考博英语模拟试卷22

考博英语模拟试卷22

一、词汇（本题共40题，每题7.0分，共40分。）

1、Agooddealoftheforhisachievementinthisfieldmustgotohissupervisor,

ProfessorFang.

A、credit

B、reputation

C、respect

D、praise

标准答案：A

知识点解析：credit荣誉，功劳；reputation名誉,名声；respect尊重;praise赞

扬。

2、Aswecannolongerwaitforthedeliveryofourorder,wehavetoit.

A、postpone

refuse

C、accept

D、cancel

标准答案：D

知识点解析：postpone延迟；refuse拒绝;accept接受;cancel取消。

3、Thereisahighjobmobilityamongyoungpeopleastheywillworkoneday

andfindanewjobthenext.

A、duparl

reject

C、quit

D、leave

标准答案：C

知识点解析：depart离开，启程；reject拒绝，丢弃；quit放弃，中断；leave离

开，剩下。

4、Thesearchforthelostshipmustbebecauseofpoorweather,

released

B、resigned

C、abandoned

D^surrendered

标准答案：C

知识点解析：released释放，发行；resigned辞职；abandoned放弃；surrendered投

降。

5、Thecaronedrivesmayshowhis/herorsocialposition.

A、curiosity

B、status

C>importance

D、reputation

标准答案：B

知识点解析：curiosity好奇心；status身份，地位；importance重要性；reputation

名声。

6、isthequestionofusingexistingresourcestoproduceoriginalandbeneficial

solutions,ideasorproducts.

A、Creativity

Productivity

C、Application

D、Combination

标格答案：A

知识点解析:Creativity创造；Productivity生产力；Application应用;Combination

5口口Q

7、Sometimesartistsfindithardfortheirworkstowinpopular.

A、welcome

B、applause

C、appetite

D^appreciation

标准答案：D

知识点解析：welcome欢迎；applause欢呼：appetic食欲，爱好；appreciation®

激，欣赏。

8、Intheoftheprojectnotbeingasuccess,theinvestorsstandtoloseuptoUSD

30million.

A、face

B、time

C、event

D、course

标准答案；A

知识点解析：inihefaceof面对...；intimeof........时期；intheeventof如果...

发生；inthecourseof在...期间。

9、Whyaresomeofusgoodatmath,orwriting,whileothersatartor

basketball?

A、work

gaze

C>aim

D、excel

标准答案：D

知识点解析：work工作；gaze凝视；aim瞄准；excel优秀，胜过他人。

10、Thejetquicklyintotheskyandsoonwentoutofourview.

A^ascended

B>launched

C^assessed

D^descended

标准答案：A

知识点解析：ascend上升；launch发射，作及物动词；assess评估；descend下降。

11、TheGreatWallisagreattourist,drawingmillionsofvisitorsfromallparts

oftheworldeveryyear.

A、attention

R、appointment

C、attraction

D、interest

标准答案：C

知识点解析:attention注意；appointment约会,指定；attraction吸引，吸引人的事

物；interest兴趣。

12、Disabledpeoplearenowabletocareformanyoftheirownneeds,

educationalgoals,andmaintainjobs.

A、attempt

B、pursue

C^realize

D、perform

标准答案：B

知识点解析：attempt尝试：pursue追求；realize了解，实现：perform执行。

13、Tomcouldhardlyhisexcitementasheknewthathehadmadeareal

discovery.

A、conceal

B、reveal

C、show

D、discover

标准答案：A一一

知识点解析：conceal隐藏；reveal揭示；show显示;discover发现。

14、Thegoalsanddesireswidelybetweenmenandwomen,betweentherich

andthepoor.

A^swing

B、vary

C、distinguish

D、transfer

标准答案：B

知识点解析：swing摇摆；vary变化，不同，有差异（主语多为物）；distinguish区

别，辨认（主语多为人）；transfer转移。

15、Thelocalauthoritiesseemedtofortheaccidenttakingplacelastweek.

A、share

B、take

C、criticize

D、blame

标准答案：D

知识点解析：betoblame应受谴责；share分享；takefor以为；criticize批评。

16、TheattackoftheWorldTradeCenterwillleaveaimpressiononthosewho

havewitnessedtheexplosion.

A、long

B、forever

C^lasting

D、lively

标准答案：C

知识点解析：long长期的；forever永远;lasting持久的；lively活泼的,逼真的。

17、Thefullofchangesincomputertechnologywillbefeltwithinthenextfew

years.

