模块三　第7讲　动词的时态、语态和主谓一致

语法精析•洞悉考情语法精讲•把握规律第7讲动词的时态、语态和主谓一致模块三千变万化的动词:动词的时态、语态和主谓一致;非谓语动词语法精析•洞悉考情【考情探究】近3年新高考卷对于谓语动词的考查共涉及8题,主要考查:速览考频新高考Ⅰ、Ⅱ卷202420232022一般时态313进行时态001将来时态000完成时态000被动语态101主谓一致303【备考策略】语法填空对谓语动词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点,主要集中考查动词的一般时态与主谓一致,语态也需注意。1.明晰高考考查类型动词的时态和语态题,大致可分为以下三种类型:一是题干中提供时间状语,考生可直接根据所给的时间状语作出答案。二是提供的时间状语有较强的干扰性和迷惑性,考生不能直接据此进行答题。三是题干中不提供任何时间状语,而是给出一个上下文情景或一个结构较为复杂的句子,考生必须仔细分析语境,才能得出最佳答案。2.掌握独特的时间状语标志(1)看到always,often,seldom,sometimes,usually等要想到用一般现在时;(2)看到yesterday,lastnight,afewdaysago,theotherday等要想到用一般过去时;(3)看到since,sofar,uptonow,inthelast/pastfewyears等要想到用现在完成时。注意:如果题干中没有时间标志词,而是有两个或两个以上的谓语动词,这时我们应该将动词动作发生的时间进行比较,依据动作发生的时间先后,确定正确的时态。3.熟记固定句型中的时态(1)bedoing...when...,主句常用过去进行时,从句常用一般过去时;(2)Itis/hasbeen+时间段+since...表示“自从……以来已经……”,主句用一般现在时或现在完成时,从句用一般过去时;(3)祈使句+and/or+陈述句,陈述句常用一般将来时。4.分清主动被动,辨析语态看到动词为及物动词,后面缺少宾语要想到用被动语态。语法精讲•把握规律考点一一般时态1.一般现在时(do/does;is/am/are)(1)表示经常发生的、习惯性的、反复出现的动作或状态。常与表示习惯的副词(词组)always,everytime,nowandthen,occasionally,often,seldom,sometimes,usually,everyday/night等连用。(2)按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作,用一般现在时。只限于go,arrive,leave,start,stay,return,begin,come等动词。(3)表示普遍真理。(4)用在时间、条件或让步状语从句中,用一般现在时表示将来。※Heplaysbasketballeveryday.※Thefilmstartsattwoo’clock.※Theearthgoesroundthesunonceayear.※Ifyoulookatallsidesofthesituation,you’llfindprobablyasolutionthatsuitseveryone.2.一般过去时(did;was/were)(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。※(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Fitness

Magazinerecentlyrananarticletitled“FiveReasonstoThankYourWorkoutPartner.”(2)表示过去习惯性动作。【点津】would/usedtodo表示过去常常做……※Weused

to

gothereeveryyear.※Weoftenplayedtogetherwhenwewerechildren.※—Haven’tseenyouforages!Wherehaveyoubeen?—IwenttoNingxiaandstayedthereforthreeyears,teachingasavolunteer.【活学活用】(1)(2024·长郡中学、杭州二中、南京师大附中三校联考)Whentheylater_______

(seek)opportunitiesintheUnitedStates,theybroughtHunanandSichuanCuisinestoNewYork.(2)(2024·肇庆模拟)Amongthe11offshorewindturbineunitsistheworld’slargest16-megawattoffshorewindturbineunit,which______

(go)intooperationinJuly.(3)(2024·福州模拟)Stampcollectinghasaddedmoremeaningtomytravels.Turningthepagesofthosenotebooks_____

(feel)somewhatlikelookingatphotos.(4)(2024·泰安模拟)Also,gettingqualitysleepeverynightdirectly_______

(affect)yourhappiness,andemotionalstabilityduringtheday.soughtwentfeelsaffects(5)(2024·东莞模拟)Thecurrentpopularityofhanfuinthecountryisbelievedtoindicatemorethanafashiontrend;it__________

