2026年全国计算机软考软件设计师英语试题及答案

2026年全国计算机软考软件设计师英语试题及答案PartI:VocabularyandGrammar(SingleChoice)Directions:Thereare20incompletesentencesinthispart.ForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.1.Inobject-orientedprogramming,______allowsanewclasstoinheritpropertiesandmethodsfromanexistingclass,promotingcodereusability.A.encapsulationB.polymorphismC.inheritanceD.abstraction2.The______isasequenceofinstructionsthatacomputerfollowstoperformaspecifictask,anditmustbeloadedintomainmemorybeforeexecution.A.datastructureB.algorithmC.operatingsystemD.software3.A______isatypeofmalwarethatencryptsavictim'sfilesanddemandsaransompaymenttorestoreaccess.A.wormB.TrojanhorseC.ransomwareD.spyware4.The______modelisasoftwaredevelopmentprocessthatemphasizesaniterative,incrementalapproachwithfrequentcustomerfeedback.A.WaterfallB.AgileC.SpiralD.V-Model5.Inarelationaldatabase,a______isusedtouniquelyidentifyeachrecordinatable.A.foreignkeyB.primarykeyC.compositekeyD.candidatekey6.Thetimecomplexityofbinarysearchalgorithmintheworstcaseis______.A.O(1)B.O(n)C.O(logn)D.O(n^2)7.HTTPisa______protocolwhichmeanseachrequestfromaclientisindependentandtheserverdoesnotretaininformationbetweenrequests.A.statefulB.statelessC.connection-orientedD.session-based8.______isaconceptincloudcomputingwherecomputingresourcesareprovidedovertheinternetasautility,similartoelectricity.A.VirtualizationB.ContainerizationC.UtilitycomputingD.Gridcomputing9.The______layeroftheOSImodelisresponsibleforlogicaladdressingandroutingofdatapacketsbetweennetworks.A.DataLinkB.TransportC.NetworkD.Session10.A______isadesignpatternthatprovidesasimplifiedinterfacetoalibrary,aframework,oranyothercomplexsetofclasses.A.FacadeB.AdapterC.DecoratorD.Observer11.Insoftwaretesting,______testinginvolvesexaminingtheinternalstructureorcodeoftheprogram.A.Black-boxB.White-boxC.Grey-boxD.Regression12.The______isahardwarecomponentthatdirectsdataflowbetweentheCPU,memory,andperipherals.A.ALU(ArithmeticLogicUnit)B.CU(ControlUnit)C.SystemBusD.Cache13.WhichofthefollowingdatastructuresoperatesontheprincipleofLastIn,FirstOut(LIFO)?A.QueueB.StackC.LinkedListD.Tree14.______isaversioncontrolsystemthatallowsdeveloperstotrackchangesinsourcecodeduringsoftwaredevelopment.A.JenkinsB.DockerC.GitD.Kubernetes15.InthecontextofBigData,______referstothevolume,velocity,andvarietyofdata.A.The3VsB.The4VsC.CAPTheoremD.ACIDProperties16.A______isaself-containedunitofsoftwarethatincludescode,libraries,anddependenciesneededtorunanapplication,ensuringconsistencyacrossenvironments.A.VirtualMachineB.ContainerC.MicrokernelD.Sandbox17.Theprocessofconvertinghigh-levelprogramminglanguagecodeintomachinecodeisperformedbya______.A.compilerB.interpreterC.assemblerD.debugger18.Inabinarytree,anodethathasnochildreniscalleda______.A.rootB.leafC.parentD.sibling19.______isasecurityprotocolthatestablishesanencryptedlinkbetweenawebserverandabrowser,ensuringsecurecommunication.A.SSHB.FTPC.SSL/TLSD.SMTP20.The______designpatterndefinesaone-to-manydependencybetweenobjectssothatwhenoneobjectchangesstate,allitsdependentsarenotifiedandupdatedautomatically.A.SingletonB.StrategyC.ObserverD.FactoryPartII:ClozeTestDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestonethatfitsintothepassage.Softwarearchitectureisthefundamentalorganizationofasystem,embodiedinitscomponents,theirrelationshipstoeachotherandtotheenvironment,andtheprinciplesguidingitsdesignandevolution.Agoodsoftwarearchitectureiscrucialbecauseitaddressesthe(21)______qualitiesofthesystem.Thesequalities,oftenreferredtoasnon-functionalrequirements,includeperformance,scalability,(22)______,andmaintainability.Onecommonarchitecturalstyleisthe(23)______architecture.Inthisstyle,theapplicationisdividedintothreeinterconnectedlayers:thepresentationlayer,thebusinesslogiclayer,andthedataaccesslayer.Thepresentationlayerhandlestheuserinterfaceanduserinteraction.Thebusinesslogiclayercontainsthecore(24)______oftheapplication,processingdataandenforcingbusinessrules.Thedataaccesslayerisresponsibleforinteractingwiththedatabaseorotherstoragemechanisms.Thisseparationofconcernsallowsforeasier(25)______andtestingofindividualcomponents.Anotherpopularapproach,especiallyforlarge-scaleenterpriseapplications,is(26)______architecture.Inthisstyle,theapplicationisstructuredasacollectionoflooselycoupledservices.Eachserviceis(27)______andimplementsaspecificbusinesscapability.Servicescommunicatewitheachotherviawell-definedAPIs,oftenusingHTTP/RESTormessagequeues.Thisarchitectureenhances(28)______andallowsdifferentteamstodevelop,deploy,andscaleservicesindependently.However,italsointroducescomplexityintermsofnetwork(29)______anddataconsistencymanagementacrossdistributedservices.Choosingtherightarchitecturedependsheavilyonthespecificprojectrequirements,constraints,andtheteam'sexpertise.Architectsmusttradeoffconflictingrequirementstoarriveatadesignthatbestsatisfiesthe(30)______.21.A.functionalB.structuralC.cross-cuttingD.aesthetic22.A.usabilityB.complexityC.syntaxD.compilation23.A.MonolithicB.Client-ServerC.Three-tierD.Peer-to-Peer24.A.graphicsB.functionalityC.hardwaredriversD.documentation25.A.deletionB.obfuscationC.maintenanceD.encryption26.A.MicroservicesB.ServerlessC.Event-drivenD.Layered27.A.tightlycoupledB.highlydependentC.self-containedD.staticallylinked28.A.latencyB.couplingC.scalabilityD.verbosity29.A.topologyB.latencyC.securityD.bandwidth30.A.stakeholdersB.compilersC.syntaxD.hardwarePartIII:ReadingComprehensionDirections:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Decideonthebestchoice.Passage1CloudcomputinghasrevolutionizedthewayITresourcesaredeliveredandmanaged.Itprovideson-demanddeliveryofITresourcesovertheInternetwithpay-as-you-gopricing.Insteadofbuying,owning,andmaintainingphysicaldatacentersandservers,organizationscanaccesstechnologyservicessuchascomputingpower,storage,anddatabasesonanas-neededbasis.Therearethreemainmodelsofcloudcomputing:InfrastructureasaService(IaaS),PlatformasaService(PaaS),andSoftwareasaService(SaaS).IaaSprovidesvirtualizedcomputingresourcesovertheinternet,suchasvirtualmachinesandstorage.ItoffersthehighestlevelofflexibilityandmanagementcontroloverITresources.PaaSprovidesaplatformallowingcustomerstodevelop,run,andmanageapplicationswithoutthecomplexityofbuildingandmaintainingtheinfrastructureusuallyassociatedwithdevelopingandlaunchinganapp.SaaSallowsuserstoconnecttoandusecloud-basedappsovertheInternet,likeGoogleWorkspaceorMicrosoft365.Deploymentmodelsincludepublic,private,hybrid,andmulti-clouds.Publiccloudsareownedandoperatedbythird-partycloudserviceproviders.Privatecloudsarecomputingresourcesusedexclusivelybyasinglebusinessororganization.Ahybridcloudcombinespublicandprivateclouds,boundtogetherbytechnologythatallowsdataandapplicationstobesharedbetweenthem.Despiteitsbenefits,cloudcomputingalsopresentschallengessuchassecurityandprivacyconcerns,vendorlock-in,andtheneedforreliableinternetconnectivity.Organizationsmustcarefullyevaluatethesefactorswhenadoptingcloudsolutions.31.Whatistheprimaryadvantageofcloudcomputingregardingcost?A.Itrequiresalargeupfrontinvestmentinhardware.B.Itutilizesapay-as-you-gopricingmodel.C.Iteliminatestheneedforinternetconnectivity.D.Itprovidesfreephysicaldatacenters.32.WhichcloudmodeloffersthehighestlevelofcontroloverITresourcestothecustomer?A.SaaSB.PaaSC.IaaSD.HybridCloud33.InaPaaSmodel,whatcomplexityisremovedfromthecustomer?A.Developingapplications.B.Runningapplications.C.Buildingandmaintainingtheinfrastructure.D.Managingthedatabase.34.Whichdeploymentmodelisownedandoperatedbyathird-partyprovider?A.PublicCloudB.PrivateCloudC.HybridCloudD.CommunityCloud35.Whatisasignificantchallengeassociatedwithcloudcomputingmentionedinthepassage?A.Lackofflexibility.B.Highmaintenanceofphysicalservers.C.Vendorlock-in.D.Inabilitytosharedata.Passage2ArtificialIntelligence(AI)isabranchofcomputersciencededicatedtocreatingsystemscapableofperformingtasksthattypicallyrequirehumanintelligence.Thesetasksincludelearning,reasoning,problem-solving,perception,andlanguageunderstanding.MachineLearning(ML)isasubsetofAIthatfocusesonthedevelopmentofalgorithmsthatcanlearnfromandmakepredictionsordecisionsbasedondata.Insteadofbeingexplicitlyprogrammedforaspecifictask,thesystemimprovesitsperformanceovertimeasitisexposedtomoredata.SupervisedlearningisatypeofMLwherethemodelistrainedonalabeleddataset,meaningthedatacomeswiththecorrectanswers.Unsupervisedlearning,ontheotherhand,dealswithunlabeleddata,andthesystemtriestofindhiddenstructuresorpatternsinthedata.DeepLearningisaspecializedsubsetofMLinspiredbythestructureandfunctionofthehumanbrain,specificallyneuralnetworks.Itutilizesmulti-layeredartificialneuralnetworkstoanalyzevariousfactorsofdata.Deeplearninghasbeenresponsibleformajorbreakthroughsinareassuchasimagerecognition,naturallanguageprocessing,andspeechrecognition.Forinstance,ConvolutionalNeuralNetworks(CNNs)arewidelyusedinimageprocessing,whileRecurrentNeuralNetworks(RNNs)andTransformersareeffectiveforsequentialdataliketext.However,AImodels,particularlydeeplearningmodels,areoftendescribedas"blackboxes"becausetheirinternaldecision-makingprocessesarecomplexanddifficulttointerpret.Thislackoftransparencyraisesconcernsaboutbias,fairness,andaccountabilityincriticalapplicationslikehealthcare,finance,andcriminaljustice.36.WhatdistinguishesMachineLearningfromtraditionalprogramming?A.Itrequiresexplicitprogrammingforeveryrule.B.Itreliesonhardwareratherthansoftware.C.Itlearnsfromdatatoimproveperformance.D.Itcanonlyperformsimplearithmetictasks.37.InSupervisedLearning,whatcharacterizesthetrainingdata?A.Itisunlabeled.B.Itcontainsthecorrectanswers(labels).C.Itisonlyimages.D.Itisgeneratedinreal-time.38.Whichtypeofneuralnetworkismostcommonlyassociatedwithimageprocessing?A.RecurrentNeuralNetworks(RNNs)B.TransformersC.ConvolutionalNeuralNetworks(CNNs)D.GenerativeAdversarialNetworks(GANs)39.WhyareAImodelssometimescalled"blackboxes"?A.Becausetheyarephysicallyblack.B.Becausetheirinternaldecision-makingprocessesarehardtointerpret.C.Becausetheydonotusedata.D.Becausetheyareprogrammedinablacklanguage.40.Whatisapotentialriskofusing"blackbox"AImodelsincriticalfields?A.Theyaretoofast.B.Theyconsumetoomuchenergy.C.Concernsregardingbias,fairness,andaccountability.D.Theycannothandletextdata.Passage3DevOpsisasetofpracticesthatcombinessoftwaredevelopment(Dev)andIToperations(Ops).Itaimstoshortenthesystemsdevelopmentlifecycleandprovidecontinuousdeliverywithhighsoftwarequality.DevOpsiscomplementarywithAgilesoftwaredevelopment;severalDevOpsaspectscamefromtheAgilemethodology.AcoreprincipleofDevOpsisautomation.Byautomatingrepetitivetaskssuchastesting,integration,anddeployment,teamscanreduceerrorsandspeedupthereleaseprocess.ContinuousIntegration(CI)involvesdevelopersfrequentlymergingtheircodechangesintoacentralrepository,whereautomatedbuildsandtestsarerun.ContinuousDelivery(CD)extendsCIbyensuringthatthecodechangesareautomaticallypreparedforareleasetoatestingorproductionenvironment.InfrastructureasCode(IaC)isanotherkeyDevOpspractice.Itinvolvesmanagingandprovisioningcomputerdatacentersthroughmachine-readabledefinitionfiles,ratherthanphysicalhardwareconfigurationorinteractiveconfigurationtools.Thisallowsteamstoversioncontroltheirinfrastructureandreplicateenvironmentseasily.Monitoringandloggingareessentialformaintainingthehealthoftheapplicationinproduction.DevOpsteamsusetoolstocollectmetricsandlogstoidentifyperformancebottlenecksanderrorsquickly.Thisfeedbackloophelpsincontinuouslyimprovingthesystem.However,implementingDevOpsrequiresaculturalshift.Itdemandscollaboration,communication,andsharedresponsibilitybetweendevelopmentandoperationsteams,breakingdownthetraditionalsilosthatexistinmanyorganizations.41.WhatisthemaingoalofDevOps?A.Toseparatedevelopmentandoperationsteams.B.Tolengthenthedevelopmentlifecycleforbetterquality.C.Toshortenthedevelopmentlifecycleandenablecontinuousdelivery.D.ToreplacetheAgilemethodology.42.HowdoesContinuousIntegration(CI)improvethedevelopmentprocess?A.Bymergingcodechangeslessfrequently.B.Byrunningautomatedbuildsandtestsonacentralrepository.C.Bymanuallytestingeverycodechange.D.Bydelayingthereleaseofthesoftware.43.WhatdoesInfrastructureasCode(IaC)allowteamstodo?A.Configurehardwaremanually.B.Manageinfrastructurethroughmachine-readabledefinitionfiles.C.Avoidusingversioncontrolforinfrastructure.D.Createuniqueenvironmentsforeverybuildthatcannotbereplicated.44.WhyismonitoringimportantinDevOps?A.Totracktheworkinghoursofemployees.B.Toidentifyperformancebottlenecksanderrors.C.Toreplacetheneedfortesting.D.Toincreasethecostofoperations.45.WhatculturalchangeisnecessaryforDevOpstosucceed?A.Establishingstrictsilosbetweenteams.B.Fosteringcollaborationandsharedresponsibility.C.Havingdevelopersignoreoperations.D.Increasingthehierarchyofmanagement.Passage4TheInternetofThings(IoT)describesanetworkofphysicalobjects—"things"—thatareembeddedwithsensors,software,andothertechnologiesforthepurposeofconnectingandexchangingdatawithotherdevicesandsystemsovertheinternet.Thesedevicesrangefromordinaryhouseholdobjectslikesmartthermostatsandrefrigeratorstosophisticatedindustrialtools.IoTdevicesgenerateavastamountofdata.Thisdataisoftentransmittedtothecloudforprocessingandanalysis.However,forapplicationsrequiringlowlatencyorreal-timeresponses,sendingalldatatothecloudisnotefficient.ThishasledtotheriseofEdgeComputing.Edgecomputinginvolvesprocessingdataclosertowhereitisgenerated(atthe"edge"ofthenetwork)ratherthanrelyingsolelyonacentralizedcloud.Thisreduceslatencyandbandwidthusage.SecurityisamajorchallengeforIoT.ManyIoTdeviceshavelimitedprocessingpowerandmemory,makingitdifficulttoimplementrobustsecuritymeasures.Furthermore,thesheernumberofdevicesincreasestheattacksurfaceforpotentialhackers.DefaultpasswordsandlackofencryptionarecommonvulnerabilitiesinIoTdevices.Standardizationisanotherissue.WithnumerousmanufacturersproducingIoTdevices,interoperability—ensuringdevicesfromdifferentvendorscanworktogether—canbeproblematic.ProtocolslikeMQTT(MessageQueuingTelemetryTransport)andCoAP(ConstrainedApplicationProtocol)havebeendevelopedtofacilitatecommunicationbetweenconstraineddevices.46.WhatistheprimaryfunctionofIoTdevices?A.Tostorelargeamountsofdatapermanentlyonthedevice.B.Toconnectandexchangedatawithotherdevicesovertheinternet.C.Toreplacetraditionalcomputers.D.Toactasserversforwebsites.47.WhyisEdgeComputingusedinconjunctionwithIoT?A.Toincreasethecostofdatatransmission.B.Toprocessdataclosertothesourcetoreducelatency.C.Toavoidusingtheinternetentirely.D.Tomakedevicesheavier.48.WhatmakesIoTdevicesvulnerabletosecurityattacks?A.Theyuseverystrongpasswordsbydefault.B.Theyhaveunlimitedprocessingpower.C.Limitedprocessingpowerandcommonvulnerabilitieslikedefaultpasswords.D.Theyarenotconnectedtotheinternet.49.WhatisinteroperabilityinthecontextofIoT?A.Theabilityofadevicetoconnecttotheinternet.B.Theabilityofdevicesfromdifferentvendorstoworktogether.C.Thespeedatwhichdataistransmitted.D.Thebatterylifeofthedevice.50.Whichprotocolismentionedasfacilitatingcommunicationforconstraineddevices?A.HTTPB.FTPC.MQTTD.SMTPPartIV:TranslationDirections:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChineseorEnglish.51.Theencapsulationmechanisminobject-orientedprogramminghidestheinternalstateofanobjectandrequiresallinteractiontobeperformedthroughanobject'smethods.52.Thereliabilityofadistributedsystemisoftenmeasuredbyitsavailabilityandfaulttolerance,ensuringthesystemremainsoperationalevenwhenindividualcomponentsfail.53.在软件工程中，需求分析是确定用户需求和系统约束的关键阶段，它为后续的设计和实现奠定基础。54.随着微服务架构的普及，容器化技术（如Docker）已成为部署和运行应用程序的标准方式，因为它能保证环境的一致性。PartV:TechnicalWriting(ShortAnswer)Directions:Readthefollowingscenarioandanswerthequestionsinyourownwords.Youranswersshouldbetechnicalandprecise.Scenario:Asoftwaredevelopmentteamisbuildinganewe-commerceplatform.Theplatformisexpectedtohandlehightrafficduringsalesevents,requiringhighscalability.TheteamisdebatingbetweenaMonolithicarchitectureandaMicroservicesarchitecture.Thecurrentteamsizeissmall,consistingof5developers.However,thebusinessrequirementsarecomplex,involvingusermanagement,productcatalog,orderprocessing,paymentgateway,andrecommendationengine.55.BrieflyexplainthedifferencebetweenMonolithicandMicroservicesarchitectureinthecontextofthise-commerceplatform.56.IftheteamchoosesMicroservicesarchitecture,whataretwomainbenefitstheymightgainregardingscalabilityandtechnologystack?57.WhatisasignificantdisadvantageorchallengetheteammightfacewithMicroservicesarchitecturegiventheircurrentteamsizeandthecomplexityofthesystem?AnswerKeyandExplanationsPartI:VocabularyandGrammar(SingleChoice)1.CExplanation:Inheritanceallowsaclass(subclass)toderiveattributesandmethodsfromanotherclass(superclass),promotingcodereuse.2.BExplanation:Analgorithmisastep-by-stepprocedureforcalculations.Whilesoftwareencompassesit,thedefinitionofasequenceofinstructionsfollowedbyacomputerbestfitsanalgorithminthiscontext.3.CExplanation:Ransomwareisspecificallydesignedtoencryptfilesanddemandpaymentforthedecryptionkey.4.BExplanation:Agilemethodologyischaracterizedbyiterativedevelopment,collaboration,andcustomerfeedback.5.BExplanation:Aprimarykeyuniquelyidentifiesarowinadatabasetable.6.CExplanation:Binarysearchhalvesthesearchspaceeachtime,resultinginlogarithmictimecomplexityO(logn).7.BExplanation:HTTPisstateless;theservertreatseachrequestasanewinteractionwithoutknowledgeofpreviousrequestsunlessusingsessions/cookies.8.CExplanation:Utilitycomputingdescribestheprovisioningofcomputingresourcesasameteredservice,similartopublicutilities.9.CExplanation:TheNetworklayer(Layer3)handleslogicaladdressing(IPaddresses)androuting.10.AExplanation:TheFacadepatternprovidesaunifiedinterfacetoasetofinterfacesinasubsystem,makingiteasiertouse.11.BExplanation:White-boxtesting(alsoknownasclear-boxorglass-box)requiresinternalknowledgeofthecodestructure.12.CExplanation:TheSystemBusisthecommunicationpathwaythatconnectstheCPU,memory,andperipherals.13.BExplanation:AStackfollowstheLastIn,FirstOut(LIFO)principle.14.CExplanation:Gitisadistributedversioncontrolsystem.15.AExplanation:The3VsofBigDataareVolume,Velocity,andVariety.16.BExplanation:AContainerencapsulatesanapplicationanditsdependenciestorunreliablyacrossdifferentcomputingenvironments.17.AExplanation:Acompilertranslatessourcecodefromahigh-levellanguagetoalower-levellanguage(e.g.,assemblyormachinecode).18.BExplanation:Aleafnodeisanodewithnochildreninatreedatastructure.19.CExplanation:SSL(SecureSocketsLayer)anditssuccessorTLS(TransportLayerSecurity)areprotocolsforsecurecommunicationoveranetwork.20.CExplanation:TheObserverpatterndefinesasubscriptionmechanismtonotifymultipleobjectsaboutanyeventsthathappentotheobjecttheyareobserving.PartII:ClozeTest21.CExplanation:Architectureaddressescross-cuttingqualities(non-functionalrequirements)likeperformanceandsecurity.22.AExplanation:Usabilityisacommonnon-functionalrequirementlistedalongsideperformanceandscalability.23.CExplanation:Thedescriptionofpresentation,businesslogic,anddataaccesslayersdefinestheThree-tierarchitecture.24.BExplanation:Thebusinesslogiclayercontainsthecorefunctionality(businessrules)oftheapplication.25.CExplanation:Separationofconcernsfacilitateseasiermaintenanceandtesting.26.AExplanation:LooselycoupledservicescommunicatingviaAPIsdescribesMicroservicesarchitecture.27.CExplanation:Microservicesaretypicallyself-containedunits.28.CExplanation:Microservicesenhancescalabilitybecauseindividualservicescanbescaledindependently.29.BExplanation:Distributedsystems(likemicroservices)introducenetworklatencyandcomplexity.30.AExplanation:Architecturemustsatisfytheneedsofstakeholders(users,business,developers).PartIII:ReadingComprehension31.BExplanation:Thetextstates"pay-as-you-gopricing"whichimpliescostadvantagesbasedonusageratherthanupfrontinvestment.32.CExplanation:IaaSprovidestherawinfrastructure(VMs,storage),givingthecustomerthemostcontrolcomparedtoPaaSorSaaS.33.CExplanation:PaaSremovestheneedtobuildandmaintaintheunderlyinginfrastructure.34.AExplanation:Publiccloudsaredefinedasbeingownedandoperatedbythird-partyproviders.35.CExplanation:Thepassageexplicitlylists"vendorlock-in"asachallenge.36.CExplanation:MLsystems"learnfromandmakepredictionsordecisionsbasedondata"ratherthanbeingexplicitlyprogrammedforeveryrule.37.BExplanation:Supervisedlearninguseslabeleddatasets,meaningthedataincludesthecorrectanswers.38.CExplanation:Thepassagementions"ConvolutionalNeuralNetworks(CNNs)arewidelyusedinimageprocessing."39.BExplanation:Theyarecalledblackboxesbecause"theirinternaldecision-makingprocessesarecomplexanddifficulttointerpret."40.CExplanation:Thepassageraisesconcernsabout"bias,fairness,andaccountability"duetothelackoftransparency.41.CExplanation:Theprimarygoalisto"shortenthesystemsdevelopmentlifecycleandprovidecontinuousdelivery."42.BExplanation:CIinvolves"frequentlymergingtheircodechanges...whereautomatedbuildsandtestsarerun."43.BExplanation:IaCinvolves"managingandprovisioningcomputerdatacentersthroughmachine-readabledefinitionfiles."44.BExplanation:Monitoringhelps"identifyperformanc