全国英语等级考试（PETS）复习试题及答案高分策略(全新版)第五级(陕西2026年上半年)

全国英语等级考试（PETS）复习试题及答案高分策略(全新版)第五级(陕西2026年上半年)SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordorphraseforeachnumberedblankfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.Therelationshipbetweenhumancognitionandartificialintelligencehasbecomeasubjectofintensescrutiny.Asalgorithmsincreasingly1complextaskspreviouslyreservedforhumanintellect,theboundarybetweenmachinecalculationandgenuineunderstandingbeginsto2.Historically,computerswereviewedasrigidcalculators,executingstrictlogicalsequenceswithoutany3ofcontextorambiguity.However,theadventofdeeplearninghasintroducedsystemscapableof4patternswithinmassivedatasets,sometimes5humanperformanceinspecificdiagnosticorstrategiccontexts.6thisremarkableprogress,thefundamentalnatureofmachine"understanding"remainsprofoundlydifferentfromhumancognition.Ahumanexpertpossessesanintuitivegraspof7knowledge,allowingthemtomakesenseofnovelsituationsbydrawingparallelstoseeminglyunrelatedpastexperiences.In8,artificialneuralnetworksoperatewithinahighlycircumscribed9ofstatisticalprobabilities.Theycanidentifyafaceinapixelatedimage,buttheylackthe10awarenessofwhatafaceactuallyrepresentsinthephysicalworld.Thisdisparitybecomesparticularlyevidentwhenalgorithmsare11withedgecases—rare,unexpectedscenariosthatfalloutsidetheirtrainingdata.Whileahumanimmediatelyrecognizestheabsurdityofastopsign12withafewpiecesofblacktape,anAImightmisclassifyitasaspeedlimitsign,13thevisualpatternmatchesthelatter.Such14highlightthefragilityofmachineintelligence,whichreliesentirelyonthe15ofitstrainingdata.Tobridgethisgap,researchersarenowexploringhybridmodelsthat16symboliclogicwithstatisticallearning,aimingtocreatesystemsthatcanreasonabstractlyratherthanmerelycalculateprobabilities.17thesetechnicalhurdlesareovercome,theintegrationofAIintocriticalsectorssuchashealthcareandcriminaljusticewillremaincontentious.The18ofalgorithmicbiasisnotmerelyatechnicalglitch;itisareflectionofthesocietaldata19thesystemisfed.Therefore,thefutureofAIreliesnotonlyoncomputationaladvancementsbutalsoonaprofoundethicalframeworkthatensuresthesetoolsaugment,ratherthan20,humanjudgment.1.A.undertakeB.confrontC.encounterD.manipulate2.A.blurB.emergeC.solidifyD.dissolve3.A.assumptionB.appreciationC.implementationD.manifestation4.A.initiatingB.generatingC.discerningD.simulating5.A.surpassingB.contestingC.matchingD.rejecting6.A.DespiteB.RegardingC.BesidesD.Notwithstanding7.A.intrinsicB.intuitiveC.empiricalD.cognitive8.A.essenceB.generalC.contrastD.theory9.A.realmB.scopeC.domainD.area10.A.semanticB.syntacticC.grammaticalD.logical11.A.presentedB.suppliedC.providedD.furnished12.A.coveredB.markedC.decoratedD.overlaid13.A.soB.becauseC.unlessD.although14.A.vulnerabilitiesB.flexibilitiesC.capacitiesD.advantages15.A.qualityB.quantityC.diversityD.validity16.A.incorporateB.integrateC.combineD.assimilate17.A.UnlessB.UntilC.BecauseD.Although18.A.existenceB.eliminationC.presenceD.persistence19.A.thatB.whichC.whatD.where20.A.substituteB.reinforceC.undermineD.supportSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartAMultipleChoiceDirections:Readthefollowingthreetexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,C,orD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.Text1Theadventofquantumcomputingpromisestorevolutionizefieldsrangingfromcryptographytomaterialsscience