医学Diabetes糖尿病英文课件

Diabetes糖尿病英文医疗课件2026/8/27

Terminology

2Combiningformprefixandsuffixmeaningterminologymeaningaden/ogland腺adenitisadenomaadenopathy腺炎腺瘤腺病crin/osecrete分泌endocrinologyhypercrinecrinogenic内分泌学内分泌机能亢进的促分泌的hormon/ohormone激素hormonalhormonogenesishormonology激素的，激素性激素生成内分泌学adren/oadrenalglands肾上腺adrenitisadrenolyticadrenopathy肾上腺炎抗肾上腺素的肾上腺病2026/8/27

Terminology

3Combiningformprefixandsuffixmeaningterminologymeaningpancreat/opancreas胰腺pancreaticpancreatinpancreatogram胰腺，胰脏的胰酶胰造影摄片gluc/osugar糖glucagonglucogenesisglucolysis胰高血糖素葡萄糖生成糖酵解glyc/osugar糖glycopeniaglycosuriahyperglycemia低糖，糖过少糖尿高血糖症insulin/oinsulin胰岛素insulinaseinsulomahyperinsulinism胰岛素酶胰岛素瘤高胰岛素血症2026/8/27

Terminology

4Combiningformprefixandsuffixmeaningterminologymeaningendo-within内endodermendoscopeendoplasm内胚层内镜内质thyroid/othyroid甲状腺thyroiditisthyroidectomyhypothyroidism甲状腺炎甲状腺切除术甲状腺功能减退ovari/oovary卵巢ovariotomyovaritisovariopathy卵巢切开术卵巢炎卵巢病-trophicnutrition,growth,nourishment营养（的）neurotrophicthymotrophicadrenotrophic神经营养性的促胸腺的促肾上腺的01BriefIntroduction02Classification03

Themajorfactors04

Pathogenesis

05

ClinicalManifestations06Complications07

Diagnosis08

Antidiastole09TherapycontentsFigure1:Mainsymptomofdiabetes6Diabetesmellitus,orsimply

diabetes,isagroupofmetabolicdiseasesinwhichapersonhashigh

bloodsugar,eitherbecausethepancreas

doesnotproduceenough

insulin,orbecausecellsdonotrespondtotheinsulinthatisproduced.

Thishighbloodsugarproducestheclassicalsymptomsof

polyuria

(frequenturination),

polydipsia

(increasedthirst),and

polyphagia

(increasedhunger).

01BriefIntroduction702Classification2.1

Type1diabetes

Thepancreas

undergoesanautoimmuneattackbythebodyitself,andisrenderedincapableofmakinginsulin.Abnormalantibodieshavebeenfoundinthemajorityofpatientswithtype1diabetes.Antibodiesareproteinsinthebloodthatarepartofthebody‘simmunesystem,thepatientwithtype1diabetesmustrelyoninsulinmedicationforsurvival.02Classification2.2

Type2diabetes

Itpreviouslyreferredtoasnon-insulindependentdiabetesmellitus,oradultonset

diabetesmellitus.patientscanstillproduceinsulin,butdosorelativelyinadequatelyfortheirbody‘sneeds,particularlyinthefaceofinsulinresistanceasdiscussedabove.Inmanycasesthisactuallymeansthepancreasproduceslargerthannormalquantities

ofinsulin.Amajorfeatureoftype2diabetesisalackofsensitivitytoinsulinbythecellsofthebody.02Classification2.3

Othertypeofdiabetesgestationaldiabetes,occurswhenpregnantwomenwithoutapreviousdiagnosisofdiabetesdevelopahighbloodglucoselevel.Itmayprecededevelopmentoftype2DM.Otherformsofdiabetesmellitusincludecongenitaldiabetes,whichisdueto

genetic

defectsofinsulinsecretion,

cysticfibrosis-relateddiabetes,steroiddiabetesinducedbyhighdosesof

glucocorticoids,andseveralformsof

monogenicdiabetes.2026/8/27meta-变化的metabolismn.新陈代谢

metaboliten.代谢物

metabolizev.使新陈代谢

metabolicadj.变化的,新陈代谢的

poly-多的,多个的,聚合的

polydipsia多饮

polyuria多尿

polyphagia多食

WordAnalysis2026/8/27uri-尿的,与尿有关的

urinen.尿polyuria多尿uricadj.尿的

urinaln.尿壶

urinatev.小便

urinationn.排尿

glucosuria糖尿WordAnalysis2026/8/27Birthweight:FatIrregularmenses(menstruation)InflammationObesity

andasedentary

lifestyleSmokingMetabolicsyndrome

03

Themajorfactors03

Themajorfactors

3.1

BirthweightThereisarelationshipbetweenbirthweightanddevelopingdiabetes.Thehigherthebirthweightthehighertheriskoftype2diabetes.Attheotherendofthespectrum,averyhighbirthweight(over8.8poundsor4kg)alsoisassociatedwithanincreasedrisk.Additionally,mothersofinfantswhohadahigherbirthweight(over9pounds)areatincreasedriskfordevelopingdiabetes.03

