考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷430

考研英语(阅读)模拟试卷430

一、阅读(常规阅读理解)(本题共2。题，每题

分,共20分。)

Thatmythicalbeast,homoeconomicus,otherwisecalledEconomicman,isutterlyclear

aboutthepurposeofwork:togetpaid.Heiskeeneronleisure(hanonwork,andif

moneycanbegotwithouteffort,hedownstools.Ifrealpeoplefeelthesame,then

bountifulout-of-workbenefitsshouldbefoundinthesameplacesaswork-shycitizens.

Yetacross-countrycomparisonofbenefitsandattitudestoworkpublishedonJanuary

28thfindspreciselytheoppositepattern.Researchersranked13countriesaccordingto

theirgenerosity(measuredbycomparingtypicalbenefitstothoseoutofworkwiththe

averagewageofaproductionworker)andtheircitizens'commitmenttowork(gaugedby-

askingwhethertheywouldworkiftheydidnotneedthecash,andwhethertheyregarded

ajobasmerelyawaytoearnaliving).Theyfoundthatthemoregenerousastateisthe

keeneronworkitspeopleare.Britons,whosebenefitswerethestingiest(most

ungenerous)afterthosethatAmericansget,wereleastkeenofallonwork.Onereason

maybetheskillsmakeupoftheBritishworkforce.Theresearchersfound,logically

enough,(hatprofessionalsandgraduatesweremorepositiveaboutworkthan(he

unskilledandnon-graduates.FewerBritonsthanNorwegians(whocametoponwork

commitment)haveprofessionaljobsordegrees.Butthisdoesnotentirelyexplain(heir

comparaliveimmunityihealtraclionsofloil:Britonsofeverysocialclassandlevelof

educationwerelesskeenonworkthantheircounterpartselsewhere.Couldthe

"dependencyculture"currentlyexercisingBritishpoliticiansbesolvedbyraising

benefits?Unlikely,saysAlisonPark,editoroftheannualBritishSocialAttitudesReport,

inwhichthestudyappeared:attitudestoworkvaryfromcountrytocountryformany

reasons.Thereportstatesthatthelavishnessofwhatthereportterms"encompassing"

states,allNordicwithLutherantraditions,mayhavebeenmadepossiblebyastrong

workethic,ratherthanastrongercommitmenttoworkhavingemergedasaresultofit.

Andworkincentivesareaffectedbyfeaturesofwelfaresystemsotherthanoverall

generosity:"corporatist"statessuchasGermany,whichpayhigherbenefitstothosewith

alongerworkhistory,maybeencouragingpositiveattitudestoworkbysuch

conditionality.Britain'spoorbenefits,bycontrast,arelargelyindependentofprevious

employment,whichmaymeantheyareseenasanalternativetowork,rather(hanasone

ofthegood(hings(hatflowfromit.

1、Homocconomicusischaracterizedas

A、economical.

B、lazy.

C、leisure-obsessed.

D、bciicfils-diivcn.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：推理判断题。根据Homoeconomicus定位到第一段。其中讲到“经济

人”深谙工作的目的——获得报酬，言外之意是其只受利益驱使，故D项正确。

2、Whatcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraph?

A^Thekeeneronworkitspeopleare.(hemoregenerousaslateis.

B、Peoplewhoarckeenonworkwillmaketheirstategenerous.

C、ThebenefitswhichBritonsgetwerethestingiest.

D、AmericansgotstingierbenefitsthanBritonsdid.

标准答案：C

知识点解析；推理判断题。答案在第二段。最后一句话提到“英国人紧随美国人之

后，获得的福利最微薄”，故C项正确。

3、Bysaying"theircomparativeimmunitytotheattractionsoftoil"(Linc4,Paragraph

3),theauthormeans

A、Britonsarehealthyenoughnottofeelill.

B、Britonshavegoodimmunesystem.

C、Britonsarenotkeenonwork.

D、Britonsareafraidofhardwork.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：语义理解题。答案在第三段第五行。该句中冒号后面的内容是对前半

句的解释，即“每个社会阶层，每个教育层次的英国人对工作都更缺乏热情”，因此

C项正确。

4、AccordingtotheBritishSocialAttitudesReport,''encompassing"statesaregenerous

dueto

A、thedependencyculture.

B、astrongworkethic.

C、theriseofbenefits.

D、variousworkingattitudes.

标准答案：B、

知识点解析：事实细节题。考杳因果细节。根据"encompassing”states定位到第四

段。根据原文中lavishness...havebeenmadepossibleby...可知by后的内

容即为答题信息点。.主要涉及对ralher【han词组的理解：否定它后面的，肯定前面

的astrongworkethic,因此B项正确。

5、Germanyismentionedinthelastparagraphtoshowthat

A、Germanypayshigherbenefitstothosewithalongerworkhistory.

