2026年全国英语等级考试（PETS）五级模拟试题及答案二

2026年全国英语等级考试（PETS）五级模拟试题及答案二SectionIListeningComprehensionDirections:ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.PartAYouwillhearaconversationbetweenastudent,Mark,andhisbiologyprofessor,Dr.Smith,regardingaresearchpaperonmarineecosystems.Listenandcompletethesentencesbelowwithnomorethanthreewords.Youwillheartheconversationtwice.1.Markhaschosentofocushisresearchonthedecliningpopulationof__________inthePacificOcean.2.Dr.SmithsuggeststhatMarkshouldincorporatemoredataregardingtheeffectsofocean__________onthemarinelife.3.Theprofessorrecommendsaspecificjournalarticlewrittenby__________tohelpMarkwithhismethodology.4.Markneedstosubmithisrevisedresearchproposalbynext__________atthelatest.5.Theprimarycauseforthehabitatdestruction,accordingtoMark'sinitialdraft,iscoastal__________.PartBYouwillhearthreeconversationsortalks.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Choosethecorrectanswerforeachquestion.Conversation1:Ajobinterview6.Whatisthemainresponsibilityofthepositionthewomanisapplyingfor?A.Managingateamofsoftwaredevelopers.B.OverseeingthemarketingcampaignsinAsia.C.Coordinatinginternationallogisticsandshipping.D.AnalyzingfinancialreportsfortheEuropeanmarket.7.Whatpreviousexperiencedoesthewomanmentionasmostrelevant?A.Workingasaprojectmanagerinatechfirm.B.Servingasalogisticscoordinatorforanimport-exportcompany.C.Doingmarketingresearchforamultinationalcorporation.D.Handlingfinancialauditsforaprivateequityfirm.8.Howdoesthemandescribethecompanyculture?A.Highlycompetitiveandresults-driven.B.Relaxedandfocusedonemployeewell-being.C.Innovativebutsomewhatdisorganized.D.Traditionalandstrictlyhierarchical.Talk1:Aguideinamuseum9.Whatisthemainsubjectoftheexhibitiontheguideisintroducing?A.Theevolutionofmodernphotography.B.ThehistoryofancientEgyptianpottery.C.Thedevelopmentofaviationtechnology.D.Thepreservationofmedievalmanuscripts.10.Whywerethebluepigmentsusedinsomeartifactsparticularlyvaluable?A.Theywereimportedfromdistantregionsatgreatcost.B.Theywerediscoveredaccidentallybylocalminers.C.Theycontainedararechemicalthatpreventedfading.D.Theycouldonlybeprocessedduringthewintersolstice.11.Whatdoestheguidesuggestthevisitorsdoattheendofthetour?A.Purchaseacatalogoftheexhibition.B.Visitthegiftshopforauthenticreplicas.C.Watchadocumentaryintheadjacenttheater.D.Leavetheirfeedbackonthemuseum'swebsite.Conversation2:Twocolleaguesdiscussingaproject12.Whatproblemarethespeakersprimarilydiscussing?A.Abudgetdeficitinthemarketingdepartment.B.Adelayinthedeliveryofcrucialsoftwarecomponents.C.Aconflictbetweentwoteammembers.D.Amalfunctioninthecompany'sserver.13.Howdotheyplantoresolvetheissue?A.Byhiringanexternalconsultantimmediately.B.Byreallocatingstafffromanotherproject.C.ByhavingtheITdepartmentworkovertimethisweekend.D.Bycontactingthevendortorenegotiatethecontract.14.Whatdoesthewomanthinkabouttheproposedsolution?A.Shethinksitwillbetooexpensive.B.Shedoubtsitwillbeeffectiveinthelongterm.C.Sheisworrieditwilllowerstaffmorale.D.Shebelievesitistheonlyviableoptionrightnow.PartCYouwillhearthreepassages.