【答案】《植物生理学(全英文)》(西北农林科技大学)章节作业中国大学慕课答案

PlantCellsTEST11.单选题：01.Lateralrootsarisefromthe______,whileroothairsaretubularextensionsofepidermalcells.

选项：

A、cortex

B、endodermis

C、phloem

D、pericycle

答案：【pericycle】2.单选题：01.Photosynthateistransportedthroughtheplantviaspecialized:

选项：

A、dermaltissues

B、groundtissues

C、vasculartissues

D、meristems

答案：【vasculartissues】3.单选题：01.Myosin-drivenorganellemovementoccursalong:

选项：

A、microtubules

B、intermediatefilaments

C、actinfilaments

D、nuclearlamina

答案：【actinfilaments】4.单选题：01.Molecularmotorsassociatedwiththecytoskeletonmove______throughoutthecytoplasm.

选项：

A、chloroplastDNA

B、cellwall

C、nuclearpores

D、organelles

答案：【organelles】5.单选题：01.Collenchymacellsarelivingandprovide:

选项：

A、permanentwoodysupport

B、flexiblemechanicalsupport

C、photosyntheticcapacity

D、conductivefunction

答案：【flexiblemechanicalsupport】6.单选题：01.Whichmicrotubulearrayguidescell-plateformationduringcytokinesis?

选项：

A、Preprophaseband

B、Spindle

C、Corticalmicrotubules

D、Phragmoplast

答案：【Phragmoplast】7.单选题：01.Whichtypeofmolecularmotorsmovestowardtheplusendofmicrotubules?

选项：

A、Kinesin

B、Dynein

C、Myosin

D、Actin

答案：【Kinesin】8.单选题：01.TheplantcytoskeletondoesNOTincludeextensive:

选项：

A、plus

B、minus

C、lateral

D、random

答案：【minus】9.单选题：01.Oilbodies,peroxisomesandglyoxysomesmultiply______theendomembranesystem.

选项：

A、aspartof

B、independentlyof

C、inside

D、afterdegradationof

答案：【independentlyof】10.单选题：01.Fromoutsidetoinside,thecorrectsequenceinayoungdicotyledonousrootisepidermis→cortex→______→pericycle→vasculartissues.

选项：

A、xylem

B、phloem

C、endodermis

D、pith

答案：【endodermis】11.单选题：01.Plasmodesmataareapproximately______nmindiameter.

选项：

A、5-10

B、40-50

C、100-200

D、500

答案：【40-50】12.单选题：01.Palisadeandspongymesophyllaremajor______tissuesinleaves.

选项：

A、photosynthetic

B、supportive

C、conductive

D、protective

答案：【photosynthetic】13.单选题：01.Sclerenchymafibersaretypically______atmaturity.

选项：

A、livingandthin-walled

B、photosynthetic

C、meristematic

D、deadandthick-walled

答案：【deadandthick-walled】14.单选题：01.Plantsaredescribedas“Earth’sprimaryproducers”becausethey:

选项：

A、decomposeorganicmatter

B、preyoninsects

C、mineralizesoil

D、performphotosynthesisandcapturesolarenergy

答案：【performphotosynthesisandcapturesolarenergy】15.单选题：01.PlantPhysiologyisdefinedasthebranchofbiologythatdealswiththe______oflivingmatter.

选项：

A、functionsandphysical-chemicalphenomena

B、classificationandevolution

C、fossilformation

D、ecologicaldistribution

答案：【functionsandphysical-chemicalphenomena】16.单选题：01.Themajorgoalofthiscourseistolearnmajorconceptsinplantphysiology,English,andto______.

选项：

A、masterplantidentification

B、appreciatethebeautyofplantsandlife

C、studyanimalbehavior

D、predictclimatechange

答案：【appreciatethebeautyofplantsandlife】17.单选题：01.Theultimateenergysourceforplantphysiologicalprocessesis:

选项：

A、geothermalheat

B、chemicalbonds

C、sunlight

D、windkineticenergy

答案：【sunlight】18.单选题：01.Plantphysiologyinvestigatesboth______and______phenomenaincells.

选项：

A、physical;chemical

B、genetic;evolutionary

C、behavioral;neural

D、fossil;climatic

答案：【physical;chemical】19.单选题：01.Whichtissuesystemisinnermostinstemsandroots?

