集成电路英语 课件 Unit2 ICs through time

2UnitICsthroughtime集成电路英语EnglishforIntegratedCircuitsAfterstudyingthisunit,youwillbeableto:identifythekeymilestonesinthedevelopmentofintegratedcircuits;explainhowthetransistorrevolutionizedtechnologyandtransformedthemodernworld;outlinethemajordevelopmentalphasesofChina’ssemiconductorindustry;organizeanexhibitionontheevolutionofChina’ssemiconductorindustry.Learning

objectives集成电路英语Englishfor

IntegratedCircuitsGettingonthestageUnlocking

thetopicViewingthroughthelensShowcasingChina’stechadvancesExploringthefrontierCONTENTS集成电路英语Englishfor

IntegratedCircuitsSettingthesceneImagineaworldstillrunningonbulkyvacuumtubes–aworldofroom-sizedcomputers,overheatedradios,andnosmartphonesinsight.Suchascenariowouldrenderthemodernconvenienceswetakeforgrantedtodayinconceivable.Fortunately,theinventionofthetransistorandtheadventofintegratedcircuitstransformedthisgrimpossibility,revolutionizingtechnologyandpavingthewayforthedigitalage.Fromcommunicationsandtransportationtohealthcareandscientificresearch,integratedcircuitshavebecometheinvisiblebackboneofnearlyeverymodernsystem.Inthisunit,youwillexploretheevolutionofICtechnologyandorganizeanexhibitionshowcasingChina’sjourneyfromearlyexperimentationtoglobalinnovation.Scanthecodeandcompletethe

technicalvocabularyexerciseonUcampus.Wordbank

tyrannyn.

暴虐discretea.

分离的transistorn.晶体管optimizevt.使最优化minisculea.

极小的radiationn.

辐射navigatev.（为…）导航calculatorn.

计算器Howdidtheinventionoftheintegratedcircuittransformmodernsociety?Watchthevideoclipandcompletetheoutlinewithwhatyouhear.(Withsubtitles)(Withoutsubtitles)1958RobertNoyceandJackKilbyproposedtwoideastoovercomethetyrannyofnumbers,leadingtothecreationofthe1)_______________________.integratedcircuitTheintegratedcircuitwasutilizedinthe2)_______________________________,whichservesasanonboardspacecraftnavigationsystem.ApolloprogrameraWiththeinventionofthe3)______________________,aconsumerversionofthehandheldcalculatorenteredthebusinessmarket.1971ApolloGuidanceComputermicroprocessorThewidespreaduseofthemicroprocessorin4)_____________________________accelerateditsdevelopmentandsignificantlyloweredthepriceofcomputertechnology.1970s—1980sTheapplicationanddevelopmentoftheintegratedcircuitin5)________________________________technologyhavefueledrapidsocietalprogress.Mid-20thcenturyonwardhouseholdelectronicdevicesconsumerandcommunicationsTheintegratedcircuitplaysavitalroleinalmosteveryaspectofhumanlife,settingthestageforthe6)________________________.TodaytechnologicalrevolutionScan

the

codeformorecomprehensionexercisesonUcampus.

ScriptsThehistoryofintegratedcircuitsInthesummerof1958,DoctorRobertNoyce,FairchildSemiconductor,andJackKilby,TexasInstruments,bothfacedthesameproblem–thetyrannyofnumbers.Thereweretoomanyelectroniccomponentsininterconnectingwirestocontinuetoincreasethecomputingpoweroftechnologywhilesimultaneouslyminimizingsize.Tosolvethetyrannyofnumbers,technologyneededtomovepastthediscretetransistor,adevicecapableofswitchingelectronicsignals.KilbyandNoyceproposedtwoideas.First,allthepreviouslyseparatetransistorsandothercomponentscouldbeintegratedifthey’replacedononesiliconwafer.Second,ifallofthecomponentsweremadeoutofsilicon,theinterconnectingwirescouldsimplybeprintedontoonesiliconchip.Thecombinationofthesetwoideasresultedintheinnovationoftheintegratedcircuit.Theintegratedcircuitoptimizedsize,speed,andreliabilitybycombiningthecapabilitiesofamultitudeofcomponentsontoonedevice.Itenhancedcomputingpowerbecauseseveralcomponentswereintegratedwithouttangiblewires.Theintegratedcircuitcouldbemanufacturedatminisculesizes,andsincethecomponentswereincorporatedontoonechip,theycouldbepurchasedatamoreaffordablepricethanwhentheywerepreviouslysoldasindividualparts.Thethinfilmofsiliconthatsurroundedtheintegratedcircuiteliminateddeteriorationoftheelectroniccomponents,whichdrasticallyreducedthechanceoffailureintheoperationofthecircuit.Theuniqueabilityoftheintegratedcircuittominimizesizeandweight,combinedwithitsnearlyunfailingreliabilityandresistancetospaceradiation,madeitthekeycomponentoftheApolloGuidanceComputer,anonboarddevicethatnavigatesaspacecraft.TheeffectiveapplicationoftheintegratedcircuitintheApolloGuidanceComputermarkeditsearlyuseincomputertechnology.However,theintegratedcircuitdidnotimmediatelybecomeprevalentintheconsumerindustrybecausepeopledidnotseeaneedforpersonalelectronicdevices.Althoughtheideaofthehandheldcalculatoremergedrelativelyearly,aconsumerversionwouldnotreachthebusinessmarketuntiltheinventionofthemicroprocessorin1971.Themicroprocessorcombinedmultipleintegratedcircuitsontoamicrocomputer,whichfurtherreducedthesizeandcostofmicroelectronics.Eachyearaftertheadventofthemicroprocessor,consumerproductsdecreasedinpricewhilesimultaneouslyimprovingperformance.Thesuccessfulapplicationofthemicroprocessorinhouseholdelectronicdevicesinducedavastexpansionoftheconsumerindustryandanewfoundsocialdesiretoimprovelifethroughtechnology.Thisdemandforpersonalelectronicssparkedarapiddevelopmentofthemicrocomputerthroughoutthe1970sand1980s,eventuallyresultinginanextraordinaryreductioninthepriceofcomputertechnology.Withtheadventofmoderncommunicationstechnology,informationhasbecomeincreasinglyprominentindailylife.Portableconsumertechnologieshaveallowedpeopletoshareinformationinamultitudeofdifferentmedia,suchastext,voice,graphics,andvideo.Theaccessibilityofinformationhasprovidedpeoplewiththecapabilitytocommunicateandgainaccesstoknowledgeinstantaneouslyfromanylocationaroundtheworld.Thismodernsocietyisknownasaglobalvillage,aworldsointerconnected.Itappearsasifeveryoneislivingclosetogether.Theextensivediffusionofvastamountsofinformationintheglobalvillagehastransformedthewaysocietydevelops.Society’srapidprogressionsincethemiddleofthe20thcenturycanbeattributedtotheintegratedcircuit’sapplicationandconstantdevelopmentinconsumerandcommunicationstechnology.Atthetimeofitsinnovation,theintegratedcircuitsimplystoodasasmaller,morepowerful,andmorereliableelectronicdevice.Buttoday,ithasbecomeauniversaltechnologyonwhichthemodernworlddepends.Withouttheintegratedcircuit,therewouldbenocommunicationssatellites,noGPSnavigationsystems,nolaptopsorcellphones,nopersonalentertainmentdevices,nomodernmilitaryweapons,nolarge-scaleautomationorspaceexploration.Theintegratedcircuit’spervasiveapplicationinnearlyeveryfacetofhumanlifeclearlyillustrateshowithaslaidthefoundationforthetechnologicalrevolutionthatnowdefinesourmodernsociety.Workingroupsanddiscussthequestions.Inwhatwayshaveintegratedcircuitsreshapedcommunication,education,andevenculturalexchangeinyourownlife?Whatemergingcomputertechnologycouldtransformsocietyinthenext50years,asintegratedcircuitsoncedidinthe20thcentury?Integratedcircuitshavereshapedmylifeinmanyimportantwaysbymakingsmartphones,computers,andtheInternetwidelyavailable.Intermsofcommunication,theyallowmetostayintouchwithfamilyandfriendsinstantlythroughmessages,phonecalls,andvideochats.Ineducation,theygivemeeasyaccesstoonlinecourses,digitallibraries,andlearningplatformsanytimeandanywhere.ReferenceanswersTheyalsopromoteculturalexchangebymakingitpossibleformetoexploredifferentculturesthroughmusic,films,videos,andsocialmedia.Asaresult,theworldfeelsmoreconnectedthanever,creatingastrongsenseofaglobalvillage.ReferenceanswersArtificialintelligenceisanemergingcomputertechnologythatcouldtransformsocietyinthenext50years,muchasintegratedcircuitsdidinthe20thcentury.Itcouldreshapethewaypeopleworkbyincreasingefficiency,reducingrepetitivetasks,andhelpingwithcomplexproblem-solving.Ineducation,forexample,AIcouldsupportpersonalizedlearning,provideinstantfeedback,andmakeinformationmoreaccessibletostudents.Itmayalsoimprovedailylifeinareassuchashealthcare,transportation,andcommunicationbyofferingsmarterservicesandmoreaccuratesuggestions.Forthesereasons,AIhasthepotentialtobecomeamajorforceinfuturesocialandtechnologicaldevelopment.1

ThiswastheheydayofBellLabs.Establishedastheresearch-and-developmentarmofatelephonecompany,ithadbecomeaplayground

forscientistsandengineersbythe1940s.Thisofficecomplexpioneeredthedevelopmentofsonar,lasers,andsolarcells,andperformeddefense-relatedresearchanddevelopmentundermilitarycontracts.Butnonewereasconsequentialasthetransistor.Thesmallyetmightytransistorthatchangedtheworld2

Somehistoriansoftechnologyhavearguedthatthetransistor,firstcraftedatBellLabsin1947,isthemostimportantinventioninhumanhistory.Regardlessofwhetherthisistrue,itisundeniablethatthetransistorsparkedarevolutionthatdigitizedtheworld.Withoutthetransistor,electronicsasweknowthemcouldnotexist.Almosteveryoneontheearthwouldbeexperiencingavastlydifferentday-to-daylife.Transistorshavehadaconsiderableimpactoncountriesatallincomelevels.Itishardtooverestimatetheimpacttheyhavehadonthelivesofnearlyeverypersonontheplanet.

3Atitscore,atransistorisadevicethatcanswitchelectriccurrentonoroff.Thinkofitasanelectricgatethatcanopenandshutthousandsuponthousandsoftimeseverysecond.Additionally,atransistorcanboostthecurrentpassingthroughit.Thoseabilitiesarefundamentalforbuildingallsortsofelectronics,includingcomputers.4Transistorsaretypicallymadefromcertainelementscalledsemiconductors,whichareusefulformanipulatingcurrent.Thefirsttransistorwasfashionedusingthemetalloidgermanium.Bythemid-1960s,manytransistorswerebeingmadefromsilicon–theelementjustabovegermaniumintheperiodictable–andengineerswerepackingtransistorstogetherintocomplexintegratedcircuits,thefoundation

ofcomputerchips.5Forthepastfewdecades,thedevelopmentoftransistorshasstucktoaruleofthumbknownasMoore’sLaw:Thenumberoftransistorsyoucanpackintoastate-of-the-artcircuitwouldroughlydoubleevery18to24months.Moore’sLaw,abuzzwordinthecomputerchipworld,haslongbeenaclichéamongengineers,thoughitisstillrelevanttoday.Moderntransistorsarejustafewnanometersinsize.Thetypicalprocessorinthedeviceyouareusingtoreadthisarticleprobablypacksbillionsoftransistorsontoachipsmallerthanahumanfingernail.6Beforetheadventoftransistors,electronicsreliedonvacuumtubes–bulbs,typicallymadeofglass,thatheldchargedplatesinsideanairlesschamber.Vacuumtubeshaveafewadvantagesovertransistors.Theycangeneratemorepower.Decadesafterthetechnologybecameobsolete,someaudiophilesswearthatvacuumtubemusicplayerssoundbetterthantheirtransistorcounterparts.Butvacuumtubesareverybulkyanddelicate.Theytendtoburnoutquickly,justlikeincandescentlightbulbs.

Moreover,theyoftenneedtimeto“warmup,”makingvacuumtubegadgetsabitlikecreakyoldradiators.7Thetransistorseemedtobeaconvenientreplacement.AccordingtoonememberoftheIEEEElectronDevicesSociety,theinventorsofthetransistorthemselvesbelievedthatthetransistormightbeusedinsomespecialinstrumentsandpossiblyinmilitaryradioequipment.8Oneofthefirsttransistor-basedgadgetstohitthemarketwasahearingaidreleasedin1953.Soonaftercamethetransistorradio,whichbecameemblematicofthe1960s.Portablevacuumtuberadiosdidexist,butwithoutthetransistor,handheldradioslikelywouldn’thavebecometheubiquitousdevicethatkickstartedtheabilitytolistentomusicoutandabout.9Evenintheearlyyearsofthetransistorera,thesedeviceshadstartedtoskyrocketinnumber–andinsomecases,literally.TheApolloprogram’sonboardcomputer,whichhelpedastronautsorienttheirspacecraftthroughmaneuversinspace,wasbuiltwithtransistors.Withouttransistors,engineerswouldeitherhavehadtofitabulkyvacuumtubedeviceontoacrampedspacecraft,orastronautswouldhavehadtorelyontediouscommandsfromtheground.10Transistorshadalreadybegunrevolutionizingcomputers.Acomputerbuiltjustbeforethestartofthetransistorera–theElectronicNumericalIntegratorandComputer(ENIAC),designedtoconductresearchfortheU.S.military–usedmorethan17,000vacuumtubesandfilledaspacethesizeofaballroom.11Vacuumtubecomputerstookuplessspaceovertime,buttheyremainedexpensive.Evenin1951,theUniversalAutomaticComputer(UNIVAC)camewithanexceptionallyhighpricetag,anditscustomerswerelargebusinessesordata-heavygovernmentagenciesliketheU.S.CensusBureau.Itwasnotuntilthe1970sand1980sthatpersonalcomputers,poweredbytransistors,startedtoentermiddle-classhomes.12

Without

transistors,wemightliveinaworldwhereacomputerissomethingyouwoulduseatwork–notathome.Forgetsmartphones,handheldnavigation,flatscreendisplays,electronictimingscreensintrainstations,orevenhumbledigitalwatches.Allofthoseneedtransistorstowork.Thetransistoriscrucialtoawiderangeofmoderntechnologies,includingtelecommunications,datacommunications,aviation,andaudioandvideorecording.13Aswelookback,itisclearthattransistorshaveshapedtheworldoverthepastfewdecades.Yetwhatformmighttheytakeintheyearstocome?Itishardtosaywithanyamountofcertainty.Almostalltransistorstodayaremadewithsilicon,whichishowSiliconValleygotitsname.Buthowlongwillthatlast?14

Silicontransistorsarenowsmallenoughthatengineersarenotsurehowmuchsmallertheycanget.Energy-consciousresearcherswanttomakecomputerchipsthatuselesspower,partlyinthehopeofreducingthecarbonfootprintfromdatacentersandotherlargefacilities.15Agrowingnumberofresearchersarethinkingupalternativestosilicon.Theyarethinkingofcomputerchipsthatharnessweirdquantumeffectsandtinybitsofmagnets.Theyarelookingatalternativematerials,rangingfromgermaniumtoexoticformsofcarbon.Whichofthese,ifany,mayonedayreplacethesilicontransistor?Thatisn’tcertainyet.

16Asoneresearcherputsit,nosingletechnologycanmeetallneeds.Thedefiningtechnologyofthelate21stcenturymaynothaveevenbeeninventedyet.小器件，大能量：改变世界的晶体管1

这是贝尔实验室的黄金时代。贝尔实验室最初是一家电话公司的研发部门，到20世纪40年代时，这里已然成了科学家与工程师的乐园。这座办公园区率先推动了声呐、激光器与太阳能电池的发展，还曾依据军方合同开展国防相关的研发工作。但这些成就，没有一项像晶体管那样意义深远。2一些技术史学家认为，1947年在贝尔实验室首次制造出来的晶体管，是人类历史上最重要的发明。无论这一论断是否正确，晶体管掀起了一场使世界走向数字化的革命，这一点是毋庸置疑的。没有晶体管，我们如今所熟知的各类电子设备都将不复存在，几乎地球上所有人的日常生活都会与现在截然不同。晶体管对不同收入水平的国家都产生了相当大的影响，其对地球上几乎每个人生活的影响，再怎么高估也不为过。3

从本质上来说，晶体管是一种能够控制电流通断的器件。你可以把它想象成一道电门，每秒能完成成千上万次的开合动作。除此之外，晶体管还能对流经自身的电流起到放大作用。这些能力，对制造包括计算机在内的各类电子设备而言是非常重要的。4晶体管通常由某些被称为半导体的元素制成，这些元素有助于控制电流。世界上第一个晶体管，是用类金属的锗制作而成的。到20世纪60年代中期，许多晶体管开始由硅制成——硅是元素周期表中位于锗正上方的元素。工程师们还将晶体管组合在一起，制作成结构复杂的集成电路，而集成电路正是计算机芯片的基础。5

数十年来，晶体管的发展一直遵循着一条经验法则，即人们所熟知的“摩尔定律”——能够装入最先进电路中的晶体管数量，大约每18至24个月就会翻一番。摩尔定律早已是计算机芯片领域的流行语，在工程师群体中更是老生常谈，但即便到了今天，它依然有现实意义。现代晶体管的尺寸仅有几纳米，你此刻用来阅读这篇文章的设备，其典型处理器可能在一块比人类指甲还小的芯片上集成了数十亿个晶体管。6

在晶体管出现之前，电子设备依赖真空管。真空管通常是玻璃制成的灯泡状器件，其内部是无空气的腔体，腔体内装有带电极板。相比晶体管，真空管有一些优势，它们能输出更大的功率。即便在真空管技术早已被淘汰的几十年后，仍有一些音响发烧友坚持认为，真空管音乐播放器的音质要优于晶体管音乐播放器。但真空管体积庞大且十分脆弱，往往很快就会烧坏，像白炽灯一样。不仅如此，真空管通常需要时间“预热”，这使得用真空管制成的设备，有点像吱嘎作响的老旧暖气片。7晶体管似乎成了便捷替代品。据电气电子工程师协会电子设备协会的一位成员说，晶体管的发明者们自己当时也认为，晶体管或许会用于某些专用仪器，也可能用于军用无线电设备。8

最早面市的晶体管设备之一，是一款于1953年推出的助听器。不久之后，晶体管收音机也随之诞生，成为20世纪60年代的时代符号。虽然此前也有便携式真空管收音机，但如果没有晶体管，手持收音机可能不会成为随处可见的设备——正是这种设备，开启了人们出门在外也能听音乐的可能。9即便在晶体管时代的早期，这类器件的数量就已经开始激增，而且在某些情况下，还真是字面意义上的“一飞冲天”。阿波罗计划中的机载计算机，正是由晶体管制造而成，这台计算机帮助宇航员通过控制航天器在太空中的机动来调整方向。倘若没有晶体管，工程师们要么得把体积庞大的真空管设备塞进本就十分狭小的航天器，要么宇航员就不得不依赖来自地面的繁琐指令。10晶体管此前就已经开始彻底改变计算机。晶体管时代来临前夕诞生的电子数值积分计算机，是为提供给美国军方用于开展研究而设计的。这台计算机使用了超过17,000只真空管，占据了一个舞厅大小的空间。11

尽管此后的真空管计算机体积有所缩小，但造价依旧十分高昂。即便是到了1951年，通用自动计算机的价格依旧高得惊人，其客户是大型企业或美国人口普查局这类需要处理海量数据的政府机构。直到20世纪七八十年代，由晶体管驱动的个人计算机，才开始走进中产阶级家庭。12如果没有晶体管，我们或许会生活在这样一个世界：计算机只是在工作中使用的东西，而不是家里的日常用品。更别提智能手机、手持导航设备、平板显示器、火车站的电子计时屏，甚至是不起眼的数字手表——这些事物都需要晶体管才能运行。晶体管对众多现代技术至关重要，包括电信、数据通信、航空以及音视频录制等。13回望过去，晶体管在过去数几十年间重塑了整个世界。但在未来的岁月里，晶体管又会以何种形态存在？这一点，没人能给出确切的答案。如今，几乎所有晶体管都以硅为原材料，硅谷的名字也正源于此。但这种局面又能持续多久呢？14

如今，硅晶体管已经小到了连工程师们也不确定它们还能被缩小到何种程度。注重节能的研究人员想要制造出耗电更少的计算机芯片，部分原因是希望减少数据中心和其他大型设施的碳足迹。15越来越多的研究人员开始构想硅的替代方案。他们设想的计算机芯片将利用奇特的量子效应和微小的磁体。这些研究人员也在研究各类备选材料，范围从锗到奇特形态的碳不等。这些方案中，如果有某一种能在未来某一天取代硅晶体管，那会是哪一种呢？目前尚无定论。16

正如一位研究人员所言，没有任何一种技术能够满足所有需求。或许，定义21世纪后期的技术，甚至可能至今还未被发明出来。Establishedastheresearch-and-developmentarmofatelephonecompany,ithadbecomeaplaygroundforscientistsandengineersbythe1940s.[Meaning]:

Itwasoriginallycreatedtoconductresearchforatelephonecompany,andbythe1940sithadbecomeaplacewherescientistsandengineerscouldfreelyexperimentandinnovate.[Knowledgefocus]:Thesentenceusesametaphorintheword“playground.”Literally,aplaygroundisaplacewherepeoplegotoenjoythemselves.Here,however,itdoesnotmeanthatscientistsandengineerswentthereforentertainment.Instead,itsuggeststhattheplaceprovidedanopen,enjoyable,andstimulatingenvironmentwheretheycouldexploreideas,experiment,andinnovatefreely.Thismetaphorpresentsscientificworkascreativeandexciting,ratherthanroutineorrestrictive.[Words&Phrases]:playground:

aplacewhereaparticulargroupofpeoplegotoenjoythemselves娱乐场所；享乐的地方

e.g.

ThecodingplatformbecameadigitalplaygroundforAIenthusiaststoexperimentwithneuralnetworks.Atitscore,atransistorisadevicethatcanswitchelectriccurrentonoroff.[Meaning]:Basically,atransistorworksbyallowingorblockingtheflowofcurrent.[Knowledgefocus]:transistor(seevideoclip)[Words&Phrases]:atitscore:initsmostbasicform

从本质上说e.g.Atitscore,thebridgedesignusestriangularsupportstospreadheavyloadssafelyacrosstheframe.[Words&Phrases]:switch(sth.)on:

turnoffamachine,light,radio,etc.usingaswitch（用开关）开，打开e.g.Engineersswitchedthecoolingfansonwhenthemotortemperaturereachedthewarninglimitduringtrials.switch(sth.)off:turnonamachine,light,radio,etc.usingaswitch（用开关）关掉，关上e.g.Theresearcherswitchedthedroneoffafterthebatterywarningappearedonthecontrollerscreenduringflight.Bythemid-1960s,manytransistorswerebeingmadefromsilicon–theelementjustabovegermaniumintheperiodictable–andengineerswerepackingtransistorstogetherintocomplexintegratedcircuits,thefoundationofcomputerchips.[Meaning]:Bythemid-1960s,manytransistorsweremadewithsilicon,anelementdirectlyabovegermaniumintheperiodictable,whileengineerswerecombiningmanytransistorsintocomplexintegratedcircuitsthatbecamethefoundationofcomputerchips.[Knowledgefocus]:Theperiodictableisatabulararrayofthechemicalelementsorganizedbyatomicnumber,fromtheelementwiththelowestatomicnumber,hydrogen,totheelementwiththehighestatomicnumber,Goransson.Theatomicnumberofanelementisthenumberofprotonsinthenucleusofanatomofthatelement.Hydrogenhas1proton,andoganessonhas118.[Words&Phrases]:packsth.into:causesth.topresstogetherintoalimitedspace（使）挤进e.g.

Aerospaceengineerspacklightweightsensorsintosatellitepanelstomonitorstructuralstrain.foundation:themostbasicpartofsth.fromwhichtherestofitdevelops基础e.g.Basiccodingknowledgeisthefoundationofprogrammingsmarthomecontrolsystems.Moreover,theyoftenneedtimeto“warmup,”makingvacuumtubegadgetsabitlikecreakyoldradiators.[Meaning]:Besides,vacuumtubedevicesusuallytakeaminutetoturnonproperly,sotheyaresortoflikeslow-warmingoldspaceheaters.[Knowledgefocus]:Avacuumtube,alsocalledathermionicvalve,isanelectronicdevicethatoperatesinanevacuatedenclosure,oftenaglassenvelope.Itwaswidelyusedinearlyradios,televisions,andcomputers.Althoughithasmostlybeenreplacedbytransistors,itisstillusedinsomehigh-powerandaudioapplicationstoday.Tobetterunderstandthebasicworkingprinciple,thediagrambelowshowsasimplifiedvacuumtubestructure.Asisshowninthediagram,thisvacuumtubecontainsaheater,aheatedcathode,andananode.Theheaterwarmsthecathode,causingittoemitelectrons,whicharethenattractedtothepositivelybiasedanode.Thissentenceusesthesimile“likecreakyoldradiators”toturnadrytechnicaldetailintoarelatablescene.Mostpeoplehavewaitedforoldradiatorstoslowlywarmuporheardtheirrattling“wake-up”sounds,sothiscomparisoninstantlyhelpsreadersvisualizewhyvacuumtubescan’tworkrightaway–theyneedtimetostabilizetheirinternaltemperaturejustlikearadiatorneedstimetoheataroom.[Words&Phrases]:warmup:runforashorttimeinordertoreachthetemperatureatwhichamachine,anengine,etc.willoperate

well预热e.g.Thesetraditionalwaterheaterswarmupfor30minutestoprovideenoughhotwaterforshowers.Withouttransistors,wemightliveinaworldwhereacomputerissomethingyouwoulduseatwork–notathome.[Meaning]:Iftransistorsdidnotexist,computerswouldprobablybelimitedtoworkplacesandnotpartofeverydayhomelife.[Knowledgefocus]:Thisisahypotheticalstatementthatusesthemodalverb“might”topaintavividpictureofanalternativereality:onewherecomputersarestrictlyworkplace-onlytools,neverenteringourhomes.Byaskingreaderstoimaginethisscenario,thesentenceencouragesthemtoreflectontheoften-overlookedroleoftransistors–howtheyturnedbulky,professionalmachinesintoaccessibletechnologythatwenowusedailyathome.[Words&Phrases]:without:nothavingsth.,esp.sth.thatisbasicornecessary缺乏；没有e.g.Withoutregulartesting,engineersmaymisssmalldesignproblemsbeforethemachineenterstheproductionprocess.1.Readthepassageandcompletetheoutlinewithinformationfromthepassage.ThebirthoftransistorsThetransistorwasinventedatBellLabsintheyear1)____________,becomingoneofthemostimportantinventionsinhistory..Readingandsynthesizing1947FundamentalsandadvantagesoftransistorsTransistorsaredevicescapableofswitching2)_______________onoroff,andof3)_____________thecurrentpassingthroughthem.Thedevelopmentoftransistorshasfollowedaruleofthumbknownas4)_______________.Transistorshavereplacedvacuumtubesbecausetheyovercomethelimitationsofbeing5)______________,fragile,andslowtostart.electriccurrentboostingMoore’sLawbulkyApplicationsoftransistorsTransistorshaveinfluencedconsumerelectronics,aerospace,andcomputers,formingthefoundationofallmoderntechnologies.Futureoftransistors6)____________________areapproachingtheirphysicallimits,andresearchersareworkingtocreatecomputerchipsthatconsumelesspower.Researchersareexploringchipsusing7)___________________,magnets,andalternativematerials.SilicontransistorsquantumeffectsScanthecodeformoreexercisesonUcampus.ScanthecodeandcompletefourlanguageexercisesonUcampus,includingtechnicalvocabulary,generalVocabulary,sentencestructure,andtranslation.ImprovinglanguageskillsThepassagementionsthatresearchersareexploringpotentialalternativestosilicon,includinggermanium,unusualcarbon-basedmaterials,andapproachesthatrelyonquantumeffectsandmagnets.Thesematerialsandtechnologiescouldreshapethefutureofsemiconductordesignandperformance.Workingroupsanddiscussthequestions.Whichmaterialortechnologyismostlikelytoreplacesilicon-basedtransistorsinthefuture?Givescientificorindustrialevidencetosupportyourview.Whatarethepotentialmajorchallengesinthepursuitofthismaterialortechnology,andhowmighttheybeovercome?Amongthepossiblealternatives,germaniumismostlikelytoreplacesiliconasthesemiconductormaterialinfuturetransistors.Thisismainlybecauseitcanbeintegratedintotheexistingsemiconductorindustrymoreeasilythanmaterialsthatrequireentirelynewmanufacturingtechnologies.Germaniumhashighercarriermobilitythansilicon,whichcanimprovethespeedandperformanceofdevices.ReferenceanswersForexample,silicon-germaniumisalreadyusedinhigh-speedandradio-frequencycomponentsfoundinsomesmartphones.Thisindustrialapplicationshowsthatgermaniumisnotonlyscientificallypromisingbutalsopracticallyviable,makingitastrongcandidateforfuturesemiconductordevelopment.Germaniumstillfacesseveralchallengesbeforeitcanbewidelyadoptedinsemiconductordevices.Althoughitoffershighercarriermobility,itssmallerbandgapmaycausehigherleakagecurrentandreliabilityproblems.Inaddition,germanium-basedproductionisstilllessmatureandmoreexpensivethansilicon-basedmanufacturing.Thesechallengesmaybeovercomethroughcontinuedresearch,improvedfabricationtechniques,andbetterdevicedesign.Forexample,researcherscandevelopmorestablegatematerialsandoptimizechipstructurestoimprovereliability.Greaterindustrialinvestmentandgradualadoptioninspecializedapplicationscouldhelpimproveproductionefficiency,reduceunitcostsovertime,andsupportthewideruseofgermaniuminthefuture.TheriseofChina’ssemiconductorindustry1China’ssemiconductorindustryhasundergoneasignificanttransformation,ev