琴家

actress女演historian历史学

客dentist牙科医

员家

生

(2)表示其他意义的常见名词后缀

④-ness

③-ment

①-thhappiness幸

②-domdevelopment发

truth真相福

freedom自由展

strength力量，强项weakness弱点

boredom无聊，厌烦achievement成就

width宽度kindness善良

wisdom智慧amazement惊讶

warmth温暖seriousness严重

excitement兴奋

性，严肃性

⑤-tion/-sion⑥-ance/-ence⑦-(t)y

competition竞争importance重要性difficulty困难⑧-al

construction建设appearance出现，相loyalty忠诚arrival到达

discussion讨论貌cruelty残忍approval赞成，

conclusion结论existence存在safety安全批准

admission接纳，准许patience耐心responsibility职survival幸存

入学confidence信心责，责任

3.动词、副词后缀

(3)-ly

(1)-en(2)-ize

slowly慢慢地

widen加宽apologize道歉

happily高兴地

deepen加深emphasize强调

extremely极其

weaken削弱memorize记住

surprisingly令人惊讶地

三、转化法

转化是指单词由一个词类转变成另一个词类，但其基本意思不变。

转化类型例词例句

tryLetmehaveatry.

动词转化为名词

swimWestoopedthereforaswim.

bookHaveyoubookedyourticket?

名词转化为动词

chairWhochairedthemeeting?

slowThetrainsloweddowntohalfitsspeed.

形容词转化为动词narrowThisisthechiefwaytonarrowthe

differencesbetweenthem.

dearHeisadear.（他是个讨人喜欢的孩子）

形容词转化为名词

finalThey’rerunninginthefinal.

注意：有些词可以词形不变用作另一类词，但重音发生改变。较常见的是一些双音节词，作动词时重音在

后，作名词时重音在前。

例词动词含义（重音在后）名词含义（重音在前）

conduct指挥，导电/kənˈdʌkt/行为/ˈkɒndʌkt/

contest竞争/kənˈtest/比赛/ˈkɒntest/

contrast形成对比/kənˈtrɑːst/对比/ˈkɒntrɑːst/

digest消化/daɪˈdʒest/摘要，文摘/ˈdaɪdʒest/

export输出，出口/ɪk'spɔːt/出口/'ekspɔːt/

import进口，输入/ɪmˈpɔːt/进口/ˈɪmpɔːt/

increase增加/ɪnˈkriːs/增加/ˈɪŋkriːs/

permit准许，允许/pəˈmɪt/许可证/ˈpɜːmɪt/

present赠送，上演/prɪˈzent/礼物，目前/ˈpreznt/

produce生产/prəˈdjuːs/农产品/ˈprɒdjuːs/

protest抗议/prəˈtest/抗议/ˈprəʊtest/

record记录，录音/rɪˈkɔːd/记录，唱片/ˈrekɔːd/

survey勘查，考察/səˈveɪ/勘查，考察/ˈsɜːveɪ/

suspect怀疑，疑心/səˈspekt/嫌疑犯，有嫌疑的人/ˈsʌspekt/

transport运输，运送/trænˈspɔːt/运输/ˈtrænspɔːt/

一、单句语法填空

1．It’s(polite)tospeakloudlyinpublic.(所给词的适当形式填空)

2．Thedelayindeliveryhasputustogreat（convenience）.（用所给词的适当形式填空）

3．Hehasonlybeenplayingfootballasa(profession)fortwoyears.（所给词的适当形式填空）

4．Ifoneislateforajobinterview,itis(likely)thathewillgetthejob.(所给词的适当形式填空)

5．Mostpeoplehereare(willing)togiveuptheircars.Theydon’twanttousebusesinstead.（所给词

的适当形式填空）

6．Thefirstbubblestoescapefromtheliquidarea(mix)ofairandhydrogen.(所给词的适当形

式填空）

7．Itis(legal)toemploysomeoneundertheageofsixteen.（所给单词适当形式填空）

8．Somecomedianstelljokesaboutthewaypeople(behavior).(所给词的适当形式填空)