B、corporatiststateslikeGermanyprovidebetterbenefitsthanBritain.

C、welfaresystemisalsolikelytoinfluenceworkincentives.

D、Germanyencouragespositiveworkattitudesbypayinghigherbenefits.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：事实细节题。考查例证细节。德国的例子表明“工龄较长的人能获得

更好的福利”，这实际上是为了说明该段中心句”工作的动力还会受到福利体制的特

点影响”，因此C项正确。

AstheSenatepreparestovoteonlegislationtoempowertheFoodandDrug

Administrationtoregulatetobaccoproducts,itsmemberswouldbewisetoconsulta

recentappealscourtdecision.Thedecisionmakesitcleartha(thetobaccocompanies

haveengagedindeceitfulandharmfulbehaviorformanydecadesandcannotbetrusted

(oreformontheirown.Regulatoryoversightisthebestchancetoreinthemin.The

unanimousrulingbyathree-judgepaneloftheUnitedSlatesCourtofAppealsforthe

DistrictofColumbiaupheldmajorelementsofa2006lowercourtdecision(hatfoundbig

tobaccocompaniesguiltyofrackeieeringandfraudaspanofaprolongedcampaignio

deceiveandaddictthepublic.That1,742opinion,renderedbyJudgeGladys

Kessler,laidoutinpainstakingdetailhowthetobaccocompaniesmadefalsestatements

andsuppressedevidencetodenyorplaydowntheaddictivequalitiesandtheadverse

healtheffectsofsmoking.JudgeKesslerfoundthatthecompaniesmanipulatedthe

designofcigarettestodeliveraddictivedosesofnicotine,falselydeniedthatsecondhand

smokecauseddiseaseandfalselyrepresentedthatlightandlow-tarcigarettespresented

fewerhealthrisks.Theappealscourtnotonlyupheldherdecisionaslegallysound,it

seemeddeeplyimpressedbythe"volumesofevidence"and"countlessexamplesof

deliberatelyfalsestatements"underlyingmanyofJudgeKessler'sfindings.Italsoupheld

somebutnotallofthemarke:ingrestrictionsandotherrequirementssheimposedto

preventthecompaniesfrommakingfuturefalseclaimsandengaginginadditional

fraudulentactivities.Thecompaniesprotestedthat(heyshouldnotbesubjectedtosuch

requirementsbecausetheyhadalreadyagreedtonumerousremediesunderasettlement

agreementwith46statesandtheDistrictofColumbia.Theappealspanelwasrightly

unimpressed.Itupheldthedistrictcourt'sfindingsthatafterthesettlementwentinto

effectin1998,thecompaniesalmostimmediatelybegantoevadeandviolatevarious

prohibitionsagainstjointactivitiesandfalsestatements.TheHousehasalreadyvotedto

givetheF.D.A.powertoregulatetobacco.Senators,whoaregettingreadytovoteon

similarlegislation,nowhavefairwarning,iftheyneededanymore,thatthisisa

dishonestindustry.Itcan'thetrustedtobehaveresponsiblyorevenadheretoagreements

ithassigned.ItistimetogranttheF.D.A.thepowertoregulatethecontentand

marketingoftobaccoproducts:.

6、Whywoulditbewiseforthesenatorstoconsultarecentappealscourtdecision

beforevoting?

A^1(revealstosenatorstobaccocompanies,incompetenceinselPdiscipline.

B、Itmakesthesenatorslearnhowprofitablethetobaccoindustryis.

C、Ithelpsthesenatorsrealizethenecessityofregulatoryoversight.

D、Itpointsoutthattobaccocompanieshavebeenliarsformanydecades.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：事实细节题。考查因果细节。根据wise定位到第一段，其中最后一

句明确说明对烟草公司进行监管是必要的，可见之所以说这样做是“明智的”，是由

于这项裁决能让参观员认识到对烟草行业进行监管的必要性，并促使他们投上赞成

票，故C项正确。

7、WecaninferfromJudgeKessler'sfindingsthat

A^tobaccocompaniesachievecustomeraddictionatthecostoftheirhealth.

B、theadversehealtheffectsofsmokinghavebeenchronicallyunderestimated.

C、racketeeringandfraudhaveblindedthetobaccocompaniesforalongtime.