Themajorfactors

3.2

FatThedistributionoffatisimportant.Theclassic"pear"shapeperson(smallerwaistthanhips)hasalowerriskofdevelopingdiabetesthanthe"apple"shapeperson(largeraroundthewaist).Theexactreasonforthisdifferenceisunknown,butitisthoughttohavesomethingtodowiththemetabolicactivityofthefattissueindifferentareasofthebody.03

Themajorfactors

3.3

Irregularmenses(menstruation)

Thereisanassociationbetweenthelengtheningofthemenstrualcycleandtheriskfordevelopingdiabetes,particularlyinobesewomen.thosewhohadacyclelengthofgreaterthan40daysweretwiceaslikelytodevelopdiabetesthanthosewhocycledevery26to31days.Theassociationisthoughttobelinkedwithpolycystic

ovariansyndrome(PCOS)whichisalsoknowntobeassociatedwithinsulinresistance.Insulinresistancemaybeaprecursorfortype2diabetes.03

Themajorfactors

3.4

inflammationInrecentyearswehavebeguntounderstandtheimportanceofinflammationandheartdisease.Wenowknowthatinflammationmayplayanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofdiabetesaswell.AninflammationmarkerknownasC-reactiveproteinhasbeenshowntobeincreasedinwomenatriskfordevelopingthemetabolicsyndrome,andinbothmenandwomenatriskfordevelopingtype2diabetes.03

Themajorfactors

3.5

ObesityandasedentarylifestyleObesityandasedentarylifestylearethebiggestriskfactorsthatarecontrollable.Thisisinpartduetothefactthatobesityincreasesthebody'sresistancetoinsulin.Studieshaveshownthatreversalofobesitythroughweightreductionimprovesinsulinsensitivityandregulationofbloodsugar.03

Themajorfactors

3.6

smoking

Smokingisharmfulinmanywaysincludingincreasingtheriskofcancerandheartdisease.Italsoincreasestheriskofdevelopingtype2diabetes.2026/8/27men/o与月经有关的menstruationn.月经menstrualadj.月经的dysmenorrhean.menstrualpainamenorrhea/Menopausen.nomenstruationmetr/o子宫

metrorrhagian.uterinebleedingmetrostaxisn.SmalluterinebleedingWordAnalysis2026/8/27metabolic代谢的metabolicsyndrome代谢综合征lipidmetabolism脂代谢glucosemetabolism糖代谢metabolicacidosis代谢性酸中毒basalmetabolicrate基础代谢率precursor:prodromalsymptomsofdiseaseC-reactiveprotein:Itisasharplyrisedprotein，whentissuesinjuryandinfect.WordAnalysis04

Pathogenesis4.1ThePathogenesisofType1Isrelatedtogeneticfactors,environmentalfactorsandautoimmunity1)geneticpredisposition2)startautoimmuneresponse3)immumologicalabnormalities4)progressivelossofisletBcellfunction5)clinicaldiabetes6)isletBcellsdestroyed,diabetesclinicalmanifestations04

Pathogenesis4.2ThePathogenesisofType2Itsoccurrenceanddevelopmentcanbedividedintofourstages1)Geneticsusceptibility2)Hyperinsulinism,and/orinsulinresistance3)Glucotoxicity(糖尿病毒性),lipotoxicity(脂毒性)4)Clinicaldiabetes2026/8/27immune免疫autoimmunity自身免疫immumological免疫学的hyper-高Hyperinsulinism高胰岛素症Hyperglycemia高血糖toxic毒的,中毒的,有毒的Glucotoxicity糖尿病毒性lipotoxicity脂毒性WordAnalysis05

ClinicalManifestations

5.1Type1DiabetesMellitusPolyuriaPolydipsiaPolyphagiaWeightloss05

ClinicalManifestations

5.2Type2DiabetesMellitusNon-specificsymptomsFatigueRecurrentinfectionsProlongedwoundhealingVisual

changes2026/8/27proteolysis蛋白质水解

lipolysis脂类分解

arthrolysis关节松解术-lysis松解术,分解,溶解

prote-蛋白质

lipo-脂肪的

arthro-关节WordAnalysis06

Complications6.1

DiabeticKetoacidosis(DKA)

Itisthemostcommonacutecomplicationofdiabetesmellitus.TheearlymanifestationsofDKAisthatthesymptomsbeingmoreserve,suchaspolydipsia、polyuria、polyphagiaandsoon.TheDKAischaracterizedbydifferentdegreesofdisturbanceconsciousnessintheadvancedstage.06

Complications6.2

Hyperglycemichyperosmolarstatus(HHS)Mainclinicalfeatures:hyperglycemiacrisis(高血糖危象),higherplasmaosmotic

pressure(高血浆渗透压),dehydration(脱水).

