考研英语（二）模拟试卷14

考研英语（二）模拟试卷14

一、完型填空（本题共20题，每题7.0分，共20分。）

Itisnotoftenrealizedthatwomen[Cl]ahighplaceinsouthernEuropean

societiesinthe10thand11thcenturies.Asa[C2],thewomanwasprotectedby

thesettingupofadowryordccimum.[C3],thepurposeofthiswastoprotect

heragainsttheriskofdesertion,butin[C4]itsfunctioninthesocialandfamily

lifeofthetimewasmuchmoreimportant.Thedecimumwasthewife'srighttoreceivea

tenthofallherhusbands[C5].Thewifehadtherighttowithholdconsent,in

alltransactionsthehusbandwould[C6].Andmorethanjustaright:the

documentsshowthatshe[C7]arealpowerofdecision,equaltothatofher

husband.[C8]dothedocumentsindicateany[C9]ofdifferenceinthe

legal[CIO]ofhusbandandwife.Thewifeshared[Cl1]the

managementofherhusband'spersonalproperty,hnrthe【012】wasnotalways

true.Womenseemed[C13]preparedtodefendtheirowninheritance[C14]

husbandswhotriedtoexceedtheirrights,andon[C15],theyshoweda

finefightingspirit.Acase[C16]isthatMariaVivas,aCatalanwomanof

Barcelona.Havingagreed[C17]herhusbandMirotosellafieldshehad

[C18]fortheneedsofthehousehold,sheinsistedoncompensation.None

beingoffered,shesucceededindraggingherhusbandtothescribetohavea[C19]

dulydrawnupassigningherapieceoflandfrom[C20]personal

inheritance.

1、[Cl]

A^realized

B、stayed

C、upheld

D^held

标准答案：D

知识点解析：realize不能与place搭配；stay是不及物动词;uphold是“支持，赞

成”，不符合句意，所以用held。

2、[C2]

A、wife

girlfriend

C、secretary

D、cook

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本文讲的是在10、11世纪的欧洲，妇女结婚后可以通过嫁妆来保护

自己的权益不受侵犯。此处的wife与后文的husband相对应。另外，后文也提到

wife一词。

3、[C3]

A、Admittedly

B、However

C、Furthermore

D^Nevertheless

标准答案：A

知识点解析：admiltedly不可否认，符合句意；however表示转折；furthermorejit

外,而且：nevertheless然而，不过。

4、[C4]

A、society

life

C、reality

D、time

标准答案：D

知识点解析：inreality是一个词组，即“事实上”,insociety也可搭配，但与后面的

social重复。

5、[C5]

A、wealth

B、property

C>belongings

D^heritage

标准答案：B

知识点解析：从四个选项看，此处应是“财产”之意,只有property最合适，

heritage“遗产”，丈夫有的并非一定都是遗产。

6、[C6]

A、sigh

B、commit

C^do

D、make

标准答案：D

知识点解析：与transaclion搭配用make。

7、[C7]

A、remained

B、sustained

C、stayedin

D^enjoyed

标准答案：D

知识点解析：enjoypower即“享有权力”之意。

8、[C8]

A、However

B、Innocase

C^Nothing

D、Whatever

标准答案：B

知识点解析：选innoease,本句意思是“文件一点儿也没在丈夫与妻子的权力方面

有所偏向

9、（C91

A、stage

B、level

C、degree

D、shade

标准答案：C

知识点解析：选degree,指差异的程度。

10、[C10]

A、situation

B、status

C、level

D^position

标准答案：B

知识点解析：作为“地位”讲，还应用status,它有相对位置高低的含义。

11、[CH]

A、at

B、in

C、with

D、to

标准答案：B

知识点解析：“在……方面分享“，用in。

12、[C12]

A、opposition

B、other

C、opposite

知识点解析：同意某人用介词With。

18、［C18］

A、inherited

B、bought

C、sold

D、liked

标准答案：A

知识点解析：正是因为这块地是Maria所继承的遗产(inheritance),所以在为家庭利

益卖掉以后，Mana有权利坚持要求得到赔偿(compensation)。

19、［C191

A^contract

B、treaty

C、bargain

D、payment

标准答案：A

知识点解析：contract合同，契约，与后文的drawup(草拟)意义相对应；irealy条

约(多指两个或多个国家之间的正式协定卜bargain买卖合约：payment支付，报

偿。

20、[C20]

A、Miro

B、Maria

C、Catalan

D、Barcelona

标准答案：A

知识点解析：妻子（Maria的遗产被卖掉了，要从丈夫（Miro）所获的遗产中给妻子一

份来补偿她。

二、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题1.0

分,共20分。）

"TheessentialqualitiesofatruePan-Americanism”,remarkedFranklinRooseveltin

1933,"mustbethesameasthosewhichconstituteagoodneighbour,namelymutual

understandingand...asympatheticappreciationoftheother'spointofview.'*Thatis

advicewhichtheUnitedStateswoulddowelltoheedinitsrelationswithitsimmediate

neighbours,CanadaandMexico.MostAmericansmaynotbeawareofit,butfrustrations

andresentmentsarebuildingjustacrosstheirborderstobothsouthandnorth.Ofcourse,

neighbourlytiesinNorthAmericaarecloserthaninRoosevelt'sday.UndertheNorth

AmericanFree-TradeAgreement（NAFTA）,tradeamongthethreecountrieshasmore

thandoubledsince1994andcross-borderinvestmentclimbedevenfaster.Inthe

aftermathoftheterroristattacksofSeptember11th2001,theUnitedStatesmoved

quicklytosign"smartborder"agreementswithbothCanadaandMexico,totrytoensure

thatthedemandsofsecuritydidnotinterrupttrade.Bythestandardsofmuchofthe20th

century,politicaltiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandMexicoarewarm.Yetgotoeither

borderandyouwouldn'tknowallthis.Fedupwiththeflowofillegalmigrantsfromthe

south,thegovernorsofArizonaandNewMexicothismonthdeclaredastateof

emergency.Violencebetweendruggangsrecentlyled（heUnitedStatestemporarilyto

closeitsconsulateinNuevoLaredo,thebusiestborder-crossingpoint.TheAmerican

ambassadorbluntlycriticisesMexicoforitsfailuretopreventdrug-relatedviolencealong

theborder.ThathaspromptedretaliatoryverbalblastsfromMexicanofficials.Canada's

moodisnotmuchmorecordial.SinceSeptember11th,CanadiansandAmericansalike

havebecomelesskeenonpoppingoverwhattheylikedtocall"theworld'slongest

undefendedborder"forshoppingorrecreation.Canadiansincreasinglydisagreewith

AmericansovermattersasvariedastheIraqwarandgaymarriage.Theyare

disillusionedwithNAFTA,claimingithasfailedtopreventtheUnitedStatesfrom

unlawfullypunishingtheirexportsof,forexample,lumber.Sowhat?Frictionisinthe

natureofinternationalrelations,andtheproblemsonthenorthernborderarcdifferent

fromthoseinthesouth.Yetthereisacommondenominator.Americanstendtosee

security,migration,drugs,eventrade,asdomesticpoliticalissues.Butsotheyarefor

CanadaandMexicotoo.Likeitornot,Americansrelyontheirneighboursforprosperity,

energyandhelpwithsecurity.Itbehovesallthreecountriestoshowsome"sympathetic

understanding".

21、Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat.

A、theessentialqualitiesofatruePan-AmericanismweredefinedbyFranklinRoosevelt

B、mutualunderstandingisoneofthemostfar-reachingelementsinNorthAmerica

C、fewAmericansmaybeawareofothers'pointofview

D、America'sfriendshipwithCanadaandMexicorisksgoingsour

标准答案：D」「

知识点解析：这是一道细节题，测试考生深刻理解原文并且进行合理推导的能力。

本题的答案信息来源在首段的尾句，该句的大意是：“大多数美国人大概不清楚罗

斯福总统的忠告，但是失望和不满正在穿越国界向加拿大和墨西哥方向蔓延并加

深该句中的“southandnorth”指代的分别是墨西哥和加拿大两国。由此句，尤其

是“but,”引导的后半句，可以推断本题的正确选项应该是D“America，sfriendship

withCanadaandMexicorisksgoingsour”（美国与加拿大、墨西哥之间的友谊有出问

题的危险）。

22>Politicalrelationshipisdiscussedinthetextsoasto.

ANillustrateCanada'scordialmoodtowardMexicoandAmerica

B、interprettheimprovedneighbourlytiesinNorthAmerica

C、foretelltheprospectofinternationalrelations

D、gaugetheflowofillegalmigrantsfromMexico

标准答案：B

知识点解析：这是一道细节题，测试考生透彻理解原文结构和内容的能力。本题的

答案信息来源在第二段的首句和尾句。第二段的尾句是本题题干的所在位置，该句

是为第二段首句服务的，即第二段尾句是第二段首句（即主题句）的论证句。由此可

以推断本题的正确选项应该是B'MnterprettheimprovedneighbourlytiesinNorth

America”（解释说明改善了的北美睦邻关系）。

23、Theterm"thesouth11inthethirdparagraphmostprobablyrefersto.

A、theSouthernpartofAmerica

B>Mexico

C、theSouthernhemisphere

D、theSouthAfrica

标准答案：B

知识点解析：这是一道细节题，测试考生准确理解原文指代词的能力。本文论述美

国和其邻国（加拿大和墨西哥）之间的关系。美国的北部邻国是加拿大，南部邻国是

墨西哥。由此可以推断出本题的正确选项是B“Mcxico”（墨西哥）。

24、Accordingtothetext,AmericaandCanadahaveyettoreachconsensuson.

A^lumberexport

B、theIraqreconstruction

C、homomaniage

D、defenseoftheworld'slongestborder

标准答案：C」

知识点解析：这是一道细节题，测试考生理解原文信息以及进行同义词替换的能

力。本题的答案信息来源在第四段的第三句，该句的大意是：“加拿大人在许多问

题上与美国人发生分歧，如伊拉克战争和同性恋婚姻等问题”。由此可以推断出本

题的正确选项是Cuhomomarriage”（同性婚姻）。

25、Inthelastparagraphofthetext,theauthorintendstodefine.

A、thefrictionofthenorthernborder

B>thesignificanceofinternationalties

C^thedifferencebetweenCanadiansandMexicans

D^theimportanceofbeinggoodneighbours

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题是一道细节题，测试考生识别原文中心主旨句的能力。本题的答

案信息来源在尾段的最后两句话。这两句话的大意是：“不管怎样，美国人依赖于

其邻国来取得繁荣、能源和安全方面的帮助。这三个国家显示出一些真诚的理解是

必要的“。由此可以推断本文作者在尾段所强调的观点与全文的中心主旨一致，即

强调友好的睦邻关系。可见本题的正确选项是D“theimportanceofbeinggood

neighbours”（友好邻邦的重要性）。

AtanofficeinHampton,Virginia,intheeastoftheUnitedStates,ateamoftennet

savvyworkerssourcesthewebforsexualcontent,frombasicsexeducationtosexacts.

This"qualityassurance"teamismakingsurethattheblockingcomponentofSymantec's

NortonInternetSecurity2000computerprogramremainseffective.Thisisbecausethere

iswidespreadparentalconcernaboutblockingwebsiteswithsexualcontentfrom

children.Websiteblockingisnothingnew——serviceslikeNetNannyandprogramslike

CyberPatrolandGuardDoghavebeenaroundforafewyearsnow,protectingchildren

andreassuringparentsthatonlywholesomewebsitesareaccessedbytheyoungsters.Net

NannyandCyberPatrolwillpreventaccesstoanyquestionablesiteswhentheprogram

isinplace,NowSymantecsaysithascreatedanewcategoryinconsumersoftwarewith

apackagethatcombineswebsiteblockingwitha"firewall",protectingyourcomputer

fromhackersandviruses,aswellaspreventingcarelessdisclosureofpersonaldata.In

short,NortonInternetSecurity,astheprogramiscalled,isdesignedtoserveasthe

guardianofyourdigitalhealth,keepingthebadthingsoutandtheprivatethingsin.The

Symantecprogramcanbeconfiguredinmanyways,thewebsiteblocking,forexample,

canbesettobeeitherselectivelypermissiveortotalinitsbanningofwebsites,or

switchedoffentirely.Also,Symantec'slistofno-goareas,whichontheCDnowstandat

around36,000addressed,isnotconfinedtosexsites.TheteaminVirginiaisalsoonthe

lookoutforsitesadvocatingdrags,orwhichcontainreferencestoviolenceorgambling,

andkeepsawatchonchatrooms,e-mailservices,entertainmentportals-evenjobsearch

andfinancialpages.Thesesitescanbeblockedbytheprogram.Computeruserscanalso

refreshtheaddresslistonlinewiththeLiveupdatefeaturewhichisusedbyNortonAnti-

Virus(whichisbundledwithNIS)toloadthelatestvirusdefinitions.Thisserviceisfree

forthefirstyearbut,includingvirusdefinitionupdates;itcosts$19.95ayearthere-after.

Thesystemisnotperfect,however.Limitedtestingfoundtheblockingofsome

"questionable"siteswasnotcomprehensive.Tryingtogetaccesstoawell-knownUSsite

suchasPlayboyresultsinanimmediateblockingmessagewithastandardinvitationto

reportan"incorrectlycategorized"site.Bycontrast,youcouldfindinothercountries

suchasNewZealandasexsitewhichdeclareditselftobe"dedicatedtoprovidingsexual

material,imaged,andanythingalittlebitunusualforsexenthusiastsalloverthecountry.

26、Whatdoweknowfromthefirstparagraph?

A、Thenetsavvyworkersareinterestedinsearchingthewebforsexualcontent.

B、Parentswanttheworkerstomakesurethattheblockingcomponentworks.

C、Parentsacrosstheworlddon'twantthesexualwebsitestobeblocked.

D^Parentsacrosstheworldworrythattheirchildrenmightgethurtbysomewebsites.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：事实细节题。文章首段末尾两句指出“质量保证小组正在努力确保

Symantec公司的计算机程序有效地工作，因为世界各地的父母都关心色情网站的

封锁，以保护孩子们免受毒害”。因此可知”世界各地的父母都担心自己的孩子会受

到一些网站的毒害”，故为本题正确答案。

27、NortonInternetSecurityfunctionsto

A、shieldcomputersfromunexpectedinvasion.

B、protectcomputersfrombeingdamaged.

C、protectcomputersfrombeingstolen.

D、shieldcomputersfrombeingusedproperly.

标准答案：A-

知识点解析：推理判断题。文章第三段指出”现在Symantec公司声称已经创造了一

种供用户使用的新程序，这种程序可以将网站封锁系统与防火墙结合起来，保护电

脑免受黑客和病毒的袭击，同时也可以阻止因疏忽而泄漏个人资料”。第四段指出”

总之，诺顿网络安全特警就像它的名字那样做数据健康的卫士，保护你的隐私，将

不好的东西封锁在外”。因此可知诺顿网络安全特警的功能是保护计算机免受意外

侵害，故为正确选项。

28、Symantecmightnotblock

A、sexsites.

B、violencesite.

C^gamblingsites.

D、shoppingsites.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：事实细节题。第五段第二、三句指出“此外，Symantec在光盘上列出

的禁人名单上已列出36,000个地址，内容不仅限于色情网站。弗吉尼亚的工作小

组也在警戒那些包含毒品、暴力、赌博内容的网站，同时也监视着聊天室、邮件、

娱乐甚至找工作和财务方面的网页二这里只有“购物网站”没有提及，可能不是

Symantec封锁的对象。

29、Accordingtothepassage,theNISprogram

A、isalwaysfree,soarethevirusupdates.

B、isfree,butthevirusupdatescost$19.95.

C、costs$19.95includingthevirusupdates.

D^costs$19.95excludingthevirusupdates.

标准答案：C」

知识点解析：事实细节题。本文第六段指出”计算机用户不仅可以使用NIS程序，

还可以用和它捆绑在一起的‘即时刷新'功能，随时在线刷新'禁入者'名单，这些服

务在第一年是免费的，但以后每年要花费19.95美元，其中包括病毒定义更新软件

%由此可知”NIS程序费用是19.95美元，其中包括病毒更新软件”是本题正确选

项c

30、Whatdocstheauthormeanby"theblockingofsome'questionable,sitewasnot

comprehensive"(Line1,LastParagraph)?

A、Somewebsitesescapefrombeingdetected.

B、TheNISprogramisnoteffectiveinothercountriesatall.

C、AllthewebsitesinNewZealandshouldbeincludedinthelist.

D^ThewebsitePlayboyshouldbeincludedinthelistofno-goarea.

标准答案：A

知识点角》析：语义理解题。文章最后一段前两句指出”但是这种系统并不尽善尽

美。有限测试发现它对有问题的网站的封锁并不全面，接卜来，作者举例说明：

比如进入美国知名的“花花公子”网站，结果就会马上出现了一个封锁信息，报告这

是一个”错误分类的“网站。相反，你可以在其他国家，比如新西兰找到自称为'致

力于为全球所有热情者提供性欲、性幻想及任何一点非同寻常的东西”的色情网

站。可见最后一段中的例子是为了说明该段主题句(Limitedtestingfoundthe

blockingofsome"questionable"siteswasnotcomprehensive.）的支持性细节。从例

子可以推出该主题句的意思是”一些有问题的网站没有被发现”。

Morepeoplethaneverbeforeareembarkingontheirownenterpriseadventureand

startingtheirownbusiness.Nearly400,000companieswereestablishedlastyear,or35

percentmorethanin2002.Butofficialstatisticsalsoshowthatmorebusinessesthanever

arcfailing.Lastyear,arecord40,000businessesweredeclaredinsolvent.Withsomany

businessesfailingitisimportantifyouarethinkingofstartingabusinesstoplanand

prepareproperly.Thiswillalsoincreasethechancesofsecuringfinance."Oneofthekey

partsofstartingabusinessisensuringthattheoriginalideaisdevelopedintoafully

viableproductorservice,"JudithRutherford,thechiefexecutiveofBusinessLinkfor

London,says."Establishingwhetherthereisamarketfortheproductorserviceisths

nextstep.Thisshouldincludeathoroughexaminationofpotentialcompetitorsand

customers,"shesays.MItmayalsobeworthcommissioningsomemarketresearch."Ifthe

researchdemonstratesthereisaviableBusinesstobehad,thenthenextstepisto

developadetailedbusinessplan.Aswellasdetailsoftheproductandmarket,thisshould

alsoincludeabudgetplanandcashflowforecast.Approachingaqualifiedaccountant

canalsohelp.Aprofessionallookingplanwithcrediblefigureswillmakeiteasierto

attractfinance.ButJohnRendall,theheadofbusinessbankingatHSBCwarnsagainst

fallingintothetrapofcreatingabusinessplandesignedsolelywiththeobjectiveof

securingfunding."Agoodbusinessplanshoulddemonstratesomecriticalthinkingabout

yourbusiness,helpyouclarifywhatyouwanttoachieveandhowyouarcgoingto

achieveit.Itshouldalsohelpyoumarkprogress,setgoalsandbeinbettershapetodeal

withthechallengesanynewbusinessislikelytoface,"Mr.Rendallsays."Thisapproach

isfarmorelikelytoimpressthansomethingsolelydesignedtojustifyborrowing."Mr.

Rendallalsoadvisesbusinessesnottounderestimatehowmuchtheyneedtoborrow.

"Don*tbetemptedtounderplaythedebtyourequirejusttopleaseyourbank,"hesays.

"Abankisjustaslikelytoconsideralargersumifitispersuadedofthegrowthpotential

ofyourbusiness."Agoodbusinessplanshouldalsoincludecontingencyplansthat

outlineresponsestounforeseencircumstances—positiveaswellasnegative.For

example,whatwouldbethefinancialimpactofchangedeconomiccircumstances?What

changescouldbemadetorespond?Itisalwaysworthgettingcommentsfromfriendsor

colleagueswhocanbringamoredetachedperspective.Itcouldalsobeworthtakingthe

timetoinvestigatewhetheryourbusinessqualifiesforanygrants.Grantsareavailable

fromavarietyofsourcesincludingtheGovernmentanditsvariousdepartmentsand

agencies,theEuropeanUnionandsomecharitableorganizations.Ifyouareundertheage

of30,itwouldbeworthvisitingthePrince'sTrustwebsite,whichlastyearhelpedmore

than4,300youngpeoplestart-upinbusiness.Moredetailsonhowtofindgrants,raise

financeandimprovefinancialmanagementcanbefoundonTimesOnline'sGrantand

Financeguide.

31、Thenumberofthecompaniesthatwereestablishedin2002isabout

A、400,000.

B、40,000.

C、300,000.

D、260,000.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：推理题。文章第一段第二句表明：去年成立的公司大约有400,000

家，即比2002年多了35%。因此，2002年成立的公司数应为

400,000/35%~300,000,所以答案选项正确。为去年(2003年)新成立的公司数，为

宣告破产的公司数，的计算方法为400,000-400,000x35%=260,000,其计算结果为

比去年(2003年)减少35%的情况，所以这三项均不正确。

32、Accordingtotheauthor,abusinessplanshouldinclude

A、detailsofproductandmarket,abudgetplanandcashflowforecast.

B、abudgetplan,cashflowforecastandamarketinvestigationreport.

C、abudgetplan,cashflowforecastandcontingencyplans.

D、aresearchontheproductandmarket,abudgetplan,cashflowforecastand

contingencyplans.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：细节题。文章第五段第一、二句指出，一份详细的商业计戈I」，除了包

括产品和市场的细节，还应包括一份预算计划和现金周转预测；另外，文章第十段

第一句又提到：一份好的商业计划还应包括应对突发事件的计划。因此，正确答案

应为“一份关于产品和市场的调查、一份预算计划和资金周转预测及应对突发事件

的计划”。其余三个选项均不全面。

33、Theword"contingency"(Line1,Paragraph9)canbebestreplacedby

A、disasters.

possibilities.

C^emergencies.

D、happenings.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：语义题。从文章第十段可知，contingency所指的应为下文提到的难

以预料的各种事件(unforeseencircumstances),包括好的与不好的。disasters"灾难

",指的是不好的突发事件，没有全面概括contingency的含义，所以不能取代它；

possibilities”可能发生的事”，指可能发生的好的或不好的事件，暗含不可预测之

意，与contingency的意思接近，所以该项是正确答案；emergencies"紧急状况，突

发事故”，虽也有“突发”的意思，但主要强调情况紧急，且一般暗示情况不妙，所

以该项也不正确；happenings”事件,事故”,没有”突发，难以预料”的含义，所以

也不正确。

34、Thereasonwhyagoodbusinessplanisimportantisthatitcan

A、makeyoubepreparedfbryourenterpriseadventure.

B、persuadethebanktolendyouthelargesumofmoneyyourequire.

C^helpyougetgrants,raisefinanceandimprovefinancialmanagement.

D^helpyoumaketherightfirststeptosetupyourownbusiness.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：推理题。通观全篇，一份好的商业计划之所以重要的原因在于它能够

帮助创业者做好创业准备，因此“帮助你为创业做好准备”为正确选项。”说服银行

将你要求的大额款项贷给你”只是一个好的商业计划的部分效果，并不能完全说明

其重要性；”它能帮你得到资助、筹集资金并改进财政管理”并不是一份好的计划能

做到的，所以不是其重要性的原因；中的"hefirststep”指的就是做一份好的商业计

划及筹集资金，所以不能成为其重要的原因。

35、Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthisarticleistoshowhowto

A、embarkonone'sOWEenterpriseadventureandstartone'sownbusiness.

B、makeagoodbusinessplan.

C、maketherightfirststepsofone'sownbusiness.

D、findgrantsontheInternet.

标准答案：c

知识点标析：主旨题。本文的主旨在于阐述如何迈好自主创业的第一步。因此，”

如何迈出你正确的创业第一步”，比较全面、准确地概括了文章主旨，所以该项为

正确选项。”如何开始自己的事业冒险和自己的生意”太过宽泛，文章只谈及创业的

一个方面，并未面面俱到谈如何创业，所以该项不正确；”如何制定一份好的商业

计划“和“如何在因特网上找到资助”都只涉及到了文章主旨的一个方面，两者结合

才为文章的主旨。

Weassumedethicsneededthesealofcertainty,elseitwasnon-rational.Andcertainty

wastobeproducedbyadeductivemodel:thecorrectactionswerederivablefrom

classicalfirstprinciplesorahierarchicalrankedpantheonofprinciples.Thismodel,

though,isbankrupt.Isuggestwethinkofethicsasanalogoustolanguageusage.There

arenounivocalrulesofgrammarandstylewhichuniquelydeterminethebestsentence

foraparticularsituation.Norislanguageusageuniversalizable.Althoughasentenceor

phraseiswarrantedinonecase,itdocsnotmeanitisautomaticallyappropriateinlike

circumstances.Nonetheless,languageusageisnotsubjective.Thisshouldnotsurpriseus

intheleast.Allintellectualpursuitsarerelativisticinjustthesesenses.Politicalscience,

psychology,chemistry,andphysicsarenotcertain,buttheyarenotsubjectiveeither.AsI

seeit,ethicalinquiryproceedslikethis:wearetaughtmoralprinciplesbyparents,

teachers,andsocietyatlarge.Aswegrowolderwebecomeexposedtocompetingviews.

Thesemayleadustoreevaluatepresentlyheldbeliefs.Orwemayfindourselves

inexplicablymakingcertainvaluations,possiblybecauseofinheritedaltruistic

tendencies.Wemay"leamthehardway"thatsomeactionsgenerateunacceptable

consequences.Orwemayreflectuponourownandothers'"theories"orpatternsof

behavioranddecidetheyareinconsistent.Theresultingviewsare"tested;"weactaswe

thinkweshouldandevaluatetheconsequencesofthoseactionsonourselvesandon

others.Wetherebycorrectourmistakesinlightofthetestoftime.Ofcoursepeople

makedifferentmoraljudgments;ofcoursewecannotresolvethesedifferencesbyusing

somealgorithmwhichisitselfbeyondjudgment.Wchavenovantagepointoutside

humanexperiencewherewecanjudgerightandwrong,goodandbad.Butthenwedon't

haveavantagepointfromwherewecanbephilosophicalrelativistseither.Weareleft

withintherealworld,tryingtocopewithourselves,wi:heachother,withtheworld,and

withourownmistakes.Wedonothaveallthemoralanswers;nordowehavean

algorithmtodiscernthoseanswers.Neitherdowepossessanalgorithmfordetermining

correctlanguageusagebutthatdoesnotmakeusthrowupourhandsindespairbecause

wecannolongercommunicate.Ifweunderstandethicsinthisway,wecansee,Ithink,

therealvalueofethicaltheory.Somepeopletalkasifethicaltheoriesgiveusmoral

prescriptions.Theythinkweshouldapplyethicalprinciplesaswewouldapoultice:after

diagnosingtheillness,weapplytheappropriatedressing.Butthatisamistake.Notheory

providesasetofabstractsolutionstoapplystraightforwardly.Ethicaltheoriesare

importantnotbecausetheysolveallmoraldilemmasbutbecausetheyhelpusnotice

salientfeaturesofmoralproblemsandhelpusunderstandthoseproblemsincontext.

36、Ethicswasgenerallyconsideredtobe

A、definiteandclear.

vagueanduncertain.

C、certainbutnon-rational.

D、relativebutnotsubjective.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题问道德规范通常被看作是…。本篇文章是新老观点对应的文章，

本题问的是老观点，第一段谈的老观点，即通常人们认为道德规范是确定而理性

的。故”明确清楚的“正确。不清楚、不肯定的：与文意相反。肯定但不理性的：错

在"non-rational”上。相对但不主观的：这是新观点，不是老观点。

37、Inwhatwayisethicscomparabletolanguageusage?

A、Bothhaverulestomaketheoptimalchoiceunderacircumstance.

B、Bothvaryaccordingtothecontexttheyareapplicableto,

C^Botharethoughttobeobjective,notsubjective,existence.

D、Bothcontainsetsofrulesappliedinquitedifferentconditions.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题问在哪个方面道德规范可以和语言的用法相比。由第二段可知，

道德规范和语言的用法具有相似性：某种特定环境下没有单一的语法规则与之相

配，即便在相似的场合使用同一句话或短语，意思也不尽相同。故'两者都因适用

环境的差异而不同”正确。两者都有规则使人们在一定场合下作出最佳选择：与文

意相反。两者被认为是客观而不是主观的存在：文中谈到两者都不是W观的，但并

未谈到客观是两者的共同特点，作者强调的是两者都没有固定不变的规则，而不是

强调客观公正性。两者都包括一系列适用于不同条件的规则：双方都有一系列的规

则，这不是双方的可比之处，双方的可比之处是两者都有规则使用的不确定性。

38、InPara.3,theauthorusetheexpressionof"learnthehardway'1tomeanthat

wetrytoreevaluateourpreviouslyheldbeliefsaswegrowolder.

B、werefutesomemoralprinciplesonlyafterwefindtheminconsistent.

C、weacquireasenseofrightandwrongfromourreallifelessons.

D-.webecomematurethroughignoringourinheritedunselfishtendencies.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题问在第三段第六行作者使用了“learnthehardway”这一表达，其

意思是…。第三段倒数第四句说："Wcmay'lcarnthehardway'thatsomeactions

generateunacceptableconsequences."意思说我们可能要经过一个艰难的过程才懂

得一些行为会产生不可接受的结果。故，我们从真正的生活教训中获得了一种关于

什么是正确或错误的感觉”正确。我们在长大的时候试图重新评估我们以前持有的

见解；只有当我们发现一些道德原则不一致后，才会否定它们；我们由于忽视了继

承的无私的倾向而变得成熟，这三项均没有体现出教训的意思。

39、Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatarelativisticviewofethics

A、canonlybeacquiredaftersufferingloss.

B、oftengeneratesunacceptableconsequences.

C^iscultivatedanddevelopedwithpersonalgrowth.

D、istooabstracttobeotanypracticalvalue.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题问从本文可以推理出对于道德规范的相对观…。第三段谈到我们

小时候接受一般的道德教育，但长大后会遇到不同观点，这令我们对原有信仰重新

评价。也就是说我们对道德规范的相对现是随着年龄的增长不断发展起来的。故”

随着个人的成长逐渐培养发展起来”正确。只能在真正遭受损失后获得：0nly一词

过于绝对。文中虽然谈到要在现实生活中逐渐形成道德规范的相对观，但是这并不

意味着一定要遭受损失。常常产生不可接受的结果：根据文章第三段第六,"some

actionsgenerateunacceptableconsequences"可知有些行为会带来不可接受的后果，

但这里“someactions”只是泛指一些行为，是人们在摸索道德原则时遇到的挫折，

并非道德规范的相对观带来的后果。太抽象，不具备任何实际价值：本文的基本观

点就是说道德规范是相对的，因此作者对道德规范的相对观是积极态度，而本项却

是消极态度。

40、Themainfeatureoftheethicaltheoryadvancedbytheauthorliesinits

A^situation-sensitivity.

B、prescriptivefunction.

C^confirmationofexistingmoralvalues.

D、effectivenessinsolvingmoralproblems.

标准答案：A」

知识点解析：本题问作者提出的道德理论的主要特征是什么。纵观全文，作者将道

德伦理与语言的作用相比较，指出道德规范是相对的。不是万灵药，面对不同时隋

况有不同的处理方式。故”依形势的不同而变化”正确。规定的功能：这是旧的道德

观对道德规范的态度，正是作者反对的东西。证实现有的道德观；作者提出的理论

是在对现有的道德观（认为道德规范是确定的）进行质疑，而不是证实。有效地解决

道德问题：作者在本文强调的是道德规范应依情况的不同而变化，并未强调自己提

出的理论能有效解决道德问题。

三、阅读（补全短文）（本题共5题，每题7.0分，共

5分。）

Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutbeingabetterfriend,followedbyalistofimportant

ways.ChoosethebestwayfromthelistA—Fforeachnumberedsubheading(41—45).

Thereisoneextrawaywhichyoudonotneedtouse.Backwhenwewerekids,thehours

spentwithfriendsweretoonumeroustocount.Thereweremarathontelephone

conversations,all-nightstudyingandgigglingsessions.Evenafterboyfriendsenteredthe

picture,ourbestfriendsremainedirreplaceable.Andtimewasthemeansbywhichwe

nurturedthosefriendships.Nowasadultwomenweneverseemtohaveenoughtimefor

anything.Husbands,kids,careersandavocations—allrequireattention;toooften,

makingtimeforourfriendscomeslastonthelistofpriorities.Andyet,ironically,we

needourfriendsasmuchaseverinadulthood.Afriendshipnetworkisabsolutelycrucial

fbrourwell-beingasadults.Wehavetodothehardworkofbuildingandsustainingthe

network.Herearesomeimportantwaysfbraccomplishingthis.Letgoofyourless

centralfriendships.Manyofourfriendshipswerenevermeanttolastalifetime.It's

naturalthatsomefriendshipshavetimelimits.Furthermore,noweveryonehasabusy

socialcalendar,sopullbackfromsomepeoplethatyoudon'treallywanttodrawcloseto

andgivethemostpromisingfriendshipafairchancetogrow.(41)Bewillingto"drop

everything"whenyou'retrulyneeded.Youmaygetacallfromafriendwhoisreally

depressedoveracertainproblemwhenyouarejustsittingdowntoenjoyaromantic

dinnerwithyourhusband.Thisisjustoneofthoseinstanceswhenafriend'sneeds

matteredmore.(42)Takeadvantageofthemails.Nearlyallofushavepalslivingfar

away—friendswemissverymuch.Giventhelimitedtimeavailableforvisitsandthe

highpriceofphonecalls,writingisafinewaytokeepintouch-andmakesbothsender

andreceiverfeelgood.(43)Riskexpressingnegativefeelings.Whentimetogetheris

toughtocomeby,it'snaturaltowantthemoodduringthattimetobeupbeat.Andmany

peoplefearthatotherswillthinklessofyouifyouexpressthenegativefeelingslike

angerandhurt.(44)Don'tmakeyourfriends1problemsyourown.Sharingyourfriend's

griefisthewayyous