D、thediseasescausedbysecondhandsmokehavebeencarelesslydenied.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：推理判断题。根据JudgeKessler定位到第二、三段，原文laidout等

指示词后面的内容即暗示了JudgeKessler对烟草公司的态度，A项是对烟草公司欺

骗行径的总结。

8、TherestrictionsandrequirementsimposedbyJudgeKessler

A、haveentirelybeenapprovedbytheappealscourt.

B、willimmediatelybeviolatedbythetobaccocompanies.

C、severelyoverlapwiththeprevioussettlementagreement.

D、aremeanttopreventtobaccocompaniesfromdeceiving.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：事实细节题。根据restrictionsandrequirements定位到第四段。原文

说JudgeKessler提出这些限制和要求的目的是为了防止烟草公司今后再进行虚假

宣传以及从事其他的欺诈行为，D项说明的目的符合原文。

9、Theword"rightly”(Line3,Paragraph5)canbebestreplacedby

A、justly.

B、understandably.

C、evidently.

D^appropriately.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：语义理解题。根据题干定位到第五段。这类题型需要根据上下文推断

出词义。此处rightly应意为“正当地”时，这里是指由于烟草公司1998年立即违反

规定的行径，法院对其抗议给予正当的漠视。四个选项中与法院最相关的词是

justly(正当地)，也可以由此推测A项正确。

10、Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A、Sclf-rcgulatcdTobaccoIndustry

B、OnceaLiar,AlwaysaLiar

C^WatchYourVote,Senators

D、ADishonestIndustry

标准答案：D

知识点解析：全文主旨题。根据文章大意，D项dishonest一词最能表明烟草行业

的实质，与全文内容最为贴切。

Therealizationthatcoldscankillhasrenewedinterestinfindingvaccinesandtreatments.

Thetroubleisthatthecommoncoldiscausednotbyonevirusbutbyhundredsof

differentones.Thismeansavaccineordrugthatworksa-gainsioneoftheseviruses,or

onefamilyofviruses,isusuallyineffectiveagainstalltheothers.What'smore,because

coldsarcusuallysomild,iftreatmentscauseevenminorsideeffectstheycanbeworse

thanthedisease.Suchtreatmentswillnevergetapprovalforgeneraluse,whichiswhy

mostcompaniesinsteadfocusondrugsthatrelievesymptoms.Nevertheless,somedrugs

andvaccinesarebeingdevelopedagainstthecoldvirusesmostlikelytoturnnasty.A

vaccineagainstRespiratorySyncytialVirus(RSV),aviruswhichcancauseserious

illnessinyoungchildrenand(heelderly,isgoingthroughclir.icaltrials.Itconsistsofa

weakenedstrainofthevirusgivenasanasalspray.A(realmentforRSVinfections,

basedonRNAinterference,isalsoindevelopment.However,treatmentsfbrspecific

virusesareuselessunlessyourcoldiscausedbythevirusinquestion-anddoctorshave

noquickwaytoworkoutwhichvirusistoblameforacold.Systemstodothisareunder

development,mostlybasedonlookingforspecificDNAorRNAsequences,butnoneare

neartoreachingthemarket.Analternativeapproachwouldbetokeeptakingdrugsthat

preventinfectionthroughoutthecoldseason,suchasaderivativeoftheanti-smallpox

drugcidofovirwhichhasbeenshowntocombatadenoviruses,virusesthatcancause

upperrespiratoiyinfections.Butagain,asadenovirusesareonlyresponsibleforafew

percentofcolds,thebenefitshardlyjustifytheexpenseandriskofsideeffectsfrom

remainingonadrugpermanently.Shortofeveryoneontheplanetisolatingthemselves

fbrtwoorthreeweeks,soexistingcoldvirusesrunoutofhostsanddieout,itishardto

seehowwecaneverdefeatthecommoncold.Eventhen,newcoldviruseswouldevolve

inlimefromanimalviruses.Someevenquestionwhetheritisdesirabletotryto

eliminatecolds."It'sblindspeculation."saysJoelWeinstockofTuftsUniversityin

BostonintheUS,"butthecommoncoldmayprotectusfrommoreseriousviruses."An

occasionalsnifflemightbeapriceworthpayingifi(keepsourimmunedefensesprimed.

11Thedrugsagainstcoldsarcusuallyineffectivebecause

A、coldsareusuallynotserious.

B、drugscanonlyrelievetheillness.

C、drugsagainstsomeviruseshavesideeffects.

D^hundredsofvirusescanleadtocolds.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：事实细节题。考查因果细节，根据ineffective定位到第一段。其中讲

到引发普通感冒的不是一种病毒，而是几百种不同的病毒，故D项与之相符。

12、Thephrase"lurnnasty"(Line2,Paragraph2)mos(probablymeanslha(thecold

virusescouldbe

A、unpleasantanddisgusting.