(represent)adeeperconnectiontoChinesetraditionandculturalidentity.(6)(2024·大连模拟)WhenitcomestoancientChinesedetectives,thenameDiRenjie,afamousjudgeandadministratoroftheTangDynasty,often________

(spring)tomind.representssprings考点二进行时态1.现在进行时(am/is/aredoing)(1)表示说话时正在进行或表示现阶段正在进行的动作,虽然此时此刻该动作不一定正在进行。(2)表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作,常用的这类动词有go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,work,sleep,stay,have,wear等。(3)表示说话人现在对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等(常与always,constantly,continually等副词连用)。※Heis

listeningtoatape,buthecan’thearitclearly.※Heis

leavingtomorrowtoplayhisfirstmatch.※Weare

always

findingnewbeautiesinShakespeare’spoetry.2.过去进行时(was/weredoing)(1)表示在过去具体的时间正在发生的动作或者表示过去某个时间段内一直在发生的事情。常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及atthattime,atthatmoment,atthistimeyesterday,atteno’clockyesterday等连用。(2)过去进行时可以表示过去将来的含义。(3)过去进行时和频度副词连用可以表示说话者或褒义或贬义的感情色彩。※Wewere

playingfootballatthistimeyesterdayafternoon.※Susanhadquitherwell-paidjobandwas

workingasavolunteerintheneighborhoodwhenIvisitedherlastyear.※Shewas

always

arguingwithhimandfightingwithhim.3.将来进行时(will/shallbedoing)表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示要从将来某一时刻开始,并继续下去的动作。常见的标志性的时间状语有thistimetomorrow,from1:30p.m.to4:30p.m.,thedayaftertomorrow等。※Iwill

be

discussingthesituationwithcolleaguesthistimetomorrow.【活学活用】(1)(2024·吉安模拟)Sportsevents,combinedwithentertainmentactivitiesatgrassrootslevel,___________

(drive)localculturalandtourismdevelopmentinanumberofregionsacrossthecountry.

(2)(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)Attheendofthedayalltransitagenciesrightnow__________(do)everythingtheycantoimprovetheriderexperience.

(3)(2024·新高考Ⅰ卷)Theseobservationsnowoutnumbertheprimarydatathatcomesfromphysicalspecimens(标本),andsinceweareincreasinglyusingobservationaldatatoinvestigatehowspecies______________

(respond)toglobalchange,Iwantedtoknow:Aretheyusable?

aredrivingaredoing

areresponding考点三将来时态1.一般将来时(1)“shall/will+动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will+动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。(2)“begoingto+动词原形”表示:①现在打算或计划将来要做的事情;②表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事情。(3)“beto+动词原形”表示:①预先安排好的计划或约定;②表示说话人的意志、意图、义务、命令等;③表示注定要发生的事情。(4)“beaboutto+动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事,该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。※Weshallbepunishedifwebreaktherule.※Mydaughteris

going

toworknextyear.※Theyare

to

attempttobethefirsttocircletheEarthnon-stopbyballoon.※WillyoukindlyobeytheinstructionsIam

about

togive?※(2023·浙江1月高考)Perhapsyourhouseholdwon’tentirelymaketheswitch,butyoumayhavesomecontroloveryourownpersonalspacestomakethechangesyoudesire.2.过去将来时过去将来时表示在过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,即过去将来时是“立足过去,着眼未来”的一种时态,常用于宾语从句中。※Theysaidtheywould

givethepolicetheirfullcooperation.【点津】除“should/would+动词原形”外(第一人称通常用should,其他人称通常用would),过去将来时还有以下常见表达方式:was/weregoingtodo,was/wereabouttodo,was/weretodo,但是表示过去的某种习惯性动作时,常用woulddo/usedtodo。※Ihadafeelingyouwere

going

to

havedifficultydoingthis.※Hewas

about

to

offeranexplanationtothepolice.【活学活用】(1)(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷)Iabsolutelythinkwe________

(get)moreridersjustbecauseofshortstories.

(2)(2024·新高考Ⅱ卷改编)Youenterthefaregates(检票口)andyou________

(see)akiosk(小亭)thatislitupandittellsyoucangetaone-minute,athree-minute,orafive-minutestory.