9．Manystars,whichareoutofthesolarsystem,are(visible)withoutatelescope.(所给词的适当形式

填空)

10．Wanderamongavarietyofshopssellinggiftswhileenjoyingalivemusicshowandnicestreet

(entertain).（所给词的适当形式填空）

11．Everymorninghetriedtodoexercisesto(strong)hislegmuscles.(所给词的适当形式填空)

12．A(determine)personalwaystriestofinishthejob,nomatterhowharditis.(所给词的适当形式填

空)

13．I’mlookingforwardtovisitingsometourist(attract)whenIhaveextramoney.(所给词的适当形式

填空)

14．Childrenwhonevergainedtheirparents’(approve)tendtosufferfromalackofconfidence.(所

给词的适当形式填空)

15．WhilestayinginBeijing,hemadethe(good)ofhissparetimetoknowmoreofChineseliterature.

(所给词的适当形式填空)

16．Innaturaloutdoorlighting,itcan(automatic)completevisualidentificationandfuelingwithout

manualintervention.(所给词的适当形式填空)

17．JackspeakEnglishvery(fluent)asifhewereanEnglishman.(所给词的适当形式填空)

18．AsanativeofFengcheng,Ihaveagreat(prefer)forhotpepper.Thehotter,thebetter.(所给词

的适当形式填空)

19．ItissaidthatNewton’sstrong(curious)aboutafallenappleonhisheadledtothediscoveryof

thelawofgravity.(所给词的适当形式填空)

20．Evidencepointstohuntingbyhumansandhabitat(destroy)asthelikelycausesforthecurrentmass

extinction.(所给词的适当形式填空)

21．Peopleundertheageof40constitutethe(major)ofthelabourforce.(所给词的适当形式填空)

22．His(determine)lookssuggestedthathewouldn’tchangehismind.(所给词的适当形式填空)

23．Thankstorecentresearch,(effect)treatmentsareavailable.(所给词的适当形式填空)

24．Shegotaheadacheifshehadtoreadforany(long)oftime.(所给词的适当形式填空)

25．Thelittleboygavehisallinthegame,playingwithout(hesitate)evenwhenhewasinjured.(所给

词的适当形式填空)

26．Itis(convenient)tohaveameetingduringlunchtimewheneveryoneisbusy.(所给词的适当形式

填空)

27．Thoughthegovernmenthastakenmanymeasures,thetrainserviceisstill(frequent)delayeddue

tobadweather.(所给词的适当形式填空)

28．Peopleoftenhavedifferentopinionsonsomehotissues,soitisimpossibletomake(assume)

aboutpeople'sreactions.(所给词的适当形式填空)

29．Violinisa(string)instrumentwhichproducesaparticularlybeautifulandvibrant(充满活力的)

tone.(所给词的适当形式填空)

30．A(conduct)issomeonewhostandsinfrontofagroupofmusiciansorsingersanddirectstheir

playingorsinging.（所给词的适当形式填空）

二、选择正确答案

1．It’sabouta________walkfromtheparktothesubwaystation.

A．fifteen-minutes’B．fifteen-minute’sC．fifteen-minuteD．fifteen-minutes

2．It’sa________ridefromtheairporttothedowntownarea.

A．two-hours’B．two-hour’sC．two-hourD．two-hours

3．WhichofthefollowingwordsCAN’Tformanewwordwith“-ship”?

A．friendB．relationC．scholarD．business

4．Whichofthefollowingwordsisformedlike“impossible”?

A．reporterB．blackboardC．dishonestD．harmless

5．Whichwordisformedinthesamewayas“homesick”?

A．unfoldB．rainbowC．disqualifyD．professional

6．Whichofthefollowingsuffixesistheopposite(反义词)of“-ful”?