B、fruitlessanddisappointing.

C、dangerousandsevere.

D^ineffectiveandpainful.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：语义理解题。根据题干定位在第二段。mostlikelytolurnnasty是定

语，修饰前面的coldviruses,上文说coldscankill(感冒可致人死亡),下文例证提

到RSV病母可使老人、儿童患重疾，由此可推知lurnnasly表示感冒病毒会“越变

越危险”，故选C项。

13^Itcouldbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat

A、specificDNAorRNAsequencesaredevelopedtodetecttheviruses.

itisnotaquickwaytolookforDNAsequences.

C、systemstodetectvirusesarcworkingtoenterthemarket.

D^treatmentsforsomespecificvirusaresuccessful.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：推理判断题。根据题干定位到第三段。其中讲到治疗特定病毒的药物

丝亳不起作用。除非感冒是由被怀疑病毒所致，故D项正确，表示针对某些特定

病毒的治疗是有效的。

14^Keepingtakingdrugsthatpreventinfectionthroughoutthecoldseasonwill

A、cureinfectioncompletely.

B、becomeinexpensiveinthelongrun.

C、increasetheriskofaddictiontodrugs.

D、havemoresideeffectsthanotherchoices.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：推理判断题。根据题干定位到第四段。最后一句明确指出，这种方法

可能带来某种风险，即药物性依赖这一副作用，故C项与之相符。

15、AccordingtoJoelWeinstock,it'simpossibleandunnecessaryto

A^trytogetridofthecommoncold

B、producevaccinestodefeatcold.

C、protectusfromcommoncold.

D、protectusfrommoreseriousviruses.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：观点态度题。属于文中人物的观点，从最后一段可以推断出乔尔・温

斯托克认为普通感冒也可能给人带来一些益处，原文的“盲目的推断”表明试图消除

感冒是不可能的，也是没有必要的，A项正确。

Theirdefenderssay(heyaremotivated,versatileworkerswhoarejustwhatcompanies

needinthesedifficulttimes.Toothers,however,themembersof"GenerationY”—those

borninthe1980sand1990s,otherwiseknownastheNetGeneration-arespoiled,

narcissisticidlerswhocannotspellandwastetoomuch(imeoninstantmessagingand

Facebook.Ah,replytheNetGeners,butallthatmessingaroundonlineprovesthatwe

arecomputer-literatemuhi-taskerswhoareadeptusersofonlinecollaborativetools,and

naturalteamplayers.And,whileyouareonthesubjectofme,Ineedamonth'svacation

toreconsidermypersonalgoals.Thiscultureclashhasbeengoingoninmany

organizationsandhaslatelyseepedintomanagementbooks.TheNetGenershavegrown

upwithcomputers;theyarcbrimmingwithsclf-confidcncc;andtheyhavebeen

encouragedtochallengereceivedwisdom,tofindtheirownsolutionstoproblemsandto

treatworkasarouteiopersonalfulfillmentratherthanmerelyawayofputtingfoodon

thetable.Notallofthismakesthemeasytomanage.Bossescomplainthataftera

childhoodofbeingspoiledandpraised,NetGencrsdemandfarmorefrequentfeedback

andanovcr-prcciscsetofobjectivesonthepathtopromotion.Inanewreportfrom

PricewaterhouseCoopers,aconsultancy,61%ofchiefexecutivessaytheyhavetrouble

recruitingandintegratingyoungeremployees.Forthosehard-to-pleaseoldermanagers,

(hecurrentrecessionisthejoyfulequivalentofhidinganalarmclockinasleeping

teenager'sbedroom.Onceagain,(helouchy-feelymanagementfads(hatalwaysspringup

inyearsofplentyarebeingditchedinfavorofmorebrutalcommand-and-control

methods.Havinggrownupingoodtimes,NetGenershavelaboredundertheillusionthat

(heworldowedthemaliving.Buthoppingbetweenjobstofindonethatmeetsyour

innerspiritualneedsisnotsoeasywhentherearenojobs(ohopto.Andasforthat

vacation:here'sapermanentone,sunshine.Infact,compromisewillbenecessaryon

bothsides.NetGenerswillcertainlyhavetolowersomeoftheirexpectationsandtake

theworldasitis,notastheywouldlikeittobe.Buttheirolderbossesshouldalsobe

preparedtomakeconcessions.Theeconomywilleventuallyrecover,anddemographic

trendsinmostrichcountrieswillmakecleveryoungworkersevenmorevaluable.

Besides,manyofthethingsthatkeepNetGenershappyareworthdoinganyway.Butfor