.Unlikeclassicalcomputers,whichencodeinformationasbitsrepresentingeither0or1,quantumcomputersusequbits.Aqubitcanexistinastateofsuperposition,meaningitcanrepresentboth0and1simultaneously.Thestateofaquantumsystemisdescribedbyawavefunction,typicallyrepresentedas|ψ⟩=α|0⟩+βFurthermore,qubitscanbeentangled,aphenomenonEinsteinfamouslyderidedas"spookyactionatadistance."Entanglementmeansthestateofonequbitisdirectlyrelatedtothestateofanother,regardlessofthedistanceseparatingthem.Thispropertyallowsquantumcomputerstoperformcertaincalculationsexponentiallyfasterthantheirclassicalcounterparts.Forinstance,Shor'salgorithmcanfactorlargeintegersinpolynomialtime,ataskthatwouldtakeclassicalcomputersthousandsofyears,therebythreateningmodernencryptionstandardslikeRSA.However,qubitsareextraordinarilyfragile.Anyinteractionwiththeexternalenvironment—suchastemperaturefluctuationsorelectromagneticradiation—cancausedecoherence,destroyingthequantumstateandtheinformationitholds.Tomitigatethis,quantumcomputersmustbekeptattemperaturesnearabsolutezero,makingthemexpensiveanddifficulttomaintain.CurrentquantumdevicesarecategorizedasNoisyIntermediate-ScaleQuantum(NISQ)technology.Theypossessdozensofqubitsbutlacktheerrorcorrectioncapabilitiesrequiredforfault-tolerantquantumcomputing.ThetransitionfromNISQtofullyerror-correctedquantumcomputersremainsthemostformidableengineeringchallengeofthedecade.Untilthen,quantumsupremacy—thepointatwhichaquantumcomputeroutperformsthebestclassicalsupercomputer—remainslimitedtohighlyspecific,non-commercialproblems.21.Accordingtothetext,whatistheprimarydifferencebetweenclassicalbitsandqubits?A.Classicalbitscanonlyrepresent0,whilequbitscanonlyrepresent1.B.Qubitscanrepresentboth0and1simultaneouslyuntilmeasured.C.Qubitscannotbemeasuredwithoutchangingtheirstatepermanently.D.Classicalbitsusecomplexprobabilityamplitudestoencodeinformation.22.Theformula|ψA.Thespeedatwhichquantumcomputersprocessdata.B.Themathematicalrepresentationofaqubit'sstateofsuperposition.C.ThemethodusedtocorrecterrorsinNISQtechnology.D.ThealgorithmrequiredtobreakRSAencryption.23.WhydidEinsteinrefertoquantumentanglementas"spookyactionatadistance"?A.Becauseitallowsforfaster-than-lightcommunication.B.Becausethestateofoneentangledqubitinstantlycorrelateswithanother's,regardlessofdistance.C.Becauseitenablesquantumcomputerstooperateatroomtemperature.D.Becauseitviolatestheprinciplesofclassicalcryptography.24.WhatisthemainlimitationofNoisyIntermediate-ScaleQuantum(NISQ)technology?A.Ithastoomanyqubits,makingithardtocontrol.B.Itoperatesattemperaturesthataretoohigh.C.Itlacksthenecessaryerrorcorrectiontopreventdecoherence.D.Itcanonlyperformclassicalcomputingtasks.25.Thephrase"quantumsupremacy"inthefinalparagraphrefersto:A.Thecompletereplacementofclassicalcomputersbyquantumcomputers.B.Theabilityofaquantumcomputertosolveaspecificproblemfasterthanclassicalsupercomputers.C.Thetheoreticalframeworkthatunifiesquantummechanicsandgeneralrelativity.D.ThecommercialviabilityofNISQdevices.Text2Thebiologicalprocessofaging,onceconsideredaninevitableandunyieldingdecline,isincreasinglyviewedbyresearchersasamalleableprocessthatcanbeslowedorevenreversed.Atthecellularlevel,agingisdrivenbyseveralinterconnectedhallmarks,includinggenomicinstability,telomereattrition,andepigeneticalterations.Telomeres,theprotectivecapsattheendsofchromosomes,shortenwitheachcelldivision.Whentheyreachacriticallength,thecellentersastateofsenescence,ceasingtodivide.Thismechanismactsasabiologicalclock,limitingthelifespanofacellandcontributingtotissuedegradation.Recentstudieshavefocusedoncellularreprogramming,atechniquethatcanrevertadultsomaticcellsbackintoinducedpluripotentstemcells(iPSCs).Thisprocesseffectivelyresetstheepigeneticclock,restoringtelomerelengthandreversingmanysignsofcellularaging.However,fullreprogrammingcarriessignificantrisks.iPSCshavethepotentialtoformteratomas(tumors),makingthemunsuitablefordirecttherapeuticapplicationinvivo.Tocircumventthis,scientistshavedevelopedpartialreprogrammingtechniques.Byapplyingreprogrammingfactorsforashortduration,theycanrejuvenatecellswithouterasingtheircellularidentity,allowingthemtoretaintheirspecifictissuefunctionswhileregainingyouthfulcharacteristics.Thekineticsofcellularsenescencecanbemodeledmathematically.Ifweassumethattherateoftelomereshorteningisconstant,thelengthofatelomereLattimetcanbeexpressedbythelinearequationL(t)=−rt,whereistheinitialtelomerelengthandristherateofshorteningpercelldivision.AcellbecomessenescentwhenDespitethesebreakthroughs,translatingcellularrejuvenationintosystemicanti-agingtherapiesisfraughtwithcomplexities.Thehumanbodyisahighlyorchestratedsystem,andmanipulatingfundamentalbiologicalpathwaysoftenresultsinunforeseensystemicsideeffects.Forinstance,inhibitingthemechanismsthatcausecellularsenescencemightinadvertentlyincreasetheriskofcancer,assenescenceitselfisadefensemechanismagainstuncontrolledcellproliferation.Therefore,theultimategoaloflongevityresearchisnotmerelytoextendlifespan,buttoextend"healthspan"—theperiodoflifefreefromage-relateddiseases.26.Accordingtothetext,whathappenswhentelomeresreachacriticallength?A.Thecellbecomescancerousandproliferatesuncontrollably.B.ThecellundergoescellularreprogrammingandbecomesaniPSC.C.Thecellentersastateofsenescenceandstopsdividing.D.Thecellresetsitsepigeneticclockandregainsyouthfulcharacteristics.27.Whydoscientistsusepartialreprogramminginsteadoffullcellularreprogramming?A.Fullreprogrammingistooexpensiveanddifficulttoperform.B.Fullreprogrammingcanleadtotheformationoftumors.C.Partialreprogrammingincreasestherateoftelomereshortening.D.Partialreprogrammingerasesthecellularidentitycompletely.28.BasedontheformulaL(A.Byincreasingtherateofshorteningr.B.Bydecreasingtheinitialtelomerelength.C.Byincreasingtheinitialtelomerelength.D.Bydecreasingthetimettoreach.29.Theparadoxmentionedinthelastparagraphisthat:A.Extendingcellularlifespancanonlybeachievedthroughfullreprogramming.B.Themechanismsthatcausecellularsenescencealsopreventuncontrolledcellproliferation.C.Healthspanandlifespancannotbeextendedsimultaneously.D.Telomereshorteningisbothacauseofagingandadefenseagainstcancer.30.Whatistheprimaryfocusofthepassage?A.Toexplainthemathematicalmodelsbehindcellulardivision.B.Todiscussthemechanismsofagingandthepotentialandrisksofreversingthem.C.Toarguethatcellularsenescenceistheleadingcauseofallcancers.D.Todescribethesurgicalproceduresinvolvedincellularreprogramming.Text3Theconceptof"structuralunemployment"referstoaformofunemploymentcausedbyamismatchbetweentheskillsworkerspossessandtheskillsdemandedbyemployers.Unlikefrictionalunemployment,whichisatemporaryphaseduringthenormaljobsearchprocess,orcyclicalunemployment,whichresultsfromadownturninthebusinesscycle