《物流专业英语》05《物流专业英语》Unit5InformationtechnologyinlogisticsA第三版新编1

2.Readingmaterials阅读材料LogisticsDrivers物流驱动因素Anorganizationhasalargenumberofstakeholders,allofwhomhavedifferentandoftenconflictinginterests.Thesefactorsinfluenceandconstraindecisions.Themajorfactorsincludethefollowing.一个组织拥有大量的利益相关者，所有这些利益相关者有着不同的并且经常是相互矛盾的利益，这些因素影响并制约决策过程，主要的因素包括如下。LegislationThereisahugeamountoflegislationthattheoperatormusttakeintoaccount,coveringthingslikehealthandsafety,environmentprotection,discrimination,andminimumwagerates.立法有大量的立法需要经营者加以考虑，这包括卫生及安全、环境保护、反歧视条款和最低工资标准。EconomicEconomicpoliciesaffectthingslikeinterestrates,borrowingandinvestment.Inaglobaleconomy,thesituationinonecountrycanhaveaneffectonabusinessbasedonanother.（tobecontinued）经济

经济政策影响诸如利率、借贷和投资。在全球经济中，一国的形势能够对设立在另一国的生意产生影响。(待续)（continued）Theconditionofacountry’sinfrastructuredependsonthelevelofeconomicdevelopmentandthisinfluencesdecisionsonthelocationoffacilitiesandthemarkettobeserved.Somegovernments(andtheEU)offerpreferentialtermsforindustrytolocateincertaincountriesorregions,whilstothersimposetaxesorapplyrestrictivetariffstoimportsandexports.(续)一国的基础设施的状况取决于经济发展的水平，这一点还会影响设施的选址及其要服务的市场。有些政府（包括欧盟）给某产业提供优惠条件，让其设在某些国家或地区，而另一些政府则对进出口品收税或实施限制性关税。FinancialFinancialfactorsincludetheavailabilityofcapitalthroughloansorequity(shares).Investmentinnewfacilitiesandequipmentisamajorissuefororganizations.Inthisrespect,thefullcostovertheprojectedlifetimewillhavetobeconsidered.（tobecontinued）财务财务包括由贷款或股份（股票）所表现出来的资本可用性。对于公司来说，对新设施和设备的投资是一项主要的议题。从这点看，还需要考虑在预计生命周期的完全成本。(待续)（Continued）Thisisknownasthewhole-lifeorlife-cyclecosting,whichinvolvesthecostofoperating,maintaininganddisposingoftheequipment,aswellastheinitialpurchaseprice.(续)这就是人们所熟知的全过程或生命周期成本核算，它涉及到运营成本、维护成本及设备处置成本，也包含最初的采购价。Availabilityofresources

Allorganizationsrequirealevelofresourceavailability,e.g.supplyofskilledlabour,agoodtransportinfrastructure,adequatetelecommunicationsandsoon.Wherethesearenotreadilytohand,theywillhavetobeimportedorcreated,whichusually,ifnotalways,meansincreasedcosts.资源的可用性所有公司都需要一定水平的资源可用性，譬如，有技能劳动力的供应、良好的运输设施、恰当的电信等。在不具备这些条件的地方，它们就需要进口或创造，这通常意味着成本的增加，虽然并不总是如此。IndustrialstandardsThereisawiderangeofindustrynormsandstandards,e.g.ISO9000onqualityassurance.Thesedonothavethesameforceasthelegislation,buttheyareimportantinacompetitiveenvironmentbecausecustomerswilllookforsuchcertificationasaguaranteeofreliabilityandquality.行业标准有广泛系列的行业规范和标准，如ISO9000质量合格证体系。这些行业标准不具有立法效力，但是，它们在竞争性的环境中是重要的，因为客户会寻求此类认证，以此作为对可靠性和质量的保证。PerformancemanagementLogisticplanningusuallytakesplacebeforeaservicelevelagreementisfinalized.Thereforethekeyperformanceindicators(KPI)shouldreflecttheoutcomeoftheplanning.Ifareasonableservicelevelprovesdifficulttomaintainowingtounforeseencircumstances,thenthelogisticplanningprocessmustberepeatedtocoverthechangedcircumstances,andinthemeantime,boththeKPIandthefinancialpenaltyfornotachievingthemmustbeafac