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Choosethecorrectanswerforeachquestion.Passage1:Thehistoryofcoffee15.Wherewascoffeefirstdiscoveredaccordingtothepassage?A.IntheArabianPeninsula.B.InthehighlandsofEthiopia.C.IntheancientmarketsofYemen.D.InthemountainousregionsofTurkey.16.HowdidcoffeeinitiallyspreadtotheIslamicworld?A.ThroughtradersmovingacrosstheRedSea.B.ViaconquestsbytheOttomanEmpire.C.BymonkstravelingtomonasteriesinEurope.D.ThroughdiplomaticenvoysfromAfricankings.17.WhatwastheprimaryreasoncoffeehousesbecamepopularinLondon?A.Theyprovidedaquietplaceforscholarlystudy.B.Theyweretheonlyplaceswherealcoholwasnotserved.C.Theyfunctionedascentersforpoliticaldebateandbusiness.D.Theyofferedfreenewspaperstoanyonewhoboughtacup.Passage2:Theconceptofcognitivebias18.Whatisthe"confirmationbias"asdefinedinthepassage?A.Thetendencytorememberonlythefirstpieceofinformationencountered.B.Theinclinationtosearchforinformationthatconfirmspreexistingbeliefs.C.Thehabitofattributingone'sownerrorstoexternalfactors.D.Thebeliefthatoneislesssusceptibletobiasesthanothers.19.Howdoesthepassagesuggestindividualscanmitigatecognitivebiases?A.Byavoidingallformsofmediaconsumption.B.Byrelyingentirelyonstatisticaldata.C.Byactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints.D.Bymakingdecisionsquicklyandinstinctively.20.Whydocognitivebiasespersistaccordingtothespeaker?A.Becausetheyoftenserveasmentalshortcutsthatsavetime.B.Becausemoderneducationsystemsfailtoaddressthem.C.Becausehumanbrainsarestructurallyincapableofpurelogic.D.Becausetheyaregeneticallyinheritedandcannotbeunlearned.Passage3:ThearchitecturalmarveloftheBrooklynBridge21.WhowastheoriginalchiefengineeroftheBrooklynBridge?A.JohnAugustusRoebling.B.WashingtonRoebling.C.EmilyWarrenRoebling.D.DavidSteinman.22.Whatmajorchallengedidtheconstructionfaceregardingthefoundation?A.Alackofsufficientsteelforthesuspensioncables.B.Oppositionfromlocalfishermendisruptingthesite.C.Theonsetofasevereeconomicdepression.D.Thecaissondiseaseaffectingworkersinthedeepwater.23.WhatroledidEmilyWarrenRoeblingplayinthebridge'scompletion?A.Sheprovidedthefinancialbackingfortheproject.B.Sheservedasthechiefengineerafterherhusbandfellill.C.Shedesignedtheaestheticelementsofthetowers.D.Shelobbiedthegovernmenttoapprovetheconstruction.24.WhatdoesthespeakerimplyabouttheBrooklynBridgetoday?A.Itisprimarilyusedasatouristattractionratherthanatransportlink.B.Itstandsasasymbolofresilienceandengineeringingenuity.C.Itrequiresconstantstructuralreinforcementtoremainsafe.D.Ithasbeenlargelysupersededbymoremodernbridgesnearby.SectionIIUseofEnglishReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordforeachnumberedblank.Thephenomenonofurbanizationhasdrasticallyalteredthenaturallandscapeoverthepastcentury.Ascitiesexpand,theyinevitably25thesurroundingecosystems,leadingtoasignificantlossofbiodiversity.Theexpansionofurbanareasisnotmerelyageographical26;itrepresentsaprofoundtransformationoftheenvironment,characterizedbythereplacementofnaturalhabitatswithconcretestructures,roads,andindustrialzones.Thistransformationhas27consequencesforbothfloraandfauna.Forinstance,thefragmentationofforests28theabilityofmanyspeciestoforageforfoodandfindmates,therebythreateningtheirsurvival.Moreover,urbanizationiscloselylinkedwithpollution.Theconcentrationofvehiclesandindustrialactivitiesincities29totheemissionofgreenhousegasesandotherpollutants.Thesepollutantsnotonlydegradeairqualitybutalso30watersourcesthroughrunoff,affectingaquaticlifeandpotentiallyenteringthehumanwatersupply.The31oftheurbanheatislandeffect,wherecitycentersexperiencesignificantlyhighertemperaturesthansurroundingruralareas,furtherexacerbatesthe32onlocalwildlife,whichmaynotbeadaptedtosuchthermalextremes.To33theseenvironmentalchallenges,urbanplannersandconservationistsareincreasinglyadvocatingfortheintegrationofgreeninfrastructureintocitydesigns.Greenroofs,verticalgardens,andurbanparksare34asvitalcomponentsofsustainableurbandevelopment.Thesegreenspaces35multiplefunctions:theyprovidehabitatsforbirdsandinsects,reducesurfacetemperaturesthroughevapotranspiration,andimproveairqualityby36carbondioxide.Additionally,theyoffercitydwellersamuch-needed37fromthepsychologicalstressesofurbanliving.However,theimplementationofgreeninfrastructureisnotwithout38.Financialconstraints,spacelimitations,andmaintenancecostsoftenposesignificant39.Furthermore,notallgreenspacesarecreatedequal;asmallpocketparkmaynotsupportthesamelevelofbiodiversityasalarge,contiguousforest.Therefore,a40approachisrequired,onethatconnectsisolatedgreenpatchesintoecologicalcorridors,allowingspeciestomovefreelyacrosstheurbanlandscape.This41betweendevelopmentandconservationisessentialifwearetocreatecitiesthatarebotheconomicallyvibrantandecologically42.Ultimately,thegoalisto43abalancewherehumanprogressdoesnotcomeattheirreparableexpenseofthenaturalworld.25.A.encapsulateB.obliterateC.compromiseD.penetrate26.A.shiftB.boundaryC.locationD.territory27.A.direB.trivialC.ambiguousD.beneficial28.A.facilitatesB.enhancesC.impedesD.monitors29.A.attributesB.contributesC.distributesD.submits30.A.contaminateB.purifyC.depleteD.isolate31.A.emergenceB.disappearanceC.reductionD.stabilization32.A.burdenB.strainC.reliefD.pressure33.A.mitigateB.aggravateC.replicateD.instigate34.A.dismissedB.acclaimedC.criticizedD.ignored35.A.ceaseB.serveC.lackD.fail36.A.emittingB.sequesteringC.releasingD.producing37.A.respiteB.ordealC.hazardD.catalyst38.A.advantagesB.incentivesC.obstaclesD.merits39.A.barriersB.breakthroughsC.opportunitiesD.conveniences40.A.fragmentedB.piecemealC.holisticD.disjointed41.A.dichotomyB.synergyC.conflictD.equilibrium42.A.vulnerableB.resilientC.fragileD.sterile43.A.strikeB.tiltC.disturbD.breakSectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartAReadthefollowingtextsandanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Choosethecorrectanswer.Text1Thedigitalrevolutionhasfundamentallyreshapedthelandscapeofmoderneducation.Withtheadventofmassiveopenonlinecourses(MOOCs),interactivelearningplatforms,andartificialintelligence-driventutoringsystems,accesstoeducationalresourceshasexpandedexponentially.Proponentsofdigitaleducationarguethatitdemocratizeslearning,allowingindividualsfromremoteordisadvantagedbackgroundstoaccessthesamequalityofeducationasthoseinaffluentareas.Furthermore,theasynchronousnatureofmanyonlinecoursesprovidesflexibility,enablinglearnerstobalancetheireducationwithworkorfamilycommitments.However,criticscautionagainstviewingdigitaleducationasapanacea.Oneoftheprimaryconcernsisthepotentialerosionoftheinterpersonaldynamicthatisinherentintraditionalclassroomsettings.Thespontaneousdiscussions,immediatefeedback,andnuancednon-verbalcuesthatoccurinface-to-faceinteractionsaredifficulttoreplicateinavirtualenvironment.Thislossofhumanconnectioncanleadtofeelingsofisolationamongstudentsandmayhinderthedevelopmentofessentialsoftskills,suchascollaboration,empathy,andconflictresolution.Moreover,thedigitaldivideremainsapersistentandtroublingissue.Whileitistruethatdigitalplatformshavethepotentialtoreachaglobalaudience,therealityisthatmillionsofindividualsstilllackreliableinternetaccessorthenecessaryhardwaretoparticipateinonlinelearning.Consequently,theshifttowardsdigitaleducation,ifnotcarefullymanaged,couldinadvertentlywidenthesocioeconomicgap,leavingthemostmarginalizedsegmentsofsocietyfurtherbehind.Anothercriticalaspectisthequalityandpedagogicaleffectivenessofdigitalcontent.Notallonlinecoursesarecreatedequal.Manycommercialplatformsprioritizeprofitoverpedagogicalrigor,offeringsuperficiallyengagingcontentthatlacksdepth.Theroleoftheteacherisoftenreducedtothatofafacilitatorormoderator,diminishingthementorshipaspectofeducation.Therefore,whilethedigitalrevolutionoffersunprecedentedopportunities,itnecessitatesathoughtfulandequitableintegrationoftechnologyintotheeducationalframeworktoensurethatitservesasatoolforempowermentratherthanalienation.44.Whatisthemainargumentoftheproponentsofdigitaleducation?A.Itincreasestheprofitabilityofeducationalinstitutions.B.Itreplacestheneedfortraditionalteachersentirely.C.Itoffersflexibleandequitableaccesstoeducationalresources.D.Itfocusesheavilyondevelopingsoftskillslikecollaboration.45.Accordingtothepassage,whymightdigitaleducationhinderthedevelopmentofsoftskills?A.Onlinecoursesaretooshorttocoversoftskills.B.Virtualenvironmentslacktheinterpersonaldynamicsofphysicalclassrooms.C.Teachersinonlineenvironmentsareusuallyuntrained.D.Digitalplatformsintentionallyexcludecollaborativeprojects.46.Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutthe"digitaldivide"?A.Itisatemporaryissuethatwillresolveitselfastechnologyadvances.B.Itmainlyaffectsindividualsinurbanareasratherthanruralones.C.Itcouldbeexacerbatedifdigitaleducationisnotimplementedcarefully.D.IthasbeencompletelysolvedbytheintroductionofMOOCs.47.Whatistheauthor'soverallstanceonthedigitalrevolutionineducation?A.Itisentirelydetrimentaltothetraditionaleducationalsystem.B.Itisapowerfultoolbutrequirescarefulandequitableimplementation.C.Itwillultimatelyfailduetothelackofhumaninteraction.D.Itisapurelycommercialendeavorthatlackseducationalvalue.Text2Theconceptofemotionalintelligence(EI),popularizedbypsychologistDanielGolemaninthemid-1990s,hasgainedimmensetractioninbothacademicandcorporateenvironments.Unlikethetraditionalintelligencequotient(IQ),whichmeasurescognitiveabilitiessuchaslogicalreasoningandmathematicalproficiency,emotionalintelligencepertainstotheabilitytorecognize,understand,manage,andutilizeone'sownemotions,aswellasthoseofothers.GolemanpositedthatEIisoftenamoreaccuratepredictorofsuccessinlifeandcareerthanIQ,aclaimthatfundamentallychallengedlong-standingbeliefsabouttheprimacyofcognitiveintelligence.Theframeworkofemotionalintelligenceistypicallydividedintofourdomains:self-awareness,self-management,socialawareness,andrelationshipmanagement.Self-awarenessinvolvesrecognizingone'semotionalstatesandtheirimpactonperformance.Self-managementistheabilitytocontrolimpulsivebehaviorsandadapttochangingcircumstances.Socialawarenessencompassesempathyandtheunderstandingoforganizationaldynamics,whilerelationshipmanagementinvolvestheskillstoinfluence,coach,andresolveconflicts.Inthecorporateworld,theapplicationofEIiswidespread.Companiesinvestheavilyintrainingprogramsdesignedtoenhancetheemotionalintelligenceoftheirleadership.StudieshaveshownthatleaderswithhighEItendtocreatemorepositiveworkenvironments,leadingtoloweremployeeturnoverratesandhigherproductivity.Theseleadersareadeptatnavigatingcomplexinterpersonaldynamics,managingstress,andinspiringtheirteams,especiallyduringperiodsoforganizationalchange.However,theconceptisnotwithoutitsdetractors.SomepsychologistsarguethatthedefinitionofEIistoobroadandoverlapssignificantlywithestablishedpersonalitytraits,suchasthoseoutlinedintheBigFivepersonalitymodel.Criticscontendthatemotionalintelligenceismerelyarepackagingoftraitslikeagreeablenessandemotionalstabilityunderanew,moremarketablelabel.Furthermore,concernshavebeenraisedaboutthemeasurementofEI,asself-reportassessmentscanbeheavilybiasedandlackpredictivevalidity.Despitethesecriticisms,theintegrationofemotionalintelligenceintoorganizationalpsychologyhasundeniablyshiftedthefocusfrompurelycognitivemetricstoamoreholisticviewofhumancapability.48.WhatisthemaindifferencebetweenIQandEIaccordingtothetext?A.IQpredictscareersuccessbetterthanEI.B.EIfocusesoncognitivereasoning,whileIQfocusesonemotionalmanagement.C.IQmeasurescognitiveabilities,whereasEIinvolvesemotionalrecognitionandmanagement.D.EIisalong-standingconcept,whileIQwaspopularizedrecently.49.Whichofthefollowingisanexampleof"relationshipmanagement"asdescribedinthepassage?A.Recognizingthatoneisfeelingstressedbeforeapresentation.B.Changingone'sbehaviortoadapttoasuddenchangeinthemarket.C.Empathizingwithacolleaguewhoisgoingthroughadifficulttime.D.Resolvingaconflictbetweentwoteammemberseffectively.50.Howdocriticsviewemotionalintelligence?A.Theybelieveitisthemostaccuratepredictorofcareersuccess.B.Theyargueitisadistinctandscientificallyvalidpsychologicalconstruct.C.Theythinkitlargelyoverlapswithexistingpersonalitytraitsandishardtomeasureobjectively.D.Theyconsideritcompletelyirrelevanttothecorporateworld.51.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.ToprovethatemotionalintelligenceissuperiortoIQinallaspectsoflife.B.Todiscussthepopularity,framework,application,andcriticismsofemotionalintelligence.C.Topromotetheadoptionofemotionalintelligencetraininginallcorporateenvironments.D.ToarguethattheBigFivepersonalitymodelisoutdatedandshouldbereplacedbyEI.Text3Theglobaltransitiontowardsrenewableenergysources,primarilydrivenbytheurgentneedtomitigateclimatechange,hasacceleratedsignificantlyoverthepastdecade.Solarandwindpowerhaveemergedastheleadingalternativestofossilfuels,experiencingexponentialgrowthininstalledcapacityduetotechnologicaladvancementsanddecreasingcosts.However,theinherentintermittencyoftheseenergysources—solarpanelsonlygeneratepowerwhenthesunshines,andwindturbinesonlyspinwhenthewindblows—presentsacriticalchallengetogridstability.Tofullyreplacefossilfuelsandensureareliableenergysupply,thedevelopmentoflarge-scaleenergystoragesystemshasbecomeanabsolutenecessity.Currently,lithium-ionbatteriesdominatetheenergystoragemarket,largelyduetotheirhighenergydensityandrapidlyfallingmanufacturingcosts.Thesebatteriesareubiquitous,poweringeverythingfromelectricvehiclestogrid-scalestoragefacilities.Yet,therelianceonlithium-iontechnologyisnotsustainableinthelongterm.Theextractionofrawmaterialssuchaslithium,cobalt,andnickelisoftenassociatedwithsevereenvironmentaldegradationandhumanrightsabusesinminingregions.Furthermore,lithium-ionbatteriesarenotideallysuitedforlong-durationenergystorage,whichisrequiredtobridgegapsofseveraldaysorweekswhenrenewablegenerationislowduetoweatherpatterns.Toaddresstheselimitations,researchersandenergycompaniesareexploringalternativestoragetechnologies.Onepromisingcandidateisthevanadiumredoxflowbattery.Unlikesolid-statelithium-ionbatteries,flowbatteriesstoreenergyinliquidelectrolytescontainedinlargeexternaltanks.Thisdesigndecouplesthepowercapacityfromtheenergycapacity,meaningthattoincreasetheenergystorageduration,onesimplyneedstobuildlargertanks,withoutnecessarilyincreasingthesizeoftheexpensivepower-generatingcomponents.Flowbatteriesarealsoinherentlysafer,astheydonotsufferfromthermalrunaway—afireriskassociatedwithlithium-ionbatteries—andcanwithstandhundredsofthousandsofcharge-dischargecycleswithoutsignificantdegradation.Anotheravenueofresearchistheutilizationofthermalenergystorage,particularlyinconcentratedsolarpower(CSP)plants.Theseplantsusemirrorstoconcentratesunlight,generatingintenseheatthatisusedtoproducesteamanddriveaturbine.Theexcessheatcanbestoredinmoltensalts,allowingtheplanttocontinuegeneratingelectricityevenaftersunset.Additionally,theconceptof"greenhydrogen,"producedbyusingsurplusrenewableelectricitytosplitwaterintohydrogenandoxygen,isgainingtractionasameanstostorevastamountsofenergyforseasonalgaps.Ultimately,thereisnosingle"silverbullet"forenergystorage.Adiversifiedportfolioofstoragetechnologieswillberequiredtomeetthevarieddemandsofafullydecarbonizedgrid.Governmentsandprivateinvestorsmustcontinuetosupportresearchanddevelopmentinthesealternativetechnologies,ensuringthatthetransitiontorenewableenergyisnotonlyrapidbutalsosustainableandequitable.52.Whatistheprimarychallengeofrelyingonsolarandwindpowermentionedinthepassage?A.Theyaretooexpensivetoinstallonalargescale.B.Theyproducelessenergythantraditionalfossilfuels.C.Theirenergygenerationisintermittentandunstable.D.Theyrequireexcessivemaintenanceduetoweatherexposure.53.Accordingtothepassage,whatisamajordrawbackoflithium-ionbatteries?A.Theyhaveaveryshortlifespanandrequirefrequentreplacement.B.Theyarenotenergy-denseenoughforelectricvehicles.C.Theextractionoftheirrawmaterialscausesenvironmentalandsocialissues.D.Theyarehighlypronetoexplosionsduringoperation.54.Whatisanadvantageofvanadiumredoxflowbatteriesoverlithium-ionbatteries?A.Theyhavehigherenergydensityinasmallerphysicalfootprint.B.Theycanincreaseenergycapacitybysimplyenlargingtheelectrolytetanks.C.Theyarecheapertomanufactureandinstall.D.Theyusematerialsthatareeasilyfoundandrefinedlocallyeverywhere.55.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestaboutthefutureofenergystorage?A.Lithium-ionbatterieswilleventuallybecomethesolestoragesolution.B.Greenhydrogenistheonlyviablesolutionforlong-termenergystorage.C.Acombinationofmultiplestoragetechnologieswillbenecessary.D.Thermalenergystoragewillreplaceallotherformsofbatteries.PartBInthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ChoosethemostsuitablesentencefromthelistA-Gtofilleachofthenumberedblanks(56-60).Theintricaterelationshipbetweenlanguageandthoughthasfascinatedphilosophers,linguists,andcognitivepsychologistsforcenturies.56________.Initsstrongestform,knownaslinguisticdeterminism,itsuggeststhatlanguagedictatesthelimitsofhumanthought.However,thisextremeviewhaslargelybeendiscreditedbymodernresearch.57________.Forexample,speakersoflanguageswithdistinctcolorcategoriescanidentifyandremembercolorsmorequicklythanthosewhoselanguagegroupsthemtogether,butthisdoesnotmeantheyperceivethephysicalwavelengthsoflightdifferently.58________.Inthedomainofspatialorientation,someindigenouslanguagesdonotuseegocentrictermslike"left"and"right."Instead,theyrelyexclusivelyonabsolutedirections,suchas"north"and"south."Consequently,speakersoftheselanguagespossessanextraordinarilyheightenedsenseofabsolutespatialawareness,alwaysknowingwhichdirectiontheyarefacing.59________.Thisdemonstratesthatlanguagecantraincognitivehabits,makingcertaincognitivetasksmorenaturalorefficient.Anothercompellingareaofstudyinvolvestherepresentationoftime.Englishspeakerstypicallythinkoftimehorizontally,fromlefttoright,whereasMandarinspeakersoftenconceptualizetimevertically,fromtoptobottom.60________.Thefactthatbilingualscanswitchtheirconceptualframingoftimebasedonthelanguagetheyarespeakingprovidesstrongevidencethatlanguageisapowerfultoolthatshapescognitiveprocesses,evenifitdoesnotstrictlydeterminethem.A.Thislinguisticdifferenceappearstoinfluencehowspeakersmentallymapouttheprogressionofevents.B.Instead,contemporarylinguistsleantowardslinguisticrelativity,proposingthatlanguageshapesthoughtinsubtleways.C.Therefore,learninganewlanguagemerelyinvolvesmemorizingnewvocabularywithoutanycognitiveshifts.D.ThehypothesisthatlanguageinfluencesperceptionandcognitionismostfamouslyassociatedwiththeSapir-Whorfhypothesis.E.Experimentshaveshownthattheseindividualscanperformspatialtasksthatwouldconfusespeakersoflanguagesreliantonrelativespatialterms.F.However,theexactmechanismsthroughwhichlanguageinfluencesabstractreasoningremainentirelyunknowntoscientists.G.Themostcompellingevidencefortheinfluenceoflanguageonthoughtcomesfromstudiesonspatialreasoningandtheperceptionoftime.SectionIVWritingWriteanessayofabout250wordsonthefollowingtopic:Inrecentyears,thegigeconomy,characterizedbyshort-termcontractsandfreelanceworkasopposedtopermanentjobs,hasgrownsignificantly.Somepeopleviewthistrendasapositivedevelopment,offeringworkersflexibilityandautonomy,whileothersargueitleadstofinancialinstabilityandalackofsocialsecurity.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.Writeyouressayontheanswersheet.AnswerKeySectionIListeningComprehensionPartA1.seaturtles2.acidification3.Dr.Harrison4.Friday5.developmentPartB6.C7.B8.A9.B10.A11.C12.B13.C14.DPartC15.B16.A17.C18.B19.C20.A21.A22.D23.B24.BSectionIIUseofEnglish25.C26.A27.A28.C29.B30.A31.A32.B33.A34.B35.B36.B37.A38.C39.A40.C41.D42.B43.ASectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartA44.C45.B46.C47.B48.C49.D50.C51.B52.C53.C54.B55.CPartB56.D57.B58.G59.E60.ATranscriptforSectionIListeningComprehensionPartAYouwillhearaconversationbetweenastudent,Mark,andhisbiologyprofessor,Dr.Smith,regardingaresearchpaperonmarineecosystems.Mark:Goodafternoon,Dr.Smith.Thankyouforseeingme.Iwantedtotalkaboutmyresearchpaper.IhavefinallynarroweddownmytopictothedecliningpopulationofseaturtlesinthePacificOcean.Dr.Smith:Hello,Mark.Thatisaverypertinenttopic.Thedeclineofseaturtlesisalarming.Ireviewedyourinitialdraft.Whileyourfocusoncoastaldevelopmentastheprimarycauseofhabitatdestructionisvalid,yourpaperismissingacruciallayerofanalysis.Mark:Whatdoyoumean,professor?Ithoughthabitatdestructionwasthemainissue