全国英语等级考试（PETS）复习试题及答案高分策略(全新版)第五级(陕西省铜川市2026年上半年)

全国英语等级考试（PETS）复习试题及答案高分策略(全新版)第五级(陕西省铜川市2026年上半年)SectionI:ListeningComprehensionDirections:ThissectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.Youwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartBandPartC.PartADirections:Youwillhearaconversationbetweenauniversityprofessorandastudentregardingaresearchproject.Listentotheconversationandanswerquestions1-5.Writeyouranswersinnomorethan5words.Youwillheartheconversationonlyonce.1.Whatisthemaintopicofthestudent’sresearchproject?2.Whydoestheprofessorsuggestchangingtheresearchmethodology?3.Accordingtotheprofessor,whatistheprimarylimitationofthestudent'scurrentsamplesize?4.Wheredoesthestudentplantocollecttheadditionaldatarequired?5.Whatspecificstatisticaltechniquedoestheprofessorrecommendusing?PartBDirections:Youwillhearthreeextendedtalksorlectures.Listentoeachtalkandanswerquestions6-15bychoosingthecorrectoptionA,B,C,orD.Youwillheareachrecordingonlyonce.Questions6-8arebasedonthefollowinglectureonenvironmentalscience.6.Whatistheprimaryfocusofthelecturer’sdiscussion?A.Theeconomicimpactofrenewableenergysources.B.Theprocessofcarbonsequestrationinrainforests.C.Theconsequencesofoceanacidificationonmarinelife.D.Thehistoricaldevelopmentofclimatechangepolicies.7.Accordingtothelecture,whyarecoralreefsparticularlyvulnerabletochangesinoceanpH?A.TheyrelyonaspecificpHleveltobuildtheircalciumcarbonateskeletons.B.Theyareunabletomigratetocoolerwaterswhentemperaturesrise.C.Theyconsumelargeamountsofalgaethataresensitivetosunlight.D.Theyreproduceataslowerrateinacidicenvironments.8.Whatdoesthelecturerimplyaboutthecurrentinternationaleffortstoreducecarbonemissions?A.Theyhavebeenremarkablysuccessfulinreversingoceanacidification.B.Theyarefocusedtooheavilyonterrestrialecosystemsratherthanmarineones.C.Theyareinsufficienttopreventsignificantfurtherdamagetomarineecosystems.D.TheylackthetechnologicalinfrastructuretomeasureoceanicpHaccurately.Questions9-11arebasedonthefollowingtalkaboutarchitecturalhistory.9.WhydidthespeakermentiontheCrystalPalacebuiltin1851?A.Toillustratethefailureofearlymodularconstructiontechniques.B.Todemonstratehowindustrialmaterialsrevolutionizedarchitecturaldesign.C.Tohighlightthesocio-economicdisparitiesoftheVictorianera.D.Tocriticizetheaestheticvaluesofthemodernistmovement.10.Accordingtothespeaker,whatwasthearchitecturalsignificanceoftheBauhausmovement?A.Itreintroducedclassicalornamentationtomodernbuildings.B.Itprioritizedtheaestheticintegrationofformandmechanicalfunction.C.Itfocusedprimarilyonsustainableandlocallysourcedbuildingmaterials.D.Itrejectedtheuseofmass-producedindustrialcomponents.11.Whatisthespeaker'soverallattitudetowardstheintegrationoftechnologyincontemporaryarchitecture?A.Cautiouslypessimisticduetothelossoftraditionalcraftsmanship.B.Enthusiasticallysupportiveofitspotentialtosolvespatialconstraints.C.Highlycriticaloftheenvironmentalcostsofsmartbuildings.D.Indifferent,focusinginsteadonthehistoricalevolutionofdesign.Questions12-15arebasedonthefollowingdiscussiononcognitivepsychology.12.Whatisthemaintopicofthediscussion?A.Theeffectsofsleepdeprivationonmemoryconsolidation.B.Therelationshipbetweenemotionalintelligenceandcognitivebias.C.Themechanismsoffalsememoryformationandretrieval.D.Thecomparisonbetweenshort-termandlong-termmemorycapacities.13.Howdidtheresearchersinducefalsememoriesinthelaboratorysetting?A.Byshowingparticipantsdoctoredvideosofeventstheyneverexperienced.B.Byrepeatedlyaskingsuggestivequestionsaboutafabricatedchildhoodevent.C.Byexposingparticipantstosubliminalimageswhiletheyweresleeping.D.Byadministeringdrugsthattemporarilyinhibitedtheirprefrontalcortex.14.Whatdoesthespeakeridentifyasamajorethicalimplicationofthisresearch?A.Thepotentialmanipulationofconsumerbehaviorthroughadvertising.B.Theunreliabilityofeyewitnesstestimonyincriminaljusticesystems.C.Theuseofcognitivepsychologytechniquesinmilitaryinterrogations.D.Thepsychologicalharmcausedtoparticipantsduringlaboratoryexperiments.15.Accordingtothestudy,whichdemographicgroupismostsusceptibletoimplantedfalsememories?A.Elderlyindividualswithdecliningcognitivefunctions.B.Youngadultswithhighlevelsofstress.C.Childrenwithhighlyactiveimaginations.D.Middle-agedadultswithahistoryoftrauma.PartCDirections:Youwillhearamonologueaboutthehistoryofartificialintelligence.Completethesentences16-20withtheexactwordsorphrasesyouhear.Writeyouranswersinthecorrespondingspace.Youwillheartherecordingonlyonce.16.TheDartmouthConferenceof1956iswidelyconsideredthefoundationalmomentthatformallyestablishedartificialintelligenceasadistinct__________.17.Duringtheperiodsknownasthe"AIWinters,"fundingforartificialintelligenceresearchwasdrasticallyreducedduetoafailuretomeet__________expectations.18.Theadventofexpertsystemsinthe1980srepresentedashiftfromgeneralproblem-solvingto__________inspecificdomains.19.Modernmachinelearning,particularlydeeplearning,reliesheavilyontheavailabilityofmassivedatasetsandimmense__________.20.ThelecturerconcludesbystatingthatthefutureofAIdependsnotonlyontechnologicalbreakthroughsbutalsoontheestablishmentofrobust__________.SectionII:UseofEnglishReadthefollowingtextandchoosethebestwordforeachblank.Markyouranswersontheanswersheet.Thephenomenonofurbanizationhasfundamentallyalteredthedemographicandecologicallandscapeoftheplanet.Asruralpopulationsmigratetocitiesinsearchofeconomicopportunities,urbancentersexpandatanunprecedentedrate,oftenoutstrippingthecapacityoflocalinfrastructureto(21)________theinflux.Thisrapidexpansion,commonlyreferredtoasurbansprawl,ischaracterizedbylow-density,car-dependentdevelopmentthatencroachesuponsurroundingagriculturalandnaturallands.Consequently,theenvironmentalfootprintofthesecitiesbecomesdisproportionatelylarge,leadingtohabitat(22)________andasignificantreductioninbiodiversity.Oneofthemostpressingchallengesposedbyuncheckedurbanizationistheexacerbationoftheurbanheatislandeffect.Urbanmaterialssuchasconcreteandasphaltabsorbandretainsolarradiationatasignificantlyhigherratethannaturalvegetation,leadingtoelevatedtemperatureswithincitylimits.Thistemperaturedisparitynotonlyincreasesthedemandforairconditioning,thereby(23)________energyconsumption,butalsoexacerbatesairpollutionbyacceleratingtheformationofground-levelozone.Urbanplannersarethereforeincreasinglyadvocatingfortheintegrationofgreeninfrastructure,suchasverticalforestsandexpansiverooftopgardens,to(24)________theseadversethermaldynamics.Furthermore,thesocialfabricofrapidlygrowingcitiesisfrequentlysubjectedtoimmensestrain.Theeconomicdisparitybetweenaffluentneighborhoodsandmarginalizedcommunitiesoftenwidens,leadingtospatial(25)________thatlimitsaccesstoessentialservicessuchashealthcareandqualityeducation.Thehousingmarket,drivenbyspeculativeinvestmentandalimitedsupplyofaffordableunits,pusheslow-incomeresidentstotheperiphery,compellingthemtoendurelengthycommutesthatfurthercontributetotrafficcongestionandgreenhousegasemissions.Tomitigatethesemultifacetedchallenges,contemporaryurbanplanningparadigmsadvocatefortheconceptofthe"compactcity."Thismodelpromoteshigh-densitydevelopmentmixedwithdiverselanduses,prioritizingpublictransportationandwalkabilityoverprivatevehicleusage.By(26)________thespatialefficiencyofexistingurbanareas,citiescanreducetheirecologicalfootprintwhilefosteringgreatersocialequity.Moreover,thetransitiontowardssmartcities,utilizingsensorsanddataanalyticstooptimizemunicipalservices,holdsthepotentialtorevolutionizeresourcemanagement.However,theimplementationofsuchtechnologiesnecessitatesrigorous(27)________concerningdataprivacyandsurveillance,ensuringthatthepursuitofefficiencydoesnotcompromisecivilliberties.Ultimately,thesustainabilityofurbancenterswilldependonthewillingnessofpolicymakerstoadoptholisticstrategiesthatreconcileeconomicgrowthwithecologicalpreservationandsocialjustice.Thetransitionwillrequiresubstantialinvestmentandadeparturefromtraditional,fragmentedapproachestocityplanning.21.A.accommodateB.integrateC.manipulateD.evaluate22.A.destructionB.conservationC.fragmentationD.restoration23.A.reducingB.sustainingC.escalatingD.moderating24.A.exacerbateB.counteractC.facilitateD.initiate25.A.integrationB.segregationC.assimilationD.concentration26.A.maximizingB.minimizingC.abandoningD.complicating27.A.oversightB.negligenceC.promotionD.elimination28.A.illustratesB.eliminatesC.addressesD.neglects29.A.ConsequentlyB.NeverthelessC.FurthermoreD.Alternatively30.A.inlightofB.inspiteofC.infavorofD.inaccordancewithSectionIII:ReadingComprehensionPartAReadthefollowingtextsandanswerthequestionsthataccompanythem.ChoosethecorrectanswerA,B,C,orD.Text1Theconceptofuniversalbasicincome(UBI)hastransitionedfromafringeeconomictheorytoasubjectofmainstreampoliticaldiscourse.Atitscore,UBIproposesthatallcitizens,regardlessoftheiremploymentstatusorwealth,receivearegular,unconditionalsumofmoneyfromthegovernment.ProponentsarguethatUBIservesasanecessarysafeguardagainsttheautomationoflabor,whichthreatenstodisplacemillionsofworkersinthecomingdecades.Byprovidingafinancialfloor,UBIisintendedtoalleviatepoverty,reduceincomeinequality,andempowerindividualstopursueeducation,caregiving,orentrepreneurialendeavorswithouttheimmediatepressureofsurvival.However,criticsofUBIraisesubstantialconcernsregardingitseconomicfeasibilityandpotentialsocietalimpact.Themostprominentobjectionistheastronomicalcost.ImplementingameaningfulUBIwouldrequiremassivegovernmentexpenditure,potentiallynecessitatingsubstantialtaxincreasesorthereallocationoffundsfromexistingsocialwelfareprograms.EconomistsalsodebatetheimpactofUBIonlabormarketparticipation.Somearguethatanunconditionalincomewoulddisincentivizework,leadingtoashrinkinglaborforceandstagnanteconomicgrowth.Conversely,otherscontendthatUBIwouldactuallyencouragerisk-takingandinnovation,asindividualswouldhaveasafetynettofallbackon.Furthermore,theinflationaryeffectsofUBIareasubjectofintensedebate.Ifeveryonesuddenlyreceivesanadditionalincome,wouldthecostofgoodsandservicessimplyrisetoabsorbthenewpurchasingpower,therebynegatingtheintendedbenefits?Empiricaldatafromlimitedpilotprogramshasbeeninconclusive.Whilesomelocalizedexperimentsshowedimprovementsinhealthandwell-being,theywerenotlargeorlongenoughtodefinitivelyassessmacroeconomiceffects.1.Whatistheprimarypurposeofthepassage?A.Toadvocatefortheimmediateimplementationofuniversalbasicincome.B.Topresentargumentsbothinfavorofandagainstuniversalbasicincome.C.Toanalyzethehistoricaloriginsofuniversalbasicincometheory.D.Tocompareuniversalbasicincomewithtraditionalwelfareprograms.2.Accordingtothepassage,whydosupportersofUBIbelieveitisnecessary?A.Itwillincreasetheoverallsizeofthelaborforcesignificantly.B.Itprovidesafinancialsafeguardagainstjoblossescausedbyautomation.C.Itallowsthegovernmenttoreduceincometaxesforallcitizens.D.Itencouragescitizenstoabandonlow-payingjobspermanently.3.WhatisoneofthemajorconcernsraisedbycriticsofUBI?A.Itmightcauseadecreaseintheoverallpopulation.B.Itcouldleadtoareductioninthenumberofpeoplewillingtowork.C.Itwouldmakecitizenstoodependentonprivatecorporations.D.Itwouldeliminatetheneedforhighereducation.4.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthepilotprogramsmentionedinthefinalparagraph?A.TheyprovideddefinitiveproofthatUBIcausessevereinflation.B.Theywereextensiveenoughtodeterminethelong-termeffectsonthemacroeconomy.C.Theirresultswereinsufficienttodrawfirmconclusionsaboutnational-leveleconomicimpacts.D.TheydemonstratedthatUBIdiscouragespeoplefromseekingemployment.Text2ThediscoveryoftheAntarcticozoneholeinthe1980sservedasastarkreminderofhumanity'scapacitytoinadvertentlyaltertheplanet'satmosphericchemistry.Thehole,causedprimarilybytheemissionofchlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)usedinrefrigerantsandaerosols,promptedurgentinternationalaction.TheresultingMontrealProtocol,signedin1987,mandatedthephase-outofCFCsandiswidelyregardedasoneofthemostsuccessfulenvironmentaltreatiesinhistory.However,theatmosphereisacomplexanddynamicsystem,andtherecoveryoftheozonelayerhasnotbeenentirelystraightforward.Recentstudieshaverevealedapuzzlingtrend:whiletheoverallconcentrationofCFCsintheatmosphereisdeclining,indicatingcompliancewiththeMontrealProtocol,theozoneholecontinuestoexhibitsignificantyear-to-yearvariability.Scientistshaveattributedthisanomalytotheincreasingfrequencyofextremeweatherevents,suchassuddenstratosphericwarmings,whichcandisruptthepolarvortexandalterthechemicalreactionsthatdepleteozone.Moreover,researchershaveidentifiedtheemissionofunregulated,short-livedchlorinespecies,which,whilenotcoveredbytheoriginaltreaty,mayalsobecontributingtolocalizedozonedepletion.Thisunderscoresthefactthatenvironmentaltreatiesmustbeadaptableandsubjecttocontinuousreview.TheMontrealProtocol'ssuccesswasnotaone-timevictorybutanongoingprocessthatrequiresvigilantmonitoringandtheflexibilitytoincorporatenewscientificdiscoveries.5.Whatisthemainfocusofthepassage?A.TheinitialdiscoveryandcausesoftheAntarcticozonehole.B.TheeconomicimpactoftheMontrealProtocolontherefrigerantindustry.C.Thecomplexitiesandongoingchallengesintherecoveryoftheozonelayer.D.Theroleofsuddenstratosphericwarmingsinglobalclimatechange.6.Accordingtothepassage,whywastheMontrealProtocolconsideredsuccessful?A.Itcompletelyeliminatedtheozoneholewithinfiveyears.B.Itmandatedthephase-outofCFCs,leadingtoadeclineintheiratmosphericconcentration.C.Itbannedallformsofchlorineemissionsworldwidepermanently.D.ItsuccessfullyreversedglobalwarmingtrendsintheSouthernHemisphere.7.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestabouttheyear-to-yearvariabilityoftheozonehole?A.ItisprimarilycausedbyillegalmanufacturingofCFCs.B.ItisunaffectedbytheoveralldeclineinCFCconcentration.C.Itislinkedtoextremeweathereventsthatdisruptthepolarvortex.D.ItprovesthattheMontrealProtocolhasultimatelyfailed.8.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsthefutureofenvironmentaltreatiesliketheMontrealProtocol?A.Theyrequirecontinuousmonitoringandtheabilitytoadapttonewscientificfindings.B.Theyaregenerallyineffectiveandshouldbereplacedbynationallaws.C.Theyhavesolvedtheatmosphericcrisisandnolongerneedfunding.D.Theyaretoorigidtoaddressthecomplexitiesofmodernpollution.Text3Intherealmofcognitivescience,theconceptof"embodiedcognition"challengesthetraditionalviewthatthemindoperateslikeacomputer,processinginformationindependentlyofthebody'sphysicalinteractionswiththeworld.Embodiedcognitionpositsthatourthoughtprocessesaredeeplyshapedbyourphysicalexperiencesandthesensory-motorsystemsofourbodies.Forinstance,researchhasshownthatholdingawarmcupofcoffeecanleadpeopletoperceiveothersas"warmer"ormorefriendly,demonstratinghowphysicalsensationsunconsciouslyinfluencesocialjudgments.Thistheoryhasprofoundimplicationsforfieldsrangingfrompsychologytorobotics.Inpsychology,understandingembodiedcognitionsuggeststhatmentalhealthinterventionsmightbemoreeffectiveiftheyincorporatephysicalmovementorsensoryengagement,ratherthanrelyingsolelyontraditionaltalktherapy.Inrobotics,engineersarebeginningtorealizethatcreatingtrulyintelligentmachinesmayrequiredesigningthemwithphysicalbodiesthatcaninteractwithandlearnfromtheenvironment,ratherthansimplyprogrammingthemwithabstractrules.Criticsofembodiedcognitionarguethatthetheoryistoobroadanddifficulttofalsify.Theycontendthatwhilephysicalsensationsmayinfluencecertainsocialjudgments,higher-ordercognitivefunctions,suchasmathematicalreasoning,arelargelyindependentofbodilystates.Despitethesecriticisms,theparadigmshiftpromptedbyembodiedcognitionhasencouragedresearchersacrossdisciplinestore-examinetherigidboundariesbetweenthemind,thebody,andtheenvironment.9.Whatistheprimarydistinctionbetweentraditionalcognitiveviewsandembodiedcognition?A.Traditionalviewsconsiderthemindindependentofphysicalinteractions,whileembodiedcognitiondoesnot.B.Traditionalviewsprioritizemathematicalreasoningoversocialjudgment,whileembodiedcognitionreversesthis.C.Embodiedcognitionbelievesthemindworksexactlylikeacomputerprocessingdata.D.Embodiedcognitionarguesthatallcognitivefunctionsarecompletelyindependentofsensorysystems.10.Howdoestheauthorillustratetheconceptofembodiedcognitioninthefirstparagraph?A.Bydescribinghowacomputerprocessesabstractdata.B.Byexplainingthetheoreticalframeworkofsensory-motorsystems.C.Bycitingtheexperimentinvolvingholdingawarmcupofcoffee.D.Bycomparingcognitivesciencewithroboticengineering.11.Whatisapotentialapplicationofembodiedcognitioninthefieldofmentalhealth?A.Developingmedicationsthatalterphysicalsensationstoimprovemood.B.Designinginterventionsthatinvolvephysicalmovementandsensoryengagement.C.Focusingexclusivelyontraditional,talk-basedpsychologicaltherapies.D.Usingcomputerstosimulatephysicalinteractionsforpatients.12.Whatisthemaincriticismofembodiedcognitionmentionedinthepassage?A.Itistooheavilyfocusedonthedesignofphysicalrobots.B.Itneglectstheimportanceofsensory-motorsystemsincognitivefunctions.C.Thetheoryisconsideredtoobroadanddifficulttoscientificallyfalsify.D.Itfalselyclaimsthatmathematicalreasoningisdependentonbodilystates.Text4Thetransitionfromalineartoacirculareconomyisincreasinglyrecognizedasanessentialstrategyforsustainabledevelopment.Inalineareconomy,materialsareextracted,transformedintoproducts,andeventuallydiscardedaswaste.This"take-make-dispose"modelisinherentlyunsustainable,asitdepletesfiniteresourcesandgeneratesoverwhelmingpollution.Incontrast,acirculareconomyaimstoeliminatewasteandthecontinualuseofresourcesbyemployingprinciplessuchasdesigningforlongevity,repairing,sharing,andrecycling.Oneofthecriticalcomponentsofacirculareconomyistheconceptof"extendedproducerresponsibility"(EPR).EPRpoliciesrequiremanufacturerstobeaccountablefortheentirelifecycleoftheirproducts,particularlythetake-back,recycling,andfinaldisposal.Byshiftingthefinancialandphysicalburdenofwastemanagementfrommunicipalitiestoproducers,EPRincentivizescompaniestodesignproductsthatareeasiertorecycle,repair,orremanufacture.Despiteitstheoreticalappeal,thetransitiontoacirculareconomyfacessignificantpracticalhurdles.Theglobalsupplychainishighlycomplex,andtrackingmaterialsacrossdifferentjurisdictionsisnotoriouslydifficult.Furthermore,theeconomicviabilityofrecyclingcertainmaterials,particularlycomplexcompositesandcertainplastics,oftenfluctuateswiththevolatileglobalcommoditymarkets.Whenthepriceofvirginmaterialsislowerthanthecostofrecycledmaterials,theeconomicincentivetoadoptcircularpracticesdiminishesrapidly.Toovercomethesebarriers,expertsargueforacombinationofregulatoryframeworksandtechnologicalinnovation.Digitaltechnologies,suchasblockchainandtheInternetofThings(IoT),canenhancethetraceabilityofmaterialsthroughoutthesupplychain,ensuringtransparencyandaccountability.Simultaneously,governmentsmustimplementpoliciesthatinternalizetheenvironmentalcostsoflinearmodels,therebylevelingtheplayingfieldforcircularalternatives.13.Whatisthefundamentaldifferencebetweenalineareconomyandacirculareconomy?A.Alineareconomyprioritizesrecycling,whereasacirculareconomyprioritizesresourceextraction.B.Acirculareconomyaimstoeliminatewasteandmaintainthecontinuoususeofresources.C.Alineareconomyrequiresproducerstomanagetheentirelifecycleoftheirproducts.D.Acirculareconomyreliesheavilyonthe"take-make-dispose"modelofproduction.14.Whatistheprimarypurposeof"extendedproducerresponsibility"(EPR)policies?A.Torelievemunicipalitiesofthefinancialburdenofwastemanagement.B.Toforceconsumerstorepairtheirownelectronicdevices.C.Tomakemanufacturersaccountablefortheend-of-lifedisposaloftheirproducts.D.Tolowerthecostofvirginmaterialsformanufacturingcompanies.15.Accordingtothepassage,whatisamajorpracticalhurdleintransitioningtoacirculareconomy?A.Thelackofconsumerdemandforrecycledproducts.B.Thedifficultyintrackingmaterialsacrosscomplexglobalsupplychains.C.Thehighcostofimplementingblockchaintechnologyinlocalmunicipalities.D.Theunwillingnessofproducerstodesignproductsforlongevity.16.Whatdoesthepassagesuggestisnecessarytoovercomethebarrierstoacirculareconomy?A.Eliminatingglobalsupplychainsinfavoroflocalproduction.B.Subsidizingtheextractionofvirginmaterialstolowercosts.C.Implementingregulatoryframeworksandutilizingtechnologicalinnovationslikeblockchain.D.Abandoningtheconceptofextendedproducerresponsibility.PartBYouaregoingtoreadamagazinearticleaboutthepsychologyofprocrastination.Fivesentenceshavebeenremovedfromthetext.ChoosefromthesentencesA-Gtheonewhichfitseachgap(17-21)tocompletethetext.Therearetwoextrasentenceswhichyoudonotneedtouse.ThePsychologyofProcrastinationProcrastinationisauniversalhumanexperience,oftencharacterizedbythevoluntarydelayofanintendedactiondespiteknowingthatthisdelaywillresultinnegativeconsequences.(17)________.Thetruth,however,isfarmorecomplex.Psychologistshavelongstudiedwhyintelligent,capableindividualsconsistentlysabotagetheirownproductivity,andtheirfindingspointtoatangleofemotionalandcognitivefactorsratherthanasimplelackofdiscipline.Atitscore,procrastinationisanemotion-regulationproblem,notatime-managementproblem.Whenfacedwithataskthatevokesnegativeemotions—suchasboredom,anxiety,frustration,orself-doubt—thebrain'slimbicsystem,whichgovernsemotionsandmotivation,seeksimmediaterelief.(18)________.Thissystemprioritizesshort-termmoodrepairoverlong-termgoals,leadingustochooseapleasurableactivity,likescrollingthroughsocialmedia,overanecessarybutunpleasantone,likewritingareport.Thisemotionaloverridingisoftencompoundedbycognitivedistortions,particularlythe"planningfallacy."Theplanningfallacyisaphenomenonwhereindividualsunderestimatethetimerequiredtocompleteatask,despiteknowingthatsimilartaskshavetakenlongerinthepast.(19)________.Weconstructanidealizedscenariowhereeverythinggoesperfectly,ignoringtheinevitableinterruptions,distractions,andcomplexitiesthatarise.Furthermore,procrastinationiscloselylinkedtotheconceptof"timeinconsistency."Whenwemakeplansforthefuture,ourbrainimaginesa"futureself"whoisperfectlyproductiveanddisciplined.However,whenthetimecomestoact,wearenolongerthatfutureself;weareourpresentself,burdenedbyimmediatefatigueandstress.(20)________.Thepresentselfconsistentlychoosesimmediategratification,leavingtheburdenforthefutureselftobear.Overcomingprocrastination,therefore,requiresstrategiesthataddressboththeemotionalandcognitivecomponentsofthebehavior.Simplymakingascheduleorbuyinganewplannerisrarelysufficient.(21)________.Byacknowledgingtheunderlyingemotionalresistanceandpracticingself-compassion,individualscanbegintodismantlethepsychologicalbarriersthatkeepthemstuckinthecycleofdelay.Sentencestochoosefrom:A.Itinvolvesasystematicapproachtobreakingdownlargetasksintosmaller,moremanageablecomponentstoreduceanxiety.B.Thiscreatesadisconnectbetweenourfutureintentionsandourpresentactions.C.Theymistakenlybelievethattheywillhavemoretimeormoremotivationinthefuturethantheydorightnow.D.Itiscommonlyassumedthatpeopleprocrastinatesimplybecausetheyarelazyorlackwillpower.E.Thissystemishighlyefficientatprocessingcomplexinformationbutslowtoreacttoimmediatethreats.F.Instead,techniquessuchascognitivebehavioraltherapyandmindfulnessareoftenrequired.G.Bydeferringthetask,theindividualtemporarilyalleviatesthenegativeemotionassociatedwithit.SectionIV:WritingPartA:SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassageabouttheimpactofremoteworkoncorporateculture.Writeasummaryofthemainpointsinapproximately100-120words.Youshoulduseyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Theadventofremoteworkhasrevolutionizedthetraditionalcorporatelandscape,bringingbothunprecedentedflexibilityandsignificantchallengestoorganizationalculture.Proponentsarguethatremoteworkdemocratizestheworkplace,eliminatinggeographicbarriersandallowi