选项：

A、Dermal

B、Ground

C、Vascular

D、Meristematic

答案：【Vascular】20.单选题：01.Rapidmicrotubulepolymerization/depolymerizationoccurschieflyatthe:

选项：

A、(-)end

B、(+)end

C、bothendsequally

D、lateralsides

答案：【(+)end】21.单选题：01.Theupperandlowerpartsofadicotleafshow:

选项：

A、identicalstructure

B、radialsymmetry

C、randomanatomy

D、polar(different)structure

答案：【polar(different)structure】22.单选题：01.Supportstructuresinplantscounteractwhichphysicalforce?

选项：

A、Tension

B、Gravity

C、Osmoticpressure

D、Surfacetension

答案：【Gravity】23.单选题：01.Thesessilehabitmeansplantsare:

选项：

A、non-motileandfixedinplace

B、freelymobile

C、parasiticonanimals

D、floatingonwater

答案：【non-motileandfixedinplace】24.单选题：01.Nuclearporecomplexesactasgatewaysbetween:

选项：

A、cytoplasmandnucleus

B、ERandGolgi

C、vacuoleandcytosol

D、chloroplastandstroma

答案：【cytoplasmandnucleus】25.单选题：01.Thespaceenclosedbythethylakoidmembraneisthe:

选项：

A、stroma

B、inter-membranespace

C、lumen

D、cytosol

答案：【lumen】26.单选题：01.CDKsareactivatedbybindingto:

选项：

A、cyclins

B、calciumions

C、auxin

D、ATPalone

答案：【cyclins】27.单选题：01.WhichorganelleisNOTpartoftheendomembranesystem?

选项：

A、Golgiapparatus

B、Vacuole

C、Chloroplast

D、Endoplasmicreticulum

答案：【Chloroplast】28.单选题：01.Thenucleolusisthesiteof:

选项：

A、rRNAsynthesis

B、mRNAsynthesis

C、DNAreplication

D、cell-wallpolysaccharidesynthesis

答案：【rRNAsynthesis】29.单选题：01.Bothlateralrootsandroothairsservetoincrease:

选项：

A、stemheight

B、surfaceareaforabsorption

C、leafarea

D、flowernumber

答案：【surfaceareaforabsorption】30.单选题：01.RoughERisprominentlyinvolvedin:

选项：

A、lipidsynthesis

B、DNAreplication

C、cell-wallsynthesis

D、proteinsynthesis

答案：【proteinsynthesis】31.单选题：01.Thepreprophasebandpredictsthefuture______ofcelldivision.

选项：

A、spindlepoles

B、nucleationsite

C、cell-plateposition

D、vacuolelocation

答案：【cell-plateposition】32.单选题：01.Thechloroplastenvelopeconsistsof:

选项：

A、onemembrane

B、twomembranes

C、threemembranes

D、fourmembranes

答案：【twomembranes】33.单选题：01.Thethreebasicplantorgansareleaf,stemand:

选项：

A、flower

B、root

C、seed

D、fruit

答案：【root】34.单选题：01.Whichorganellesareclassifiedas“semiautonomous”andcontaintheirownDNA?

选项：

A、Peroxisomes

B、Golgi

C、Lysosomes

D、Mitochondria&plastids

答案：【Mitochondria&plastids】35.单选题：01.TheplantcytoskeletondoesNOTincludeextensive:

选项：

A、microtubules

B、actinfilaments

C、intermediatefilaments

D、Allarepresent

答案：【intermediatefilaments】36.单选题：01.Whichadaptationhelpsterrestrialplantsavoiddesiccation?

选项：

A、Highstomataldensity

B、Reducedroothairs

C、Thincellwalls

D、Thickcuticle

答案：【Thickcuticle】37.单选题：01.Trichomesandstomataarestructuresfoundinthe:

选项：

A、dermaltissue

B、groundtissue

C、vasculartissue

D、vascularcambium

答案：【dermaltissue】38.单选题：01.Clathrin-coatedvesiclesmediatetrafficalongthe:

选项：

A、secretoryandendocyticpathways

B、photosyntheticelectronchain

C、nuclearimportpathway

D、mitochondrialrespiratorychain

答案：【secretoryandendocyticpathways】39.单选题：01.WhichisNOTlistedasacommondesignelementofplants?