A．-ableB．-nessC．-lessD．-ous

7．Whichofthefollowingprefixes(前缀)means“No”?

A．un-B．en-C．co-D．over-

8．Whichofthefollowingwordsiscombinedbytwowords?

A．posterB．impressiveC．exchangeD．butterfly

9．Whichofthefollowingwordsisformedlike“handbag”?

A．meaningfulB．snowmanC．protectionD．impatient

10．Wecan’tputprefix“un-”to________togiveittheoppositemeaning.

A．correctB．comfortableC．certainD．interesting

11．“Foramoment,hewasspeechless.Happinessseemedtofillhisbodyandstickinhisthroat.”

Whichwordisformedinthesamewayas“speechless”?

A．disappearB．dangerousC．footprintD．impossible

12．Whichofthefollowingwordsisformedinthesamewayastheword“snowstorm”?

A．carelessB．railwayC．unhealthyD．tourist

13．WhichofthefollowingwordscanNOTbeaddedtheprefix“un-”togiveittheoppositemeaning?_____

A．politeB．healthyC．usualD．happy

14．Whichofthefollowingwordshasadifferentwordformation?

A．sculptureB．memoriseC．humorousD．highway

15．Whataterriblesnowstorm!Whichofthefollowingwordsisformedinthesamewayastheword“snowstorm”?

A．carelessB．railwayC．unhealthyD．tourist

16．Asweallknow,wordsformedbycombiningotherwordsarecalledcompounds,forexample,________.

A．collectionB．lifeboatC．WTOD．exchange

17．Asweallknow,wordsformedbycombiningotherwordsarecalledcompounds,forexample,________.

A．collectionB．rainbowC．WTOD．exchange

18．Whichofthefollowingsuffixes(后缀)means"without"?

A．–ableB．–fulC．–ousD．–less

19．Whichofthefollowingwordsiscreatedthesamewayassunflower!

A．homeworkB．winnerC．untidyD．musician

20．Thenewly-builtlibraryisa________building.

A．five-storeyB．fivestoreysC．five-storey’sD．fivestoreys’

一、语法填空

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

ScientistsatSouthKorea’sYonseiUniversityhavecreatedanewtypeofhybridricethatnotonlyhasa

meatypinkcolorbutisalsopackedwithbeefproteinandfatcells.

Riceisalreadyoneofthemostnutritiousfoodsavailableinnature,butthankstosomescientific“magic”,it

couldsoonbecome1sustainablereplacementformeat.Thenewhybridgrainsarefirmerthannatural

grains,andwhen2(cook)theymaintaintheirtraditionalappearance.Whilethenewricedoesn’tyet

tastelikebeef,itdoesofferan3(enjoy)flavorexperience,whichischaracteristicofmeat.Thankstothe

animalcells,thisnewpinkricecouldonedaybecomeacompletemealbyitself,4(ensure)asufficient,

sustainablefoodsupplyforthewholeworld.

“Imagine5(obtain)allthenutrientsweneedfromcell-culturedproteinrice,”saidParkSo-hyeon,

co-authorofthestudy.Hesaidtheteamhadexperimentedwithdifferenttypesoffoodproducts,6

whichtheygainedlotsofunderstanding,butthemodelstheygotweren’tsuccessful.

Inthefuture,scientistsplantousesustainablesuppliesofcells7canbemaintainedinthelab.For

now,thepercentageofproteininthehybridriceisstill8(fair)low.Sotheyarealsoexploringthe

9(possible)ofmixingthericewithothertypesofmeatorfish,inordertosatisfydifferenttastes.10

(replace)meatactually,researchersneedtoincreasetherice’sproteincontentsignificantly.

二、阅读理解

Overtheyears,asIdealtwiththepressureoffinishingmyPh.D．andstartingmypost-doctor,Ihadgrown

morecompetitive.Ipushedmyselftobethefirsttogeneratethrillingresultsandtopublishinhigh-impactjournals.

Tho