,structuralunemploymentisdeeplyentrenchedandoftenresistanttoshort-termmacroeconomicpolicyadjustments.Ittypicallyoccurswhenaneconomyundergoessignificantstructuraltransformations,suchasthetransitionfromamanufacturing-basedeconomytoaservice-orientedorinformation-basedone.Aprimarydriverofstructuralunemploymenttodayisrapidtechnologicaladvancement,particularlyautomationandartificialintelligence.Routinephysicalandcognitivetasksareincreasinglybeingperformedbymachines,renderingtheskillsofworkersintheseoccupationsobsolete.Forexample,theadventofself-checkoutkiosksandautomatedinventorysystemshasdrasticallyreducedthedemandforretailcashiersandwarehouseworkers.Similarly,algorithmscapableofprocessingbasiclegaldocumentshaveimpactedentry-levelparalegalpositions.Theworkersdisplacedfromthesesectorsoftenfacesignificantbarrierstotransitioningintonewroles,astheemergingindustriesrequireadvancedcompetenciesinSTEMfieldsorhigh-levelproblem-solvingskillsthatthedisplacedworkersmaylack.Addressingstructuralunemploymentrequirescomprehensive,long-termpolicyinterventions.Traditionaldemand-sidemacroeconomictools,suchasloweringinterestratesorincreasinggovernmentspending,arelargelyineffectivebecausetheydonotresolvetheunderlyingskillsmismatch.Instead,supply-sidepoliciesareessential.Theseincludelarge-scaleinvestmentsineducationandvocationaltrainingprograms,designedtoequiptheworkforcewiththespecificskillsrequiredbyemergingindustries.Furthermore,proactivelabormarketpolicies,suchasrelocationsubsidiestohelpworkersmovefromregionsofdecliningindustriestoregionsofeconomicgrowth,arecrucial.Withoutsuchtargetedinterventions,structuralunemploymentcanleadtoseveresocio-economicconsequences,includinglong-termincomeinequality,regionaleconomicdecline,andadecreaseinoverallsocietalcohesion.31.Accordingtothepassage,howdoesstructuralunemploymentdifferfromcyclicalunemployment?A.Structuralunemploymentoccursduringanormaljobsearch,whilecyclicalunemploymentispermanent.B.Structuralunemploymentiscausedbyamismatchofskills,whilecyclicalunemploymentiscausedbyeconomicdownturns.C.Structuralunemploymentcanbeeasilysolvedbyloweringinterestrates,whilecyclicalunemploymentcannot.D.Structuralunemploymentaffectsonlythemanufacturingsector,whilecyclicalunemploymentaffectstheservicesector.32.Whyaretraditionaldemand-sidemacroeconomictoolsineffectiveagainststructuralunemployment?A.Theylowerinterestratestooquickly,causinginflation.B.Theyincreasegovernmentspendingonunnecessarypublicworks.C.Theydonotaddressthefundamentalproblemofskillsmismatch.D.Theyencourageworkerstoremainindecliningindustries.33.Thepassagecitestheautomationofbasiclegaldocumentstoillustrate:A.Theimpactofstructuralunemploymentonthemanufacturingsector.B.Thefactthattechnologicaladvancementaffectsbothphysicalandcognitiveroutinetasks.C.Theeffectivenessofproactivelabormarketpoliciesinthelegalfield.D.ThereasonwhyparalegalsarelearningadvancedSTEMcompetencies.34.