选项：

A、Earth’sprimaryproducersandsolarcollectors

B、Non-motile(sessile)lifestyle

C、High-speedmotilityforpredationescape

D、Mechanismsforavoidingdesiccation

答案：【High-speedmotilityforpredationescape】40.单选题：01.Corticalmicrotubulesdeterminetheorientationofnewlydeposited:

选项：

A、pectin

B、lignin

C、callose

D、cellulosemicrofibrils

答案：【cellulosemicrofibrils】GenomeOrganizationandGeneExpressionTEST21.单选题：02.Allopolyploidscontainmultiplegenomesetsderivedfrom:

选项：

A、Onespeciesonly

B、Viralintegration

C、Cytoplasmicorganelles

D、Twoormorespecies

答案：【Twoormorespecies】2.单选题：02.T-DNAinsertionalmutagenesistypicallygenerates:

选项：

A、Gain-of-functionallelesonly

B、Loss-of-functionalleles

C、Polyploidcells

D、Transposonbursts

答案：【Loss-of-functionalleles】3.单选题：02.Whichlandmarksaretypicallyshownonplantchromosomediagrams?

选项：

A、Centromeres,telomeres,nucleolarorganizers

B、Golgibodies,lysosomes,peroxisomes

C、Plasmodesmata,Casparianstrips,pits

D、Microtubules,actinfilaments,intermediatefilaments

答案：【Centromeres,telomeres,nucleolarorganizers】4.单选题：02.Cytoplasmicinheritanceinvolvesgenomeslocatedin:

选项：

A、Chloroplastsandmitochondria

B、Nucleusonly

C、Peroxisomes

D、Golgibodies

答案：【Chloroplastsandmitochondria】5.单选题：02.Autopolyploidsarisethroughgenomeduplicationwithin:

选项：

A、Asinglespecies

B、Twodifferentspecies

C、Avirus-infectedcell

D、Asymbioticbacterium

答案：【Asinglespecies】6.单选题：02.The“Hopscotch”transposableelementinmaizeenhancedexpressionof:

选项：

A、tb1(teosintebranched1)

B、CYP90

C、GUN1

D、UFO

答案：【tb1(teosintebranched1)】7.单选题：02.RT-qPCRiscommonlyemployedto:

选项：

A、Sequenceentiregenomes

B、Visualizeproteinsinsitu

C、Inducemutations

D、Quantifygeneexpressionlevels

答案：【Quantifygeneexpressionlevels】8.单选题：02.Class1transposableelements(retrotransposons)transposeviaa(n):

选项：

A、DNAintermediate

B、RNAintermediate

C、Proteinintermediate

D、Directcut-and-pastemechanism

答案：【RNAintermediate】9.单选题：02.AreportergenesuchasGUSisfusedtoapromoterto:

选项：

A、Inactivatethegene

B、Reportwhereandwhenthegeneisexpressed

C、Inducepolyploidy

D、Createknockoutmutants

答案：【Reportwhereandwhenthegeneisexpressed】10.单选题：02.Northernblottingisusedtodetect:

选项：

A、SpecificDNAfragments

B、SpecificRNAtranscripts

C、Proteinlocalization

D、Enzymeactivity

答案：【SpecificRNAtranscripts】11.单选题：02.Hexaploidbreadwheat(Triticumaestivum)isanexampleof:

选项：

A、Autopolyploid

B、Haploid

C、Allopolyploid

D、Aneuploid

答案：【Allopolyploid】12.单选题：02.RNA-seqofferstheadvantageofanalyzingtheexpressionof:

选项：

A、Allgenesatonce

B、Onlychloroplastgenes

C、Proteinmodifications

D、DNAmethylationonly

答案：【Allgenesatonce】13.单选题：02.LossofDNAmethylationintransposonscanleadto:

选项：

A、Enhancedphotosynthesis

B、Increasedtelomerelength

C、Polyploidyinduction

D、Genomeinstabilityandmutations

答案：【Genomeinstabilityandmutations】14.单选题：02.ThestudyofArabidopsischloroplastdevelopmentmutantsexemplifies:

选项：

A、Chemicalmutagenesisonly

B、Microarrayvalidation

C、Functionalanalysisviamutantphenotypes

D、Transposontagginginwheat

答案：【Functionalanalysisviamutantphenotypes】15.单选题：02.Thehighlycondensed,transcriptionallyinactivechromatiniscalled:

选项：

A、Euchromatin

B、Centromere

C、Heterochromatin

D、Telomere

答案：【Heterochromatin】16.单选题：02.Activation-taggingT-DNAcanproduce:

选项：

A、Onlyknockouts

B、RNAintermediates

C、Chromosomedeletions

D、Gain-of-functionmutants

答案：【Gain-of-functionmutants】17.单选题：02.Vegetativesegregationoforganellescanleadtovariegationbecause:

选项：

A、Nucleargenesmutaterapidly

B、Transposonsarealwaysactivated

C、OrganellegeneticsdonotobeyMendelianlaws

D、Polyploidyisinduced

答案：【OrganellegeneticsdonotobeyMendelianlaws】18.单选题：02.GFPfusionproteinsaremainlyusedtodetermine:

选项：

A、Enzymekinetics

B、DNAreplicationrates

C、Sub-cellularlocalizationofaprotein

D、Sugartransportspeeds

答案：【Sub-cellularlocalizationofaprotein】19.单选题：02.BarbaraMcClintockdiscovered“jumpinggenes”in:

选项：

A、Arabidopsis

B、Maize

C、Wheat

D、Rice

答案：【Maize】20.单选题：02.Microarraytechnologyallowsresearcherstostudytheexpressionof:

选项：

A、Onegeneatatime

B、Onlytransposons

C、Onlypolyploidylevels

D、Manygenessimultaneously

答案：【Manygenessimultaneously】WaterandPlantCellsTEST31.单选题：03.Movingaturgidcellin0.1Msucrosesolutioninto0.3Msucrosesolutioncausesthecellto:

选项：

A、gainmorewater

B、becometurgidagain

C、losewaterandbecomeflaccid

D、increaseΨp

答案：【losewaterandbecomeflaccid】2.单选题：03.Cell-wallelasticity(ε)isdefinedasthechangein______foragivenchangeinrelativevolume.

选项：

A、Ψs

B、Ψg

C、Ψp

D、temperature

答案：【Ψp】3.单选题：03.Soluteaccumulationunderdroughthelpsplantsto:

选项：

A、lowerΨwandmaintainturgor

B、raiseΨw

C、increaseΨg

D、breakhydrogenbonds

答案：【lowerΨwandmaintainturgor】4.单选题：03.Cohesioninwaterreferstothe:

选项：

A、attractiontosolutes

B、adhesiontocellwalls

C、mutualattractionbetweenwatermolecules

D、gravitationalpull

答案：【mutualattractionbetweenwatermolecules】5.单选题：03.Duringdrought,whichprocessesareinhibitedfirst?

选项：

A、Onlyphotosynthesis

B、Onlyrespiration

C、Proteinsynthesis,cellexpansion,andphotosynthesis

D、DNAreplication

答案：【Proteinsynthesis,cellexpansion,andphotosynthesis】6.单选题：03.Applyingexternalpressuretoaturgidcellin0.1Msucrosesolutionresultsin:

选项：

A、decreaseinΨwandlossofwater

B、increaseinΨs

C、increaseinΨg

D、nochangeinvolume

答案：【decreaseinΨwandlossofwater】7.单选题：03.ABAaccumulationduringwaterstressservesprimarilyto:

选项：

A、promotecellexpansion

B、increaseΨw

C、enhancephotosynthesis

D、closestomataandconservewater

答案：【closestomataandconservewater】8.单选题：03.Waterpotential(Ψw)isthechemicalpotentialofwaterdividedbyits:

选项：

A、temperature

B、pressure

C、partialmolalvolume

D、soluteconcentration

答案：【partialmolalvolume】9.单选题：03.Osmoticpressure(Π)istheminimumpressureneededto:

选项：

A、preventinwardflowofpuresolventacrossasemipermeablemembrane

B、increasesoluteconcentration

C、breakhydrogenbonds

D、startplasmolysis

答案：【preventinwardflowofpuresolventacrossasemipermeablemembrane】10.单选题：03.Alargeεvalueforacellindicatesthatthecellwallis:

选项：

A、veryelastic

B、permeabletosolutes

C、thin

D、verystiff

答案：【verystiff】11.单选题：03.Theenergyrequiredtoraisethetemperatureofwateristermed:

选项：

A、latentheatofvaporization

B、specificheat

C、osmoticpressure

D、matricpotential

答案：【specificheat】12.单选题：03.Whichpropertyallowswatertoformacontinuouscolumninxylem?