(3)Pattingmeontheshoulder,heinspiredmetocontinuewritinginEnglishandbelievedthatI____________

(make)greatachievementsinwriting.

willgetwillseewouldmake考点四完成时态1.现在完成时(have/hasdone)(1)表示发生在过去而对现在仍有影响的动作,常用的时间状语:already,just,yet,never,before,lately,recently,inthelast(past)fewyears,uptonow,sofar等。(2)表示从过去某时开始而延续至今的动作或状态,常与for,since等引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。(3)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中,表示将来某时间前已完成的动作。(4)This/Itisthefirst/secondtime+that从句,that从句中谓语要用现在完成时。(5)It(This)isthebest(worst,mostinteresting等)+名词+定语从句,从句中的谓语用现在完成时。※China’shigh-speedrailwayshave

grownfrom9,000to25,000kilometersinthepastfewyears.※(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)Myhusband,ourchildrenandIhave

hadwonderfulcampingexperiencesoverthepasttenyears.※(2022·全国甲卷)TheNewTheatrehas

beenthehomeofqualitydrama,musicals,danceandchildren’sshowsformorethan100years.※Iwon’tpayyouuntilyouhave

finishedthisjob.※ThisisthefirsttimeIhave

leftmycountryandsetfootonforeignsoil.2.过去完成时(haddone)(1)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态,即过去的过去。(2)表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作,常用的时间状语:bythen,bythattime,bytheendof,bythetime+句子等。(3)表示“愿望、打算”的动词(如hope,want,expect,think,mean,suppose,plan,intend)用于过去完成时表示过去本打算实现而未实现的希望或计划。(4)在“hardly(scarcely)...when...”“nosooner...than...”句型中,主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时,意为“一……就……”。※Bythattime,Ihad

already

madethedecisiontoleave.※Ihad

hopedtosendPeteragifttocongratulatehimonhismarriage,butIcouldn’tmanageit.※Wehadnosoonerhadsupperthanwebegantorepairthemachine.3.现在完成进行时(have/hasbeendoing)(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在并且还要继续下去的动作。※Wehave

been

waitingforhimfortwohours.※(2021·全国乙卷)Peoplehave

been

pouringintostadiumssincethedaysofancientGreece.(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直反复进行的动作。※(2020·天津高考)—Youareagreatswimmer.—Thanks.It’sbecauseIhave

been

practisingalotthesedays.【活学活用】(1)(2024·西安模拟)Lisaidthatoverthepasttenyears,theBRI_____________

(develop)fromconcepttoactionandhasbecomeanimportantplatformforinternationalcooperation.

(2)(2024·辽宁模拟)Sincethen,Dalahorses___________(be)popularsouvenirsandinspiredotherproductsaswell.

(3)(2024·重庆模拟)ZhangRuirui,chairingthecompanythat/whichdevelopedtherobot,saidhisteam____________________________

(think)abouthowtoapplynewtechnologiestotheUniversiadeforalongtime.

hasdevelopedhavebeen

hadthought/hadbeenthinking(4)(2024·上海模拟)Overthelastfewmonths,theoffice___________

(become)afeatureinmanypeople’shomes.

(5)(2024·苏州模拟)BythetimeZhaoarrived,morepieces_________________________________

(unearth).

hasbecomehadbeenunearthed/wereunearthed考点五被动语态被动语态的构成为“be+过去分词”,只要变换be的形式就可以得到不同时态的被动语态。除be外,被动语态的构成形式还有“get/become+过去分词”。只有及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语才有被动语态,不及物动词或短语无被动语态。常考的不及物动词或短语:last,cost,spread,happen(to),takeplace,belongto,breakout,goout,runout,workout。1.被动语态的构成(以do为例)类别现在过去将来过去将来一般am/is/aredonewas/weredonewill/shallbedonewould/should

bedone进行am/is/arebeingdonewas/werebeingdone——完成have/hasbeendonehadbeendonewill/shallhavebeendonewould/shouldhavebeen

done2.使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题(1)主动变为被动时双宾语的变化。※Thereportersaskedthepresidentsomequestions.→Thepresidentwas

askedsomequestionsbythereporters.(2)主动变为被动时,宾语成主语;(作补语的)不定式前需加to(位置不变)。※Iheardhimsaygood-byetohisfriends.→Hewas

heard

tosaygood-byetohisfriends.(3)动词短语变被动语态时,勿掉“尾巴”。※Thisdictionarymust

be

taken

good

care

of.(4)情态动词,begoingto,beto,besureto等结构变为被动语态时,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为“be+过去分词”。※Thisbookmay

not

be

takenoutofthereadingroom.(5)get+过去分词构成的表示被动的短语getpaid/lost/hurt等。※Theyget

paidtwiceasmuchasIdo,butthejobisexactlythesameasmine.※NomatterhowwellyouknowParis,itiseasytoget

lost.3.主动形式表示被动含义(1)表示感受、感官的系动词如feel,sound,taste,look等,后面跟形容词、名词构成系表结构,常常以主动形式表示被动意义,指其本身具有的属性、特征等。(2)当sell,read,draw,wash,write,open,wear,run,burn等不及物动词后带状语(well/easily等)修饰,用来表示主语内在的品质或性能时用主动形式表示被动含义。※Thiskindofradiodoesn’tsell

well.【活学活用】(1)(2024·周口模拟)EdisonwasbornonFebruary11,1847,adaythat____________

(celebrate)asNationalInventors’Daytoday.

(2)(2024·湖南新高考联盟模拟)High-risesdecoratethecity’sskyline,creatingadistinctcontrastto/withtheancientneighborhoods,temples,andbuildingsthat_______________

(occupy)previouslybypeople.

(3)(2024·上海模拟)Rooms_______________

(design)tobemultifunctionalwhenthere’snotadedicatedroomavailableforeverypotentialpurpose.

(4)(2024·郑州模拟)Pies___________

(eat)upandnumbersrolledasstudentsacrosstheglobecametogetheryetagaintohonorthecharmofPiandmathasawhole.

iscelebratedwereoccupiedwillbedesignedwereeaten(5)(2024·珠海模拟)August4th____________

(set)asideasChopsticksDaybyChina’sneighborJapanalready.

(6)(2024·青岛模拟)TheFolkNewYearpictureemergedinpre-historicaltimeand__________(use)asthedoorgod.

hasbeensetwasused

考点六主谓一致1.语法一致原则主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。(1)动名词、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。※Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.※Whetherwe’llgodependsontheweather.【点津】what引导的从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式,但如果从句表示复数意义,则谓语动词用复数形式。※Whatliesattherootofhistroublesisasenseofinsecurity.※Whattheschoolneedsarequalifiedteachers.(2)主语后有with,togetherwith,alongwith,except,besides,aswellas等加名词或代词构成的短语时,谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。※Amy,aswellasherbrothers,was

givenawarmwelcomewhenreturningtothevillagelastweek.(3)and,both...and...连接两个不同的主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物,谓语动词用单数形式。※BothyouandIarestudents.※ThesingeranddancerissaidtoperforminourschoolonMayDay.(4)定语从句中关系代词作主语时,从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。※Heisoneofthemenwhowerechosentorepresentthegroup.※Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.2.意义一致原则意义一致原则指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数,主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数。(1)集体名词作主语时,若被看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;若被看作构成集体的一个个成员,谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有family,class,team,group,public,committee,government,audience等。※Hisaudienceconsistsmainlyofyoungpeople.※Theaudiencewere

clappingforovertenminutes.(2)“分数/百分数/themajority+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义;all,some,half,most,therest等作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。※Two-thirdsofthepeoplepresentareagainsttheplan.※Themajorityofthedamageiseasytorepair.(3)“the+形容词”表示一类人,在句中作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。※The

oldaremorelikelytocatchcoldthanthe

young.(4)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等的复数名词作主语且看作一个整体时,谓语动词通常用单数形式。※Fourthousanddollarsisquitealotofmoneyforaboy.3.就近一致原则就近一致原则指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。(1)由or,either...or...,neither...nor...,notonly...butalso...,not...but...等连接的词语作主语,谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。※EitheryouorPaulisresponsibleforthisthing.※Notonlyyoubutalsoyoursisterislove