Minorclinicalmanifestation:varyingdegreesofdisturbanceconsciousnessorcoma,unconspicuousDKA.06

Complications6.3

Infectiouscomplications

Pyogenicinflammation:

furuncle,carbuncle,pustule,etc.Fungalinfection:

tineapedis,tineacorporis,etc.

PulmonarytuberculosisFigure2:Infectiouscomplications06

Complications6.4

Macroangiopathy:

Themainhistopathological

changeisatherosclerosis

(AS).Itismostliketoaccompanywithaorta,coronaryartery,cerebralartery,renalartery

,peripheralartery,etc.TheASleadstoischemic

changesofheart,brain,kidneysandlimbs.

06

Complications6.5MicroangiopathyItisthespecificcomplicationsofDM.It’stypicalhistopathologicalchangesaremicrocirculationdisturbancesandthethicknessofbasalmembraneofvessel.Themicroangiopathymostliketoaffectsretina,nerves,nephridium,andmyocardium

06

Complications6.6

Neurologicalcomplications:

1)centralnervoussystemcomplication(CNSC):

alteredmentalstatus,ischemicstroke,seniledementia.2)peripheralneuropathy:paresthesia,decreasedofmuscle,areflexia3)autonomicneuropathy:gastroparesis,diarrhea,astriction,abnormalsweating.06

Complications6.7

Diabeticfoot

•Relatedtodistallowerneurologicaldisorderanddifferentlevelsperipheralvasculardisease.•Symptomsoflight:footabnormal,skincold,high-riskfoot•Severesymptoms:footulcer,necrosis•Diabeticfootisthemainreasonofdisabilityandamputation06

Complications6.8Otherdiseaseseyecomplications:suchasretinalmaculardisease,cataracts,glaucoma,Iridocyclitisskinlesions:likeSkininfections,skinitch,chappedskin,rash.Figure4:skinlesionsFigure3:eyecomplications2026/8/27Macroangiopathy大血管病变macro-largemicro-smallangi-arteries动脉血管-pathythesuffixof"diseases”Athersclerosis动脉粥样硬化ather/oplaqueoffattysubstance

动脉粥样-sclerosishardening硬化WordAnalysis2026/8/27Peripheralangiopathy周围血管病Peri-surrounding周angi-meansvessel-pathymeansdiseaseNeurological神经病学的Neur-meansnerve-ologicaldiscipline学科的Dementia痴呆De—脱,去,减,除,离-mentiaspiritWordAnalysis07

diagnosisFastingbloodglucosegreaterthanorequalto7mmol/L.Twohourspostprandialbloodglucosegreaterthanorequalto11.1mmol/L3)Thesymptomsofdiabetesandanytimeplasmaticglucosegreaterthanorequalto11.1mmol/L07

diagnosis7.1Type1diabetesmellitus1.Theageofonsetisyoung,theage<30yearsold.2.Thesymptomscomeonabruptly3.ThesymptomsofPolydipsia,PolyphagiaandPolyuriaareobvious.4.Thebloodglucoselevelishigh,andmanypatientswithketosisacidtoxicasthefirstsymptom.Lowserum

levelofinsulinandThelowlevelofCpeptide07

diagnosis7.2

Type2diabetesmellitusThecommonintheelderly,highincidenceofobesity,oftenaccompaniedbyhypertension,dyslipidemia

,atherosclerosisandotherdiseases.Insidiousonset,hasnoearlysymptoms,oronlymildfatigue,thirst,hyperglycemiaisnotobvious.GlucosetolerancetesttoconfirmthediagnosisSeruminsulinlevelinearlynormalorincreased,Theadvancedislow2026/8/27Plasmatic血浆的plasm-血浆-atic性质的Dyslipidemia血脂异常dys-不良的,困难lip-脂肪的-emia血症Gluc(o)葡萄糖

glucagon胰高血糖素

glucokinase葡萄糖激酶glucocorticoids糖皮质激素

enteroglucagon肠高血糖素WordAnalysis08

Antidiastole8.1

Liverdiseases:Livercirrhosis

patientsoftenhaveabnormalglucosemetabolism,thefastingbloodglucoseofthetypicalpatientisnormalorlow,postprandialbloodglucoseriserapidly.Thedurationoftheelderly,thefastingplasmaglucosecanalsobeelevated.2026/8/27DiabetshealtheducationMedicalnutritiontherapyConditionmonitoringDrugstherapy09Therapy09Therapy9.1MedicalnutritiontherapyCalculatethetotalquantityofheat;Nutrientcontent;Reasonabledistribution;Follow-up09Therapy9.2conditionmonitoringRegularchecksbloodsugartoadjustthetreatmentplanProperexerciseregularlyEveryyearortwocomprehensivereview,complications,earlydetectionandtreatment09Therapy9.3

DiabetshealtheducationMedicaistaffadheretofollowup,accordingtotheneedtoadjustthetreatmentplan;Lifeshouldberegular,quitsmokinganddring;Topreventinfection.09Thera