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasasupply-sidepolicytoaddressstructuralunemployment?A.Investinginvocationaltrainingprograms.B.Providingrelocationsubsidiesforworkers.C.Loweringcorporatetaxratestostimulatehiring.D.Equippingtheworkforcewithskillsrequiredbyemergingindustries.35.Theauthor'stoneregardingtheresolutionofstructuralunemploymentcanbestbedescribedas:A.Cautiouslypessimistic,suggestingthatnothingcanbedonetostopautomation.B.Highlyoptimistic,believingthatsimpleeconomicpolicieswillsolvetheproblem.C.Analyticalandprescriptive,emphasizingtheneedfortargeted,long-terminterventions.D.Indifferent,viewingstructuralunemploymentasanaturalandharmlesseconomicphase.PartBMultipleMatchingDirections:Youaregoingtoreadamagazinearticleaboutthedevelopmentofdeep-seaexplorationtechnology.Forquestions36-40,choosefromthesections(A-F).MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.Note:Youmaychooseanysectionmorethanonce.TheAbyssalFrontierA.Thedeepocean,definedaswatersdeeperthan200meters,remainstheleastexploredenvironmentonEarth.Whilespaceexplorationhashistoricallycapturedthepublicimaginationandthebulkofscientificfunding,theabyssalplainsofourownplanetholdsecretsofimmensebiologicalandgeologicalsignificance.Theextremeconditionsofthedeepsea—namely,absolutedarkness,freezingtemperatures,andcrushinghydrostaticpressure—makeitanexceptionallyhostileenvironmentforhumanexploration.Untilthemid-20thcentury,scientistsbelievedlifecouldnotexistinsuchconditions,assumingthattheabsenceofsunlightprecludedphotosynthesisand,consequently,afoodweb.B.Theparadigmshifteddramaticallywiththeinventionofthebathyscaphe,asubmersiblevehiclecapableofwithstandingextremepressure.ThehistoricdiveoftheTriestetothebottomoftheMarianaTrenchin1960provedthatlife,albeitmicroscopic,existedevenatthedeepestpointintheocean.ThisbreakthroughcatalyzedthedevelopmentofRemotelyOperatedVehicles(ROVs)andAutonomousUnderwaterVehicles(AUVs).Unlikehuman-occupiedsubmersibles,ROVsandAUVsarenotlimitedbytheconstraintsofhumanphysiologicalendurance.Theycanremainsubmergedfordays,mappingtheseafloorwithhigh-resolutionsonarandcapturinghigh-definitionfootageofpreviouslyunseenecosystems.C.OneofthemostprofounddiscoveriesfacilitatedbyROVswastheexistenceofhydrothermalvents.Theseunderwatergeysersspewsuperheated,mineral-richwaterintothefreezingocean.Theecosystemssurroundingtheseventsdonotrelyonsunlightorphotosynthesis;instead,theyrelyonaprocesscalledchemosynthesis.Bacteriaintheseventsconvertinorganicmolecules,suchashydrogensulfide,intoenergy,formingthebaseofacomplexfoodwebthatincludesgianttubeworms,clams,andshrimp.Thisdiscoveryrevolutionizedbiology,suggestingthatlifecouldexistinsimilarextremeenvironmentsonotherplanets,suchasthesubsurfaceoceansofJupiter'smoonEuropa.D.Despitethesetechnologicaladvancements,deep-seaexplorationremainssignificantlyconstrainedbythelimitationsofpowersupply.AUVsandROVsrelyheavilyonlithium-ionbatteries,whichhavelowenergydensitycomparedtofossilfuels.Operatinghigh-powerequipment,suchasmanipulatorarms,intensivelighting,andpropulsionsystems,drainsthesebatteriesrapidly,limitingmissiondurationstomerehours.Toovercomethis,researchersareinvestigatingalternativepowersources.Fuelcells,whichconvertchemicalenergydirectlyintoelectricalenergy,offerapromisingalternative,potentiallyextendingmissiondurationsfromhourstodaysorevenweeks.Furthermore,oceanthermalenergyconversion(OTEC)systemsarebeingtestedtoharvestenergyfromthetemperaturedifferencebetweenwarmsurfacewaterandcolddeepwater.E.Anotherfrontierindeep-seatechnologyisthedevelopmentofsoftrobotics.TraditionalROVsarebulky,rigidmachinesthatofteninadvertentlydamagedelicatedeep-seaorganisms,suchasbioluminescentjellyfishorfragileglasssponges.Softrobots,constructedfromflexible,biocompatiblematerialslikesiliconeelastomers,canmimicthenaturalmovementofmarinelife,allowingfornon-invasiveobservationandinteraction.Thesesoftmanipulatorscangentlygraspfragilespecimenswithoutcausingharm,openingnewavenuesforbiologicalsamplingandecologicalstudiesinbenthiczones.F.Thecommercializationofdeep-seaminingposesasignificantthreattothesefragileecosystems.Asterrestrialmineralresourcesdeplete,corporationsandgovernmentsareturningtheirattentiontopolymetallicnodules—potato-sizedconcretionsofvaluablemineralslyingontheabyssalplains.Miningthesenoduleswouldgeneratemassivesedimentplumes,potentiallysmotheringbenthiclifeanddisruptingthechemosyntheticfoodwebs.Environmentalistsandscientistsareurgentlycallingforstringentinternationalregulationstoensurethatminingoperationsdonotirreparablydamagethesepristineandslowlyrecoveringecosystemsbeforetheyareevenfullyunderstood.Whichsectionmentionsthefollowing?36.Thepotentialapplicationofdeep-seabiologicaldiscoveriestoastrobiology.37.Atechnologicallimitationthatcurrentlyrestrictsthedurationofunderwatermissions.38.Theutilizationofchemicalreactionsratherthansolarenergytosustainlife.39.Theimpactoftechnologicaldesignonthephysicalintegrityofmarinespecimens.40.Thepreconceptionthatwasoverturnedbyaspecifichistoricalevent.PartCShortAnswerQuestionsDirections:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandanswerthequestionsbriefly.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.TheEconomicsofRenewableEnergyTransitionTheglobaltransitionfromfossilfuelstorenewableenergysourcesisnotmerelyanenvironmentalimperative;itisaneconomictransformationofunprecedentedscale.Fordecades,theenergysectorhasbeendominatedbycentralized,capital-intensiveinfrastructure,suchascoal-firedpowerplantsandoilrefineries.Thismodelcreatedsignificantbarrierstoentry,concentratingmarketpowerinthehandsofafewmassivecorporations.Theshifttowarddecentralizedrenewableenergy—primarilysolarandwind—isfundamentallyrestructuringthisparadigm.Decentralizationreducestransmissionlossesandincreasesgridresilience,butitalsointroducesnewcomplexitiesingridmanagement,asenergygenerationbecomesintermittentandheavilydependentonmeteorologicalconditions.Theconceptof"gridparity"iscentraltotheeconomicviabilityofrenewables.GridparityoccurswhentheLevelizedCostofEnergy(LCOE)ofrenewablesourcesfallsbeloworequalsthecostofconventionalgridpower.Overthepastdecade,theLCOEofsolarphotovoltaic(PV)andonshorewindhasplummeted,drivenbytechnologicallearningcurves,economiesofscale,andsupplychainoptimization.Inmanyregionsglobally,renewableshavealreadyachievedgridparity,reachingwhateconomiststerm"socketparity,"wheredistributedgenerationischeaperthanretailelectricity.However,thefulleconomiccostoftheenergytransitionextendsbeyondtheLCOEofthegenerationassets.Itencompasses"systemcosts"—theexpendituresrequiredtointegratevariablerenewablesintotheexistinggrid.Thesecostsincludeinvestmentsinenergystorage,suchaslithium-ionbatteriesorpumpedhydrostorage,toaddressintermittency;enhancementsingridflexibility;andtheconstructionofhigh-voltagedirectcurrent(HVDC)transmissionlinestotransportpowerfromremoteresource-richareastodemandcenters.Failingtoaccountforthesesystemcostsoftenleadstoasystematicunderestimationofthetruecostofrenewableintegration.Furthermore,thetransitionnecessitatesajustandmanagedphase-outoffossilfuelassets.Strandedassets—infrastructureandreservesthatlosetheirvalueprematurelyduetostructuralchangesintheenergymarket—posesignificantfinancialriskstoinvestorsandgovernmentsheavilyreliantonfossilfuelrevenues.Anunmanaged,rapidtransitioncouldleadtosevereeconomicshocksandgeopoliticalinstability,necessitatingpolicyframeworksthatgraduallyinternalizetheenvironmentalexternalitiesofcarbonemissionsthroughmechanismslikecarbonpricing,whileprovidingeconomicdiversificationpathwaysforfossil-fuel-dependentregions.41.Accordingtothepassage,howdoestheshifttowardsdecentralizedrenewableenergyrestructurethetraditionalenergyparadigm?42.Whatisthedefinitionof"gridparity"asusedinthetext?43.WhyistheLevelizedCostofEnergy(LCOE)aloneinsufficienttodeterminethetrueeconomiccostofrenewableintegration?44.Whatare"strandedassets"inthecontextoftheenergytransition?45.Whatpolicymechanismissuggestedtograduallyinternalizetheenvironmentalexternalitiesofcarbonemissions?SectionIIIFillintheBlanksDirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbank.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.Thephenomenonofcognitivedissonance,firstintroducedbypsychologistLeonFestinger,referstothementaldiscomfortexperiencedbyanindividualwhoholdstwoormorecontradictorybeliefs,ideas,orvaluessimultaneously.Thispsychological46arisesmostprominentlywhenanindividual'sactionsconflictwiththeircoreself-concept.To47thisdiscomfort,individualstypicallyemployvarioussubconsciousstrategiestorestorecognitiveharmony.Theymaychangetheirbehaviortoalignwiththeirbeliefs,altertheirbeliefstojustifytheirbehavior,orintroduceanew,rationalizingelementtoreconcilethe48.Aclassicexperimentillustratingthisinvolvedparticipantsaskedtoperformanextremelymundaneandtedioustask.Uponcompletion,somewerepaid1,whilWordBank:A.alleviateB.contradictionC.sufficientD.tediousE.amplifyF.enjoyableG.identicalH.resolveI.incentiveJ.disparitySectionIVWritingPartASummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassageaboutthe"CircularEconomy"andwriteasummaryofapproximately100-120words.Yoursummaryshouldincludethemainpointsofthepassage.WriteyoursummaryontheANSWERSHEET.Thetraditionallineareconomyoperatesona"take,make,dispose"modelofproductionandconsumption.Rawmaterialsareextracted,transformedintoproducts,andultimatelydiscardedaswasteaftertheirusefullife.Thismodelisincreasinglyrecognizedasunsustainableduetotherelentlessdepletionofnaturalresourcesandthesevereenvironmentaldegradationcausedbyoverflowinglandfillsandindustrialpollution.Incontrast,thecirculareconomyaimstoredefinegrowthbydesigningoutwasteandpollution,keepingproductsandmaterialsinuse,andregeneratingnaturalsystems.Itisbasedonthreecoreprinciples.First,eliminatewasteandpollutionbydesign.Thisinvolvescreatingproductsthataredurable,repairable,andeasilydismantledsotheircomponentscanberecovered.Second,circulateproductsandmaterialsattheirhighestvalue.Thismeansprioritizingreuse,repair,andremanufacturingoverrecycling,asrecyclingoftendegradesmaterialquality(downcycling).Finally,regeneratenature.Byshiftingfromextractiontorestoration,thecirculareconomyseekstoreturnvaluablenutrientstothesoilandenhancenaturalcapital.Thetransitiontoacirculareconomyrequiressystemicchangesinvolvingbusinesses,governments,andconsumers.Businessesmustadoptnewbusinessmodels,suchas"Product-as-a-Service"(PaaS),wherecustomerspayfortheuseofaproductratherthanowningit,incentivizingmanufacturerstocreatelong-lastinggoods.Governmentsplayarolethroughprocurementpolici