A、affect

B、impact

C、action

D、importance

标准答案：B

知识点解析：affecl影响；impact冲击，影响；aclion作用；importance重要性，

18、Thecomingofautomationistohaveimportantsocialconsequences.

A、like

B、frightful

C、bound

D^compelled

标准答案：C

知识点解析：like相似的；frightful可怕的；bound必定的；beboundlo必定；

compelled强迫的。

19>Itisourpolicythatwewillachieveunitythroughpeacefulmeans.

A、consistent

B、considerate

C^certain

D、decisive

标准答案：A

知识点解析：consistent一贯的,始终如一的;considerate考虑周到的;certain确定

的；decisive决定性的。

20、Thesurveyshowedthatnumbersof15-year-oldswerealreadysmoking

twentycigarettesaweek.

A、essential

steady

C、primary

D、substantial

标推答案：D

知识点解析：essential本质的；steady稳定的；Primary主要的，初步的；

substantial大体上,基本上，实质的，坚固的。

21、Chemistryiscloselywithotherstudies:physics,biologyandsoon.

A、corresponded

B、concerned

C、correlated

D、cooperated

标准答案：C

知识点解析:corresponded通信,协调；concerned参与,干预；correlated使相关

联；cooperated合作，协作。

22、Thepolicetoemergenciesinjustafewminuteswhentheaccident

happened.

A、responded

B、replied

C、adjusted

D、appealed

标准答案；A

知识点解析：responded-。）做出反应；replied回答;adjusted调整;appealed求助,

呼吁。

23、Thedestructionofrainforestshasbeenasadisasterfortheenvironment.

A、blamed

B>declared

C^condemned

D^appealed

标准答案：C

知识点解析：blamed责备;declared宣布;condemned谴责，判刑：appealedft

诉。

24、Shypeopleneversetouttoattractattentionofotherpeople.

A^willingly

B>voluntarily

C、decidedly

D^deliberately

标准答案：B

知识点解析：willingly自愿的，欣然的；volunlarily自发的；decidedly果断的；

deliberately故意的。

25、Becauseofarecentobstacleinproduction,saleshavedroppedandaccordingly

profitshave.

Axdeclined

B、increased

C、broken

D、maintained

标准答案：A

知识点解析:declined卜降;increased增加；broken打破；maintained保持。

26、TherehasbeenanincreaseinattendanceatlecturesbytheWorldAffairs

Council,whichbringsinternationalissuestopublicattention.

A、developed

B、sponsored

C^advanced

D、promoted

标准答案：B

知识点解析：developed发展：sponsored发起，主办;advanced前进,提前：

promoted促进，提升。

27、Itisnottoolate,butactionisneeded.

A^fight

B、urgent

C、hurry

D、prompt

标准答案：D

知识点解析：right对的,恰当的;urgent紧急的;hurry匆忙，仓促；prompt迅速

的，及时的。

28>Hisdesiretootherpeoplehascausedtroubleinhisfamily.

A、please

B、dominate

C^force

D、urge

标准答案：B

知识点解析：please取悦；dominate支配；force强迫；urge催促。

29、Concernedpeoplewanttotheriskofdevelopingcancer.

A、take

BNdecrease

C、minimize

D、claimed

标准答案：C

知识点解析：lake〔heriskofdoingsth.冒险做...；decrease宣布，断言；minimize

减到最少：claimed声称，主张“

30、Thebadlywoundedsoldierstakeformedicaltreatmentoverthoseonly

slightlyhurt.

A、priority

B、measures

C、chance

D、responsibility

标准答案：A'

知识点解析：priority优先；measures尺寸，措施；chance机会，偶然性；

responsibility贡任。

31、Itisstillnotclearwhataseriesofargumentbetweenthem.

A、contributed

marked

C、ignited

D、triggered

标准答案：D

知识点解析:contributed捐献;marked标记；ignited点火,使激动；triggered引

发，触发。

32、Inordertosurvivenowandinthefuture,alltheworkingstaffmust

constantlycreatenewideasforeveryaspectofyourbusiness.

ANmaximize

B、thrive

C、measures

D^remain

标准答案：B

知识点解析：maximize最大化；thrive兴旺;measures测量，权衡；remain保持，

剩余。

33、Manmaydestroythebalanceofnature,butfromtimetotime,naturetakesaterrible

A、attack

B、threat

C、lesson

D、revenge

标准答案：D

知识点解析：attack攻击；threat威胁;lesson教训I；revenge报复。

34、Shethehighunemploymentfiguresasevidenceofthefailureofthe

governmentpolicy.

A、cited

B、recited

C^listed

D、lifted

标准答案：A

知识点解析:cited引证；recited背诵,朗读；listed列出；lifted提高。

35、SinceJapanimportancetoeducationandtechnologicalinnovation,its

economyhasdevelopedatahighspeed.

A、relates

applies

C、attaches

D、connects

标准答案：C

知识点解析：attachimportanceto重视。

36、Thispolicygavetoprivatepropertyandledtodifferencesbetweentherich

andthepoor.

A、life

B、birth

C、way

D^death

标准答案：C

知识点解析：givebirth2产生：givewayto让步，承认。

37、Humansshouldnotdeveloptheireconomyattheoftheecological

environment.

A^destruction

B、pollution

C、expense

D、mercy

标准答案：C

知识点解析：at【heexpenseof在损害...情况下，以...为代价；atthemercyof

受……的支配。

38、Wemusttrytothebestofourmoralvaluesforourchildrenandgrand­

children.

A^replace

B、remain

C、generate

D、preserve

标准答案：D

知识点解析：replace替换，remain保持，遗留；generate产生；preserve保存，保

藏V

39、Properclothesfbrmuchinbusiness.That'swhyyouseemostbusiness

peopledressformally.

A、count

account

C、allow

D、care

标准答案：A

知识点解析：countfor价值；counlformuch关系重大；accountfor解释，说明；

allowfor顾及，考虑；carefor照顾，关心。

40、Hewasseriouslyinjuredinacaraccident,whichwastofaultybrakes.

A、attributed

B、contributed

C>blamed

D、applied

标准答案：A

知识点解析:attributeto归因于...。

二、阅读理解（本题共30题，每题1.0分，共30分。）

Inolddays,whenaglimpseofstockingwaslookeduponassomethingfartooshocking

todistracttheseriousworkofanoffice,secretariesweremen.ThencamethefirstWorld

Warandthemalesecretarieswerereplacedbywomen.Amanssecretarybecamehis

personalservant,chargedwithrememberinghiswife'sbirthdayandbuyingherpresents;

takinghissuitstothedry-cleaners;tellingliesonthetelephonetokeeppeoplehedidnot

wishtospeaktoatbayand,ofcourse,typingandfilingandtakingshorthand.Nowall

thismaybechangingagain.ThemicrochipandhightechnologyissweepingtheBritish

office,takingwithilmuchoftheroutineclericalworkthatsecretariesdid,"Onceoffice

technologytakesovergenerally,thestatusofthejob,willriseagainbecauseitwill

involveonlythehigh-poweredwork-andthenmenwillwanttodoitagain."Thatwas

saidbyoneoftheexecutives(male)ofoneofthebiggestsecretarialagenciesinthis

country.WhathehaspredictedisalreadyunderwayintheUS.Onegirldescribedtome

arecenttemporaryjobplacingmeninsecretarialjobsinSanFrancisco.Shenotedthatall

themenshedealtwithappearedtobegaysopossiblythatisjustanewtwisttotheold

story.Overhere,though,therearemencomingoniothejobmarketassecretaries.

Classically,girlshaveleai*nedshorthandandtypingandgoneintoacompanytoseek

theirfortunefromthebottom------andthat'swhathappenedtoJohnBowman.Although

hejoinedanationalgrocerychainassecretarytoitsfirstwomanseniormanager,hehas

sincebeenpromotedtoanadministrationjob."IfilledintheapplicationformandsaidI

coulddoaudio/typing,andinfactIwastheonlyapplicant.Thegirlswerereluctantto

workforthisyoung,glamorousnewwomanwithallthispowerinthe"Ididtyping

atschool,andthenacommercialcourse.Ijustthoughtitwouldbeusefulfindingajob.I

nevergotanyfunnytreatmentfromthegirls,thoughIadmitI'venevermetanothermale

secretary.ButthenIjoinedthePostOfficeasaclerkandcarelesslyplayedwiththe

typewriter,andwroteletters,andthoughtthatafterallsecretariesweregettingagood

£1,000ayearmorethanclerkslikeme.Therewasashortageatthattime,yousee.""It

wassimplerworkingforawomanthanfbraman.Ifoundshemadedecisions,shetold

everybodywhatshethought,andtherewasnoneofthatmalebitchiness,or(hatstuff'ring

thisnumberformedear,'whichmengoinfbr.""Don'tforget,wewereateam------that's

howIfeelaboutit------notbossandservantbuttwopeopledoingdifferentthingsforthe

samepurpose.Oncehightechnologyhasmadethejobofsecretarylessroutine,willthere

bemaletakeover?Menshouldbewareofthinkingthattheycanwalkrightintothebetter

jobs.Therearealotofwomensecretarieswhowilldothejobaswellastheybecause

theyareasefficientandv/elltrainedtocopewithwordprocessorsandcomputers,and

men.

41、BeforethefirstWorldWar,femalesecretarieswererarebecausethey.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：文章第一段就说明了，在以前秘书都是男性，因为人们认为女性在办

公室的出现会影响其他员工的工作。

42、Asecretaryinthefuturewill.

标准答案：C

知识点0析：由第四段可以得到答案。

43、JohnBowmanwasgivenhisfirstjobasasecretarybecause.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：JohnBowman得到这份秘书工作是因为“Hewastheonlyapplicant^

44、Whenhewasapostofficeclerk,secretarieswerebetterpaidbecause.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：参看文章倒数第四段最后一句话。

45、Thewriterbelievesthatbeforelong.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：作者在文章最后一句话中指出，女性也将能胜任男性所从事的这项工

作。

Therearefourbasictypesofcompetitioninbusinessthatformacontinuumfrompure

competitionthroughmonopolisticcompetitionandoligopoly（商晶供应垄断）lo

monopoly.Atoneendofthecontinuum,purecompetitionresultswheneverycompany

hasasimilarproduct.Companiesthatdealincommoditiessuchaswheatorcornare

ofteninvolvedinpurecompetition.Inpurecompetition,itisoftentheeaseandefficiency

ofdistributionthatinfluencespurchase.Incontrast,inmonopolisticcompetition,several

companiesmaycompetefbrthesaleofitemsthatmaybesubstituted.Theclassic

exampleofmonopolisticcompetitioniscoffeeandtea.Ifthepriceofoneisperceivedas

toohigh,consumersmaybegintopurchasetheother.Couponsandotherdiscounts（折

扣）areoftenusedaspartofamarketingstrategytoinfluencesales.Oligopolyoccurs

whenafewcompaniesdominatethesalesofaproductorservice.Forexample,onlyfive

airlinecarrierscontrolmorethan70percentofallticketsalesintheUnitedStates.In

oligopoly,seriouscompetitionisnotconsidereddesirablebecauseitwouldresultin

reducedrevenuefbreverycompanyinthegroup.Althoughpricewarsdooccur,inwhich

allconwaniesolfersubslantialsavingslocuslomers,asomewhatsimilarlendencytc

raisepricessimultaneouslyisalsousual.Finally,monopolyoccurswhenonlyonefirm

sellstheproduct.Somemonopolieshavebeentoleratedforproducersofgoodsand

servicesthathavebeenconsideredbasicoressential,includingelectricityandwater.In

thesecases,itisgovernmentcontrol,ratherthancompetition,thatprotectsandinfluences

sales.

46>Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

标准答案：C

知识点解析：文章介绍的就是商业竞争的四种基本形式。

47、Anexampleofproductinmonopolisticcompetitionis.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：由文章第二段容易得到答案。

48、Theword"tolerated"inparagraph4couldbestbereplacedby.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：第四段中“⑹erated”的意思是“允许”，所以答案为A。

49>Whatdoestheauthormeanbythestatement"Althoughpricewarsdooccur,in

whichallcompaniesoffersubstantialsavingstocustomers,asomewhatsimilartendency

toraisepricessimultaneouslyisalsousual"?

标准答案：A

知识点解析：作者的意志是，虽然也会出现顾客受益的价格战，但所有的公司联合

起来提高价格也是很常见的。

50、Theword*'it"inparagraph3refersto.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：“seriouscompetition...itwould...inthegroup.”这句话中的“it”显然指

代前面的"seriouscompetition”。

KevinRogersusedtobemyboss.Atthattimehewasahard-working,up-and-coming

businessmanandarealslave-driver,alwaystellinguswehadtosellmoreandmore.As

soonasIcould.Igotajobwithanothercompany.ThelasttimeIsawRogerswasmore

thantenyearsago.Atleastthat'swhatIthoughtuntillastThursday.ButnowI'mnotso

sure.Iwasonmywaybacktomyofficeinthecenteroftown.Thereisasmallpark

nearbywhichIsometimeswalkthroughafterlunch.Itisempty,exceptforanunshaven,

shabby-lookingmanononeofthebenches.Helookedaboutfiftyyearsoldandwas

wearinganold,grayovercoat.Itwasacold,wintryday,andhewasshivering."It'sbeen

alongtimesinceIhadameal.Canyouhelpme?”hesaid.Therewassomethingabout

hisvoicethatsoundedfamiliar.Igavehimafewcoinsandhemumbledsomethingabout

beinggrateful.Ashestumbledpastme,Ilookedathisfaceclosely,IwonderedwhereI

hadseenhimbefore.Thenithitme.Coulditpossiblybe...?No!Impossible,Ithought.I

watchedhimwalkingaway.HewasthesameheightasRogersbutlookedalotthinner

thanIremembered.Then,asheleft{heparkandturneddownthestreettIcaughtsightof

hisfaceagain,thistimeinprofile.ThenosewasthesameasRogers*,too.Ialmost

followedhimbutsomethingmademestop.Ijustcouldn'tbesure.Buttheresemblance

wasveryclose.YesterdayIrainintosomeonewhohadworkedforRogersatthesame

timeIdid,andhadstayedonlonger.IstartedtellinghimaboutthemanIhadseeninthe

park.ForamomentIthoughtitwasouroldboss.Thevoice,thenose,andeventheface

werejustlikeRogers,butitcouldn'thavebeen,"Rogersmustbethedirectorofabig

companybynow"Isaid.Myex-colleagueshookhishead."Ithoughtyouknew.”

"Knew?Knewwhat?Whatareyoutalkingabout?""Rogerswassenttoprisonsixyears

ago.He'sprobablyoutbynow.ForallIknowhe'ssleepingonparkbenchesandbegging

moneyfrompassers-by.”

51>ItseemsthatwhenRogerswasthewriter'sboss,thewriter.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：第一段中作者介绍Rogers是一个拼命工作并对员工要求苛刻的老

板，作者以最快的速度的离开了那个家公司。可见作者不喜欢在Rogers手下那份

工作。

52、Whenthisstorybegins,thewriter.

标准答案：c

知识点露析：从第二段的前两句话可以得到答案。

53、Whenthemaninparksawthewriter,theman.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：答案显然是Ao

54、Thewriterthoughtthemanmightbe.

标准答案：c

知识点解析：作者以为那个人是Rogers,即他曾经的老板。

55、Whenthewritertoldanex-colleagueaboutthemaninthepark,theex-colleague

标准答案：D

知识点解析：很显然，艰据作者的前同事所了解的情况，他认为那个人很可能就是

Rogerso

Engineeringstudentsaresupposedtobeexamplesofpracticalityandrationality,but

whenitcomestomycollegeeducationIamanidealistandafool.InhighschoolI

wantedtobeanelectricalengineerand,ofcourse,anysensiblestudentwithmyaims

wouldhavechosenacollegewithalargeengineeringdepartment,famousreputationand

lotofgoodlabsandresearchequipment.Butthat'snotwhatIdid.Ichosetostudy

engineeringatasmallliberal-artsuniversitythatdoesntevenofferamajorinelectrical

engineering.Obviously,thiswasnotapracticalchoice:Icamehereformorenoble

reasons.Iwantedabroadeducationthatwouldprovidemewithflexibilityandavalue

systemtoguidemeinmycareer.Iwantedtoopenmyeyesandexpandmyvisionby

interactingwithpeoplewhoweren'tstudyingScienceorengineering.Myparents,

teachersandotheradultspraisedmeforsuchasensiblechoice.TheytoldmeIwaswise

andmaturebeyondmy18years,andIbelievedthem.Iheadedofftocollege,feelingsure

Iwasgoingtohaveanadvantageoverthosestudentswhowenttobigengineering

"factories"wheretheydidn'tcareifyouhadvaluesorwereflexible.Iwasgoingtobea

completeengineer:technicalgeniusandsensitivehumanistallinone.NowI'mnotso

sure.Somewherealongthewaymynobleidealscrashedintoreality,asallnobleideals

eventuallydo.Afterthreeyearsofstragglingtobalancemath,physicsandengineering

courseswithliberal-artscourses,Ihavelearnedtherearereasonswhyfewengineering

studentstrytoreconcileengineeringwithliberal-artscoursesincollege.Therealitythat

hasblockedmypathtobecomethetypicalsuccessfulstudentisthatengineeringandthe

liberalartssimplydon'tmixaseasilyasIassumedinhighschool.Individuallythey

shapeapersoninverydifferentways;togethertheythreatentoconfuse.Thestraggleto

reconcilethetwofieldsofstudyisdifficult.

56、Theauthorchosetostudyengineeringatasmallliberal-artsuniversitybecausehe

标准答案：C

知识点解析：在第三段中作者表示：“Iwasgoinglobeacompleteengineer：

technicalgeniusandsensitivehumanistallinone.”作者选择艺术类院校读书正是因

为他想成为一个把工程技术和人文科学完美结合的优秀人才。

57、Accordingtotheauthor,byinteractingwithpeoplewhostudyliberalarts,

engineeringstudentscan.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：“Iwantedtoopenmyeyes...Scienceorengineering.”作者认为同学艺

术的人交往可以开阔视野，增长见识。

58、Intheeyesoftheauthor,asuccessfulengineeringstudentisexpected.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：在作者看来，一个成功的工程类学生应该不仅应该具有技术才能，更

需要有广阔的视野。

59、Theauthor'sexperienceshowsthathewas.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：故事的最后，作者的美好理想在现实中破灭。所以他的理想固然是

好，但却是不切实际的。

60、Theword"theyHinparagraph5refersto.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：结合上下文，很显然这个“they”是指代前一句话中的“engineeringand

M

theliberalartso

Standardusageincludesthosewordsandexpressionsunderstood,used,andacceptedbya

majorityofthespeakersofalanguageinanysituationregardlessofthelevelof

formality.Assuch,thesewordsandexpressionsarewelldefinedandlistedinstandard

dictionaries.Colloquialisms,ontheotherhand,arefamiliarwordsandidiomsthatare

understoodbyalmostallspeakersoflanguageandusedininformalspeechorwriting,but

notconsideredacceptableformoreformalsituations.Almostallidiomaticexpressions

arecolloquiallanguage.Slang,however,referstowordsandexpressionsunderstoodbya

largenumberofspeakersbutnotacceptedasappropriateformalusagebythemajority.

Colloquialexpressionsandevenslangmaybefoundinstandarddictionariesbutwillbe

soidentified.BothColloquialusageandslangaremorecommoninspeechthanin

writing.Colloquialspeechoftenpassesintostandardspeech.Someslangalsopassesinto

standardspeech,butotherslangexpressionsenjoymomentarypopularityfollowedby

obscurity.Insomecases,themajorityneveracceptscertainslangphrasesbut

neverthelessretainsthemintheircollectivememories.Everygenerationseemstorequire

itsownsetofwordstodescribefamiliarobjectsandevents.Ithasbeenpointedoutbya

numberoflinguiststhatthreeculturalconditionsarenecessaryforthecreationofalarge

bodyofslangexpressions.First,theintroductionandacceptanceofnewobjectsand

situationsinthesociety;second,adiversepopulationwithalargenumberofsubgroups;

third,associationamongthesubgroupsandthemajoritypopulation.Finally,itisworth

notingthattheterms"standard,""colloquial,"and"slang"existonlyasabstractlabelsfbr

scholarswhostudylanguage.Onlyatinynumberofthespeakersofanylanguagewillbe

awarethattheyareusingcolloquialorslangexpressions.MostspeakersofEnglishwill,

duringappropriatesituations,selectanduseallthreetypesofexpressions.

61、Whichofthefollowingisthemaintopicofthepassage?

标准答案：C

知识点解析：C最全面的概括了全文的主题。

62Howisslangdefinedbytheauthor?

标准答案：D

知识点解析：第一段中作者已经定义了slang：<creferstowordsandexpressions

understoodbyalargenumberofspeakersbutnotacceptedasappropriateformalusage

bythemajority”。

63、Theword"obscurity'*inparagraph2couldbestbereplacedby.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：在文章第三段介绍俚语产生的三个条件之中，并没有大量的语言学家

这一条件。

64、Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingasrequirementsfbrslangexpressionstobe

createdexcept

标准答案：D

知识点解析：从最后一段可以看出来作者是赞成在合适的场合使用slang和

Colloquialspeech的。

65、Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：从最后一段可以看出来作者是赞成在合适的场合使用slang和

Colloquialspeech的。

Whatdotheextraordinarilysuccessfulcompanieshaveincommon?Tofindout,we

lookedforcorrelations.Wcknowthatcorrelationsarcnotalwaysreliable;nevertheless,

inthe27survivors,ourgroupsawfoursharedpersonalitytraitsthatcouldexplaintheir

longevity（长寿）.Conservatisminfinancing.Thecompaniesdidnotrisktheircapital

gratuitously（无缘无故地）.Theyunderstoodthemeaningofmoneyinanold-fashioned

way;theyknewtheusefulnessofsparecashinthekitty.Moneyinhandallowedthemto

snapup（抓住）optionswhentheircompetitorscouldnot.Theydidnothaveloconvince

third-partyfinanciersoftheattractivenessofopportunitiestheywantedtopursue.Money

inthekittyallowedthemtogoverntheirgrowthandevolution.Sensitivitylotheworld

aroundthem.Whethertheyhadbuilttheirfortunesonknowledgeoronnaturalresources,

thelivingcompaniesinourstudywereabletoadaptthemselvestochangesintheworld

aroundthem.Aswars,depressions,technologies,andpoliticssurgedandebbed（潮起潮

落），theyalwaysseemedtoexcelatkeepingtheirfeelersout,stayingattunedtowhatever

wasgoingon.Forinformation,theysometimesreliedonpacketscarriedovervast

distancesbyportageandship,yettheymanagedtoreactinatimelyfashiontowhatever

newstheyreceived.Theyweregoodatlearningandadapting.Awarenessoftheir

identity.Nomatterhowbroadlydiversifiedthecompanieswere,theiremployeesallfelt

likepartsofawhole,lordCole,chairmanofinthe1960s,forexample,sawthecompany

asafleetofships.Eachshipwasindependent,butthewholefleetwasgreaterthanthe

sumofitsparts.Thefeelingofbelongingtoanorganizationandidentifyingwithits

achievementsisoftendismissedassoft.Butcasehistoriesrepeatedlyshowthatasenseof

communityisessentialforlong-termsurvival.Managersinthelivingcompanieswe

studiedwerechosenmostlyfromwithin,andallconsideredthemselvestobestewardsof

alongstandingenterprise.Theirtopprioritywaskeepingtheinstitutionatleastashealthy

asithadbeenwhentheytookover.Toleranceofnewideas.Thelong-livedcompaniesin

ourstudytoleratedactivitiesinthemargin:experimentsandeccentricitiesthatstretched

iheirunderstanding.Theyrecognizedthatnewbusinessesmaybeentirelyunrelatedio

existingbusinessesandthattheactofstartingabusinessneedtobecentrallycontrolled.

W.R.Grace,fromitsverybeginning,encouragedautonomousexperimentation.The

companywasfoundedin1854byanIrishimmigrantinPeruandtradedinguano,a

naturalfertilizer,beforeitmovedintosugarandtin.Eventually,thecompanyestablished

PanAmericanAirways.Todayitisprimarilyachemicalcompany,althoughitisalsothe

leadingproviderofkidneydialysis（透折）servicesintheUnitedStates.Bydefinition,a

companythatsurvivesformorethanacenturyexistsinaworlditcannothopetocontrol.

Multinationalcompaniesaresimilartothelong-survivingcompaniesofourstudyinthat

way.Theworldofamultinationalisverylargeandstretchesacrossmanycultures.That

worldisinherentlylessstableandmoredifficulttoinfluencethanaconfinednational

habitat.Multinationalsmustbewillingtochangeinordertosucceed.Thesefourtraits

formtheessentialcharacterofcompaniesthathavefunctionedsuccessfullyforhundreds

ofyears.Giventhisbasicpersonality,whatprioritiesdothemanagersofliving

companiessetforthemselvesandtheiremployees?

66>Whichofthefollowingdoesnotbelongtoconservatisminfinancing?

标准答案：A

知识点解析：A项的意思是“一个人口袋里存不住钱”，当然与原文不符；B选项的

意思是“钱不会长在树上”，C选项意思是“钱要好好地花”，D选项意思是“钱能生

钱”