选项：

A、Lowviscosity

B、Lowdensity

C、Highcompressibility

D、Highcohesion

答案：【Highcohesion】13.单选题：03.Waterisdescribedas“anexcellentsolvent”mainlybecauseofits:

选项：

A、hydrogenbondingability

B、non-polarnature

C、lowviscosity

D、highcompressibility

答案：【hydrogenbondingability】14.单选题：03.Osmosisisdefinedasthemovementof:

选项：

A、solutesacrossamembrane

B、wateracrossasemipermeablemembrane

C、ionsagainsttheirgradient

D、gasesthroughstomata

答案：【wateracrossasemipermeablemembrane】15.单选题：03.Waterflowsspontaneouslyfromregionsof:

选项：

A、lowΨwtohighΨw

B、highΨwtolowΨw

C、highΨptolowΨponly

D、lowtemperaturetohightemperature

答案：【highΨwtolowΨw】16.单选题：03.Aquaporinsfacilitatewatermovementbyforming:

选项：

A、cationchannels

B、water-selectivechannels

C、proteinpumps

D、lipidrafts

答案：【water-selectivechannels】17.单选题：03.Whenaflaccidcellisplacedin0.1Msucrose,waterpotentialsinsideandoutside

选项：

A、alwayszero

B、higherinsideforever

C、loweroutsideforever

D、equalatequilibrium

答案：【equalatequilibrium】18.单选题：03.Osmoticpotential(Ψs)iscalculatedasΨs=–RTcs,wherecstandsfor:

选项：

A、temperature

B、gasconstant

C、pressure

D、soluteconcentration

答案：【soluteconcentration】19.单选题：03.Relativewatercontent(RWC)ofacellbelow90%isaccompaniedbyasteepdecreasein:

选项：

A、Ψg

B、Ψw

C、Ψponly

D、temperature

答案：【Ψw】20.单选题：03.ThestandardequationforplantcellwaterpotentialisΨw=Ψs+Ψp+Ψg;which

选项：

A、Ψm–matricpotential

B、Ψs–solutepotential

C、Ψp–pressurepotential

D、Ψg–gravitationalpotential

答案：【Ψm–matricpotential】WaterBalanceofPlantsTEST41.单选题：04.Vesselelementsareconnectedend-to-endby:

选项：

A、perforationplates

B、plasmodesmata

C、Casparianstrips

D、pitmembranesonly

答案：【perforationplates】2.单选题：04.Drought-inducedABAsynthesisleadsto______ofstomata.

选项：

A、opening

B、closing

C、enlargement

D、multiplication

答案：【closing】3.单选题：04.Apressuredifferenceofroughly______MPaisneededtoliftwatertothetopofthetallesttrees.

选项：

A、0.2

B、1

C、2

D、10

答案：【2】4.单选题：04.Cavitationinxylemreferstotheformationof______thatcanbreakthewatercolumn.

选项：

A、osmoticgradients

B、airbubbles

C、highpHzones

D、suberinlayers

答案：【airbubbles】5.单选题：04.Whichshapeofguardcellsistypicalofgrasses?

选项：

A、Dumbbell-shaped

B、Kidney-shaped

C、Spiral-shaped

D、Star-shaped

答案：【Dumbbell-shaped】6.单选题：04.TheCasparianstripblocksthe______pathwayattheendodermis.

选项：

A、symplastic

B、transmembrane

C、vascular

D、apoplastic

答案：【apoplastic】7.单选题：04.Guttationistheresultof______pressurebuiltupintherootxylemwhentranspirationislow.

选项：

A、negative

B、atmospheric

C、osmotic

D、positivehydrostatic

答案：【positivehydrostatic】8.单选题：04.Redwoodplantscanreachover100meters;theforcethatdriveswatertothecanopyismainly:

选项：

A、negativepressure(tension)generatedbytranspiration

B、positiverootpressure

C、osmoticpullinmesophyll

D、capillaryrisealone

答案：【negativepressure(tension)generatedbytranspiration】9.单选题：04.Themovementofwaterthroughsoilstotherootsurfaceispredominantlyby:

选项：

A、diffusion

B、osmosis

C、bulkflowdownthepressuregradient

D、activetransport

答案：【bulkflowdownthepressuregradient】10.单选题：04.Roothairsincreasethe______forwaterabsorption.

选项：

A、osmoticpressure

B、surfacearea

C、xylemdiameter

D、gravityeffect

答案：【surfacearea】MineralNutritionTEST51.单选题：05.Group4nutrientsfunctionprimarilyin:

选项：

A、energystorage

B、cell-wallstructure

C、redoxreactions

D、osmoticadjustment

答案：【redoxreactions】2.单选题：05.Plantsacquiremineralnutrientsprimarilyas______fromthesoil.

选项：

A、organicacids

B、gasmolecules

C、colloids

D、inorganicions

答案：【inorganicions】3.单选题：05.Inanaeroponicsystem,rootsare:

选项：

A、submergedinstillwater

B、embeddedinsoil

C、coatedwithsuberin

D、sprayedwithnutrientmist

答案：【sprayedwithnutrientmist】4.单选题：05.Themicronutrientrequiredfornitrogenasefunctionis:

选项：

A、Mo

B、Fe

C、Zn

D、Cu

答案：【Mo】5.单选题：05.ChelatorssuchasEDTAareaddedtohydroponicsolutionstokeep______soluble.

选项：

A、Fe

B、K⁺

C、NO₃⁻

D、Ca2+

答案：【Fe】6.单选题：05.TheHoaglandsolutionisaclassic______usedinnutritionalstudies.

选项：

A、soilmix

B、chelatingagent

C、nutrientsolution(hydroponic)

D、pesticide

答案：【nutrientsolution(hydroponic)】7.单选题：05.Ectotrophicmycorrhizalfungiformadense______aroundroots.

选项：

A、cuticle

B、suberinlayer

C、sheathormantle

D、corklayer

答案：【sheathormantle】8.单选题：05.Worldwidefertilizerusehasincreasedmorethan______timesin~50years.

选项：

A、two

B、four

C、six

D、ten

答案：【six】9.单选题：05.Nitrogendeficiencytypicallycauses:

选项：

A、necrosisofyoungleaves

B、purpleveinsinroots

C、tip-burninpetals

D、chlorosisinoldleaves

答案：【chlorosisinoldleaves】10.单选题：05.Arbuscularmycorrhizaeenhanceuptakeofimmobilenutrients,especially:

选项：

A、nitrogen

B、potassium

C、calcium

D、phosphorus

答案：【phosphorus】11.单选题：05.Whichgrouplistsonlymacronutrients?

选项：

A、N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S,Si

B、Fe,B,Mn,Zn,Cu,Ni,Mo

C、Cl,Na,Co,Al

D、C,H,O

答案：【N,P,K,Ca,Mg,S,Si】12.单选题：05.Typically,lessthan______%ofappliedfertilizerisactuallyusedbycrops.

选项：

A、25

B、50

C、75

D、90

答案：【50】13.单选题：05.Sulfurdeficiencyproduceschlorosisandadistinct______colorinveinsandpetioles.

选项：

A、reddish

B、blue

C、black

D、silver

答案：【reddish】14.单选题：05.Plantsaredescribedas“miners”of:

选项：

A、atmosphericnitrogen

B、Earth’scrust

C、organicmatter

D、solarenergy

答案：【Earth’scrust】15.单选题：05.Studiesofmineralnutritionaremultidisciplinarybecauseofthecomplexityof:

选项：

A、plant-soil-atmosphereinteractions

B、xylemanatomy

C、chloroplastdivision

D、mitochondrialgenetics

答案：【plant-soil-atmosphereinteractions】16.单选题：05.Excessnitrogenfertilizerismainlylostthrough:

选项：

A、photorespiration

B、symplastictransport

C、cuticularuptake

D、leaching&evaporationasNO₃⁻/NH₄⁺

答案：【leaching&evaporationasNO₃⁻/NH₄⁺】17.单选题：05.Deficiencysymptomsofimmobileelementsarevisiblefirstin:

选项：

A、oldleaves

B、stems

C、youngleaves

D、seeds

答案：【youngleaves】18.单选题：05.SoilpHstronglyinfluencesnutrient______toplants.

选项：

A、toxicity

B、availability

C、color

D、smell

答案：【availability】19.单选题：05.NutrientsinGroup1(biochemicalclassification)areincorporatedinto:

选项：

A、redoxcenters

B、carboncompoundssuchasaminoacids&nucleotides

C、ionicformsonly

D、cell-wallpolysaccharides

答案：【carboncompoundssuchasaminoacids&nucleotides】20.单选题：05.Deficiencysymptomsofmobileelementsappearfirstin:

选项：

A、youngleaves

B、oldleaves

C、roottips

D、flowers

答案：【oldleaves】SoluteTransportTEST61.单选题：06.InadditiontoV-ATPase,thetonoplastharborsH⁺-PPasethatuses:

选项：

A、ATPonly

B、lightenergy

C、pyrophosphatehydrolysis

D、NADH

答案：【pyrophosphatehydrolysis】2.单选题：06.TheNa⁺/K⁺-ATPaseexchanges______Na⁺outand______K⁺inperATP.

选项：

A、2,2

B、3,2

C、2,3

D、1,1

答案：【3,2】3.单选题：06.Channelsare______proteinsthatmediatepassivetransport.

选项：

A、peripheral

B、cytosolic

C、secreted

D、transmembrane

答案：【transmembrane】4.单选题：06.Carrier-mediatedtransportshowsenzyme-likekineticsincluding:

选项：

A、VmaxandKm

B、pHoptimum

C、lightsaturation

D、redoxpotential

答案：【VmaxandKm】5.单选题：06.Plasma-membraneH⁺-ATPaseisstronglyinhibitedby:

选项：

A、orthovanadate

B、cyanide

C、azide

D、ouabain

答案：【orthovanadate】6.单选题：06.Primaryactivetransportisdirectlycoupledto:

选项：

A、ATPhydrolysis,redox,orlight

B、waterabsorption

C、gravity

D、diffusion

答案：【ATPhydrolysis,redox,orlight】7.单选题：06.H⁺/K⁺-ATPaseisclassifiedas______becauseitmovesequalchargesinoppositedirections.

选项：

A、electrogenic

B、symport

C、electroneutral

D、antiport

答案：【electroneutral】8.单选题：06.TheH⁺gradientestablishedbyprimarypumpsissubsequentlyusedby:

选项：

A、channelsonly

B、secondaryactivetransporters

C、nuclearpores

D、ribosomes

答案：【secondaryactivetransporters】9.单选题：06.Carriertransportisroughly______ordersofmagnitudeslowerthanchanneltransport.

选项：

A、one

B、four

C、five

D、twotothree

答案：【twotothree】10.单选题：06.Channelspecificityisdeterminedmainlyby:

选项：

A、lipidtype

B、poresizeandcharge

C、temperature

D、ATPlevel

答案：【poresizeandcharge】11.单选题：06.Carriersbindsubstratesandundergo______totransferthesolute.

选项：

A、hydrolysis

B、polymerization

C、conformationalchange

D、depolarization

答案：【conformationalchange】12.单选题：06.Secondaryactivetransportthatmovessolutesinoppositedirectionsiscalled:

选项：

A、antiport

B、symport

C、uniport

D、channel

答案：【antiport】13.单选题：06.P-typeATPasesforma______intermediateduringthereactioncycle.

选项：

A、phosphorylated

B、glycosylated

C、ubiquitinated

D、acetylated

答案：【phosphorylated】14.单选题：06.TheacidicvacuolarpH(≈5.5)relativetocytosol(≈7.2)isgeneratedbypumpingH⁺:

选项：

A、outofthecell

B、intothecytosol

C、acrosstheplastidenvelope

D、intothevacuole

答案：【intothevacuole】15.单选题：06.H+-ATPasecreates:

选项：

A、onlychemicalgradient

B、onlyelectricalgradient

C、osmoticgradientonly

D、electrochemicalgradientforothersolutes

答案：【electrochemicalgradientforothersolutes】16.单选题：06.Differentmembranepermeabilitycanleadto:

选项：

A、diffusionpotentialandchargeseparation

B、photosynthesis

C、proteinsynthesis

D、DNAreplication

答案：【diffusionpotentialandchargeseparation】17.单选题：06.Channelsare______tocontrolopen/closedstates.

选项：

A、gated

B、phosphorylated

C、glycosylated

D、ubiquitinated

答案：【gated】18.单选题：06.Channelsfunctionas______thatallowionstodiffuseacrossmembranes.

选项：

A、carriers

B、ATPases

C、selectivepores

D、receptors

答案：【selectivepores】19.单选题：06.Biologicalmembranesaremuchmorepermeabletoionsthanartificiallipidbilayersbecauseof:

选项：

A、thickerlipidtails

B、highertemperature

C、smallerporesize

D、transportproteins

答案：【transportproteins】20.单选题：06.Activetransportrequiresenergytomovesolutes______theirgradient.

选项：

A、with

B、against

C、perpendicularto

D、independentof

答案：【against】21.单选题：06.Thetransportrateofasinglechannelcanreach:

选项：

A、10²ionss⁻¹

B、10⁴ionss⁻¹

C、10⁶ionss⁻¹

D、10⁸ionss⁻¹

答案：【10⁸ionss⁻¹】22.单选题：06.TheKmvaluereflectsthecarrier's:

选项：

A、maximumspeed

B、affinityforsubstrate

C、membranedensity

D、energysource

答案：【affinityforsubstrate】23.单选题：06.ThevacuolarH⁺-ATPaseisinsensitivetovanadatebecauseit:

选项：

A、lacksATPbinding

B、doesnotformaphosphorylatedintermediate

C、usesPPiinsteadofATP

D、iselectrogenic

答案：【doesnotformaphosphorylatedintermediate】24.单选题：06.Atlowsucroseconcentrationsplantsusethe______system.

选项：

A、LATSdiffusion

B、channel

C、HATShigh-affinity

D、ABCtransporter

答案：【HATShigh-affinity】25.单选题：06.Thetwomainforcesdrivingiontransportacrossmembranesare:

选项：

A、gravityandpressure

B、temperatureandpH

C、concentrationandelectricalpotentialgradients

D、lightandhormones

答案：【concentrationandelectricalpotentialgradients】26.单选题：06.Secondaryactivetransportusesenergyfrom:

选项：

A、ATPonly

B、H+gradientestablishedbypumps

C、temperaturegradient

D、waterflow

答案：【H+gradientestablishedbypumps】27.单选题：06.Secondaryactivetransportthatmovesbothsolutesinthesamedirectioniscalled:

选项：

A、antiport

B、uniport

C、aquaporin

D、symport

答案：【symport】28.单选题：06.Passivetransportisdefinedasmovementofsolutes______theelectrochemicalpotentialgradient.

选项：

A、down

B、against

C、perpendicularto

D、independentof

答案：【down】29.单选题：06.Themajorelectrogenicpumpinplantplasmamembraneis:

选项：

A、Na+/K+-ATPase

B、Ca2+channel

C、H+-ATPase

D、Cl-cotransporter

答案：【H+-ATPase】30.单选题：06.Cyanidecollapsesmembranepotentialbecauseit:

选项：

A、activatesH+-ATPase

B、inhibitsmitochondrialrespiration→lowersATP

C、increasesK+leakage

D、raisespH

答案：【inhibitsmitochondrialrespiration→lowersATP】LightandPhotosynthesisTEST71.单选题：07.Underdimlightthequantumyieldofphotosynthesisisapproximately:

选项：

A、0.1

B、0.5

C、0.95

D、1.5

答案：【0.95】2.单选题：07.UnderhighlightthelumenpHdrops,promotingtheformationof:

选项：

A、violaxanthin

B、chlorophyllb

C、antheraxanthinandzeaxanthin

D、phycobilins

答案：【antheraxanthinandzeaxanthin】3.单选题：07.Afterlightabsorptionchlorophyllreachesan:

选项：

A、groundtripletstate

B、ionizedstate

C、oxidizedstate

D、excitedsingletstate

答案：【excitedsingletstate】4.单选题：07.Fluorescenceresonanceenergytransfer(FRET)betweenchlorophyllsinvolves:

选项：

A、electronexchange

B、directcontact

C、non-radiativeenergytransfer

D、ATPhydrolysis

答案：【non-radiativeenergytransfer】5.单选题：07.Thereddropandenhancementeffectsprovidedevidencefortheexistenceof:

选项：

A、twophotosystems

B、singlephotosystem

C、threephotosystems

D、cyclicelectronflowonly

答案：【twophotosystems】6.单选题：07.InthethylakoidmembranePSIIisenrichedin:

选项：

A、unstackedregions

B、stromalamellaeonly

C、envelopemembranes

D、stackedgranaregions

答案：【stackedgranaregions】7.单选题：07.TheD1proteinofPSIIisespeciallysensitivetodamageby:

选项：

A、excessNADPH

B、excessATP

C、reactiveoxygenspecies

D、lowtemperature

答案：【reactiveoxygenspecies】8.单选题：07.WatersplittingreleasesO₂andprotonsintothe:

选项：

A、stroma

B、cytosol

C、lumen

D、peroxisome

答案：【lumen】9.单选题：07.Thevisiblespectrumusableforphotosynthesisspansapproximately:

选项：

A、200–400nm

B、400–700nm

C、700–1000nm

D、1000–1200nm

答案：【400–700nm】10.单选题：07.ThePQcycleincytochromeb₆fservesto:

选项：

A、synthesizeATPdirectly

B、reduceNADP⁺

C、evolveO₂

D、increasetheH⁺/e⁻ratioforextraprotonpumping

答案：【increasetheH⁺/e⁻ratioforextraprotonpumping】11.单选题：07.PSIreactioncenterchlorophyll(P700)absorbsmaximallynear:

选项：

A、700nm

B、680nm

C、650nm

D、600nm

答案：【700nm】12.单选题：07.Theultimateelectrondonorinoxygenicphotosynthesisis:

选项：

A、NADPH

B、CO₂

C、PQ

D、H₂